Time Dilation Effect Research Articles

Electrostatic time dilation and redshift

We first present the salient features of the gravitational time dilation and redshift effects in two ways; by considering the oscillation frequencies/rates of clocks at different heights/potentials and by considering the photons emitted by these clocks such as atoms/nuclei. We then point out to the extension of these gravitational effects to static electricity along with two experiments performed in the '30s with null results of the electrostatic redshift. We show that the absence of this redshift is a consequence of the conservation of electric charge. We discuss the electrical time dilation and redshift effects in detail and argue that the electrostatic time dilation in an electric field must be a fact of Nature. We then present a general relativistic scheme that explains this effect. We also introduce an electrical equivalence principle analogous to the gravitational one and demonstrate how to obtain the electrostatic time dilation by this principle. We emphasize the importance of ionic atomic clocks to measure this effect whose confirmation would support the general relativistic scheme presented. We finally go over an attempt in the literature to explain the impossibility of the experimental observation of the electrostatic redshift due to its smallness by employing the Reissner - Nordström metric in general relativity. We argue that the Q2 - term in this metric is due to the minuscule contribution of the energy of the electric field of the central body to its gravitational field. Thus being gravitational, this metric cannot be used to calculate the amount of the alleged electrostatic redshift.

Comment on “The Mössbauer rotor experiment and the general theory of relativity” [Ann. Physics 368 (2016) 258–266

In present article the original proposition is a generalization of the Einstein's world tensor $g_{ij}$ by the introduction of pure inertial field tensor $g^{ac}_{ij}$ such that $R_{{\mu}{\nu}{\lambda}}^{{\alpha}}(g^{ac}_{ij})\neq0$.Bimetric theory of gravitational-inertial field is considered for the case when the gravitational-Inertial field is governed by either a perfect magnetic fluid.In a series of papers published during the past decade with respect to M\"ossbauer experiments in a rotating system [71]-[75],it has been experimentally shown that the relative energy shift {\Delta}E/E between the source of resonant radiation (situated at the center of the rotating system) and the resonant absorber (located on the rotor rim) is described by the relationship ${\Delta}E/E=-ku^2/c^2$, where u is the tangential velocity of the absorber, c the velocity of light in vacuum, and k some coefficient, which -- contrary to what had been classically predicted equal 1/2 (see for example [35]) -- turns out to be substantially larger than 1/2. It cannot be stressed enough that the equality $k=1/2$ had been predicted by general theory of relativity (GTR) on account of the special relativistic time dilation effect delineated by the tangential displacement of the rotating absorber, where the "clock hypothesis" by Einstein (i.e., the non-reliance of the time rate of any clock on its acceleration [35]) was straightly adopted. Hence, the revealed inequality $k>1/2$ indicates the presence of some additional energy shift (next to the usual time dilation effect arising from tangential displacement alone) between the emitted and absorbed resonant radiation. By using Bimetric Theory of Gravitational-Inertial Field [76] we obtain $k=0.75$ in a good agreement with experimental result $k=0.69+(-)0.03$ [75].

Demonstration of special relativity effects with specialized software

A software development project designed to demonstrate some effects of the special theory of relativity (STR) is considered. The software visualizes a uniform relativistic motion of one inertial reference frame, associated with a rocket, relative to another inertial reference frame, associated with the ground. The main idea behind the visualization is to reduce the speed of light down to perceived value, such that relativistic time dilation and relativistic length contraction effects can be explored. The basic mathematical expressions describing the model are given, and the interface of the software is presented. It is expected that the developed software will help to provide intuition behind relativistic mechanics for students starting their immersion in this topic.

