Time-dependent Oscillations Research Articles

Towards the fate of the oscillating false vacuum

Motivated by cosmological examples we study quantum field theoretical tunnelling from an initial state where the "classical field", i.e. the vacuum expectation value of the field operator is spatially homogeneous but performing a time-dependent oscillation about a local minimum. In particular we estimate both analytically and numerically the exponential contribution to the tunnelling probability. We additionally show that after the tunnelling event, the classical field solution - the so-called "bubble" - mediating the phase transition can either grow or collapse. We present a simple analytical criterium to distinguish between the two behaviours.

A numerical study of initial flow past an impulsively started rotationally oscillating circular cylinder using a transformation-free HOC scheme

The initial development of the two dimensional viscous, incompressible flow induced by an impulsively started circular cylinder which performs time dependent sinusoidal rotational oscillations about its axis is investigated numerically. The investigation is based on the solutions of stream function-vorticity formulation of Navier-Stokes equations on non-uniform polar grids using higher order compact formulation. The numerical method is validated by comparing the computed results with existing experimental and numerical results for Reynolds numbers Re = 150 and 500. The effects of forced oscillation frequency f and peak rotation rate αm on the early development of the flow structure in the near wake region are discussed. Results are given for the initial development with time of the