A space-time ruler-based explanation of relativistic effects

The concepts of a time ruler and space ruler are put forward, where the zoom of the space-time ruler provides for an intuitive explanation of the time dilation and length contraction effects associated with theory of relativity. Mass and energy can be regarded as measurements of matter by the time ruler, while momentum can be regarded as a measurement of matter by the space ruler. The space-time ruler can be divided into two kinds according to the causes of its deformation: a relative motion space-time ruler and a gravitational field space-time ruler. It is proved that there is equivalence between these two kinds of rulers under weak field conditions, with this amounting to another expression of the equivalence principle in general relativity. It is pointed out that the two kinds of space-time ruler can be superposed, with the formula for calculating the clock difference between satellites and ground stations being given by this superposition. A GPS satellite is used as an example to calculate clock difference in this way, and the calculation results are in agreement with the classical formula.

Gravity between Newton and Einstein

Statements about relativistic effects are often subtle. In this essay we will demonstrate that the three classical tests of general relativity, namely perihelion precession, deflection of light and gravitational redshift, are passed perfectly by an extension of Newtonian gravity that includes gravitational time dilation effects while retaining a non-relativistic causal structure. This non-relativistic gravity theory arises from a covariant large speed of light expansion of Einstein’s theory of gravity that does not assume weak fields and which admits an action principle.

The influence of self-referential stimuli on duration perception

Previous studies have shown that stimuli with subjective salience could affect duration estimation. Although self-referential stimuli possess high biological and social importance, no prior study has examined whether and how self-referential information affects duration perception. Experiment 1 used the temporal bisection task to investigate participants’ duration estimation of the presentation of their own name versus familiar and unfamiliar names. The results showed that participants overestimated the duration of their own name and became more sensitive to duration perception in such trials when compared with stranger’s names. Given the specificity of personal name, Experiment 2 used two types of personality-trait words in self-referential and friend-referential manner as the targets of duration perception. The duration of self-referential negative trait words was perceived to be longer relative to friend-referential negative trait words. The mechanism underlying the subjective time dilation effect of self-referential information possibly involves the engagement of increased attentional resources, which could allow the individual to preserve a certain level of stability and positivity of self-knowledge.

Time dilation effect in an active observer and virtual environment requires apparent motion: No dilation for retinal- or world-motion alone.

It is known that moving visual stimuli are perceived to last longer than stationary stimuli with the same physical duration (Kanai, Paffen, Hogendoorn, & Verstraten, 2006), and that motor actions (Tomassini & Morrone, 2016) and eye movements (Morrone, Ross, & Burr, 2005) can alter perceived duration. In the present work, we investigated the contributions of stimulus motion and self-motion to perceived duration while observers stood or walked in a virtual reality environment. Using a visual temporal reproduction task, we independently manipulated both the participants' motion (stationary or walking) and the stimulus motion (retinal stationary, real-world stationary and negative double velocity). When the observers were standing still, drifting gratings were perceived as lasting longer than duration-matched static gratings. Interestingly, we did not see any time distortion when observers were walking, neither when the gratings were kept stationary relative to the observer's point of view (i.e., no retinal motion) nor when they were stationary in the external world (i.e., producing the same retinal velocity as the walking condition with stationary grating). Self-motion caused significant dilation in perceived duration only when the gratings were moving at double speed, opposite to the observers' walking direction. Consistent with previous work (Fornaciai, Arrighi, & Burr, 2016), this suggests that the system is able to suppress self-generated motion to enhance external motion, which would have ecological benefits, for example, for threat detection while navigating through the environment.

Action Principle for Newtonian Gravity.

We derive an action whose equations of motion contain the Poisson equation of Newtonian gravity. The construction requires a new notion of Newton-Cartan geometry based on an underlying symmetry algebra that differs from the usual Bargmann algebra. This geometry naturally arises in a covariant 1/c expansion of general relativity, with c being the speed of light. By truncating this expansion at subleading order, we obtain the field content and transformation rules of the fields that appear in the action of Newtonian gravity. The equations of motion generalize Newtonian gravity by allowing for the effect of gravitational time dilation due to strong gravitational fields.

The Superswift Angelic Pace Night Journey Ever Made

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)’s Night Journey has been presented in the light of the Quran and Hadith and science. The Qur’anic verses and hadith pieces have been explored to estimate the work pace of angels in nanosecond to picosecond time scales. Limitations on the human’s senses of sight, hearing, touch, and physical response times have been pointed out. The Quranic verses and the Hadith pieces supporting prophets’ exceptional senses of sight and hearing have been mentioned. Also, the Qur’anic verses indicating almighty god’s power of turning the dead alive have been referred to. The uniformly speedy carrier Buraq played as an ideal inertial carrier of Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity in physics allowing relativistic effects of distance contraction and time dilation to take place. The reenforcement of the relativistic effects has been shown to appear in the case of the muon dilema. It is found that the journey and its preparation fell within the time lag of physical feelings eliminating the use of anesthetics, spacesuits, oxygen, and care against physical tearing out. The significance of this article is to bring to light that all knowledge comes down from the all-Knowing God and that the end product of human research for the true knowledge does not clash with divine knowledge.

Time Dilation in Relativistic Quantum Decay Laws of Moving Unstable Particles

The relativistic quantum decay laws of moving unstable particles are analyzed for a general class of mass distribution densities which behave as power laws near the (nonvanishing) lower bound μ0 of the mass spectrum. The survival probability Pp(t), the instantaneous mass Mp(t), and the instantaneous decay rate Γp(t) of the moving unstable particle are evaluated over short and long times for an arbitrary value p of the (constant) linear momentum. The ultrarelativistic and nonrelativistic limits are studied. Over long times, the survival probability Pp(t) is approximately related to the survival probability at rest P0(t) by a scaling law. The scaling law can be interpreted as the effect of the relativistic time dilation if the asymptotic value Mp∞ of the instantaneous mass is considered as the effective mass of the unstable particle over long times. The effective mass has magnitude μ0 at rest and moves with linear momentum p or, equivalently, with constant velocity 1/1+μ02/p2. The instantaneous decay rate Γp(t) is approximately independent of the linear momentum p, over long times, and, consequently, is approximately invariant by changing reference frame.

Effects of Time Dilation on the Measurements of the Hubble Constant

We show that, when measuring the Hubble constant by starting the evaluation from the time of the big bang era, the effect of time dilation results in a decrease in the value of the Hubble constant. But when evaluating the Hubble constant by starting the evaluation from the present time, the effect of time dilation results in an increase in the value of the Hubble constant. To elucidate the process, the time dilation is calculated both directly and through Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein equation for the gravitational time dilation. It is concluded that both measured values are valid but because of time dilation, different starting times for the evaluation of the Hubble constant have resulted in different measured values for the Hubble constant.

The relativistic foundations of synchrotron radiation.

Special relativity (SR) determines the properties of synchrotron radiation, but the corresponding mechanisms are frequently misunderstood. Time dilation is often invoked among the causes, whereas its role would violate the principles of SR. Here it is shown that the correct explanation of the synchrotron radiation properties is provided by a combination of the Doppler shift, not dependent on time dilation effects, contrary to a common belief, and of the Lorentz transformation into the particle reference frame of the electromagnetic field of the emission-inducing device, also with no contribution from time dilation. Concluding, the reader is reminded that much, if not all, of our argument has been available since the inception of SR, a research discipline of its own standing.

Entanglement of quantum clocks through gravity

In general relativity, the picture of space-time assigns an ideal clock to each world line. Being ideal, gravitational effects due to these clocks are ignored and the flow of time according to one clock is not affected by the presence of clocks along nearby world lines. However, if time is defined operationally, as a pointer position of a physical clock that obeys the principles of general relativity and quantum mechanics, such a picture is, at most, a convenient fiction. Specifically, we show that the general relativistic mass-energy equivalence implies gravitational interaction between the clocks, whereas the quantum mechanical superposition of energy eigenstates leads to a nonfixed metric background. Based only on the assumption that both principles hold in this situation, we show that the clocks necessarily get entangled through time dilation effect, which eventually leads to a loss of coherence of a single clock. Hence, the time as measured by a single clock is not well defined. However, the general relativistic notion of time is recovered in the classical limit of clocks.

Time dilation in quantum systems and decoherence

Both quantum mechanics and general relativity are based on principles that defy our daily intuitions, such as time dilation, quantum interference and entanglement. Because the regimes where the two theories are typically tested are widely separated, their foundational principles are rarely jointly studied. Recent works have found that novel phenomena appear for quantum particles with an internal structure in the presence of time dilation, which can take place at low energies and in weak gravitational fields. Here we briefly review the effects of time dilation on quantum interference and generalize the results to a variety of systems. In addition, we provide an extended study of the basic principles of quantum theory and relativity that are of relevance for the effects and also address several questions that have been raised, such as the description in different reference frames, the role of the equivalence principle and the effective irreversibility of the decoherence. The manuscript clarifies some of the counterintuitive aspects arising when quantum phenomena and general relativistic effects are jointly considered.

The optimisation of low-acceleration interstellar relativistic rocket trajectories using genetic algorithms

A vast wealth of literature exists on the topic of rocket trajectory optimisation, particularly in the area of interplanetary trajectories due to its relevance today. Studies on optimising interstellar and intergalactic trajectories are usually performed in flat spacetime using an analytical approach, with very little focus on optimising interstellar trajectories in a general relativistic framework. This paper examines the use of low-acceleration rockets to reach galactic destinations in the least possible time, with a genetic algorithm being employed for the optimisation process. The fuel required for each journey was calculated for various types of propulsion systems to determine the viability of low-acceleration rockets to colonise the Milky Way. The results showed that to limit the amount of fuel carried on board, an antimatter propulsion system would likely be the minimum technological requirement to reach star systems tens of thousands of light years away. However, using a low-acceleration rocket would require several hundreds of thousands of years to reach these star systems, with minimal time dilation effects since maximum velocities only reached about 0.2c. Such transit times are clearly impractical, and thus, any kind of colonisation using low acceleration rockets would be difficult. High accelerations, on the order of 1g, are likely required to complete interstellar journeys within a reasonable time frame, though they may require prohibitively large amounts of fuel. So for now, it appears that humanity's ultimate goal of a galactic empire may only be possible at significantly higher accelerations, though the propulsion technology requirement for a journey that uses realistic amounts of fuel remains to be determined.

Researches on the Space-Time View of the Special Relativity

For the last one hundred years, researches on Special Relativity have always been lively. Experiments concerned have been recorded in many articles. After a lot of reading, analysis of these articles and information, the author found that some classical experiments have indicated that the time dilation has not symmetric property, so the space-time view of the special relativity is wrong. According to the special relativity, observers can only observe the rhythm of motion clock dropping off, but in the experiments, people can observe not only the rhythm of motion clock dropping off, but also such two phenomena: the rhythm of motion clock going up, and the rhythm of motion clock unchanged. The rhythm of motion clock dropping off has been called the time dilation effect by people; here the author can only call the “phenomenon of the rhythm of motion clock going up” time contraction effect, and “the phenomenon of the rhythm of motion clock unchanged” time equivalence effect. Because the special relativity cannot explain the three effects of time dilation, time contraction and time equivalence, therefore the author has reinterpreted these experiments with a new point of view, and has solved the contradiction between the space-time theory and the experiments.

Temporal Models of Expansion of the Present Tense in the Grammatical System and Literary Text (With Reference to Krokhotki by A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

The aim of this article is to carry out a conceptual analysis of the usage of present forms in the mini-stories Krokhotki (Eng. Miniatures or Prose Poems ) by A. I. Solzhenitsyn. The author tries to show the relevance of grammatical semantics to the study of perception of time in a given language community. The features of the Russian tense system are defined by the interaction of tense and aspect. Imperfective present forms express all types of present semantics bringing together the current, generalised, and metaphorical present (Praesens Historicum). Thus, there appears a mechanism of expansion of the present in the Russian language. The image of time in the Krokhotki , defined in literary studies as “coarsening of a moment”, becomes particularly important in connection with the comprehension of changes in the perception of ontological parameters of time described in sociology. Such changes occur under the influence of modern computer technologies and the global Internet. More particularly, the notions of experiencing a moment in a linear flow of time, and the boundaries of the present time change. The model of time in Krokhotki is characterised, on the one hand, by the effects of time dilation and concentration of the narrator on the current moment with maximum detail of all aspects of the depicted events, and on the other — by the expansion of boundaries of the current moment due to its generalisation. This is how the full conceptual potential of the present tense is implemented. A wide range of grammatical semantics of the present tense allows for the creation of a multi-dimensional image of time, revealing the value of life moments with maximum detail of all aspects of the depicted events and generalisations of their significance. Such an image of a moment of time serves as a semantic dominant of the whole literary work consisting of 17 miniatures. The composition of two cycles of miniatures in the Krokhotki is very important for the image of time, too; each cycle ends in miniatures in the form of prayers. As a literary genre, the poetic prayer, keeping the basic features of a religious prayer, gets some features inherent in lyrical literary work: it allows the artist to reveal the deep layers of the creative and the human “I” and to express what generally refers to the area of the ineffable. The analysis of temporal patterns of language is important to determine the cognitive landmarks in the cognition of time ontology preserved in the Russian language.

The inverse problem of estimating the gravitational time dilation

Precise testing of the gravitational time dilation effect suggests comparing the clocks at points with different gravitational potentials. Such a configuration arises when radio frequency standards are installed at orbital and ground stations. The ground-based standard is accessible directly, while the spaceborne one is accessible only via the electromagnetic signal exchange. Reconstructing the current frequency of the spaceborne standard is an ill-posed inverse problem whose solution depends significantly on the characteristics of the stochastic electromagnetic background. The solution for Gaussian noise is known, but the nature of the standards themselves is associated with nonstationary fluctuations of a wide class of distributions. A solution is proposed for a background of flicker fluctuations with a spectrum (1/f)γ, where 1 < γ < 3, and stationary increments. The results include formulas for the error in reconstructing the frequency of the spaceborne standard and numerical estimates for the accuracy of measuring the relativistic redshift effect.

Simulating Dynamic Time Dilation in Relativistic Virtual Environment

This paper critically reviews several Special Relativity simulation applications and proposes a method to dynamically simulate Time Dilation effect. To the authors’ knowledge, this has not yet been studied by other researchers. Dynamic in the context of this paper is defined by the ability to persistently simulate Time Dilation effect based on specific parameter that can be controlled by user/viewer in real-time interactive simulation. Said parameter is the value of speed from acceleration and deceleration of moving observer. In relativistic environment, changing the speed’s value will also change the Lorentz Factor value thus directly affect the Time Dilation value. One can simply calculate the dilated time by using Time Dilation equation, however if the velocity is not constant (from implying Special Relativity), one must repeatedly calculate the dilated time considering the changing value of displacement/distance and time. This paper discusses the proposed method by dissecting Time Dilation equation and relates it to computational method available nowadays in order to dynamically calculate and ultimately simulate Time Dilation effect in relativistic virtual environment.

Moving Phones Tick Slower: Creating an Android App to Demonstrate Time Dilation

Smartphones and tablets are packed with sensors that allow us to take experimental data, essentially making them mobile physics labs. Apps exist that make it easy to capture and analyze data from these sensors, allowing users to study diverse phenomena such as free fall acceleration, the speed of sound, radioactivity, and many others. Commonly, the use of apps in the physics classroom focuses on existing apps rather than on the creation of apps themselves. This is for a good reason-writing an app usually requires advanced knowledge of programming languages and experience with app design. These skills are generally regarded as beyond the typical physics student. However, there are app development environments, such as MIT App Inventor 2 for Android, which make the process of creating an app and utilizing the sensors much more accessible to students. Putting the ability to create and configure apps within the reach of students can also help integrate computation into the curriculum. In this article, we discuss our creation of an Android app, Time Dilation Calculator, done as part of a senior undergraduate capstone project, which uses App Inventor and a mobile device's global positioning system (GPS) receiver to calculate the time dilation effect of special relativity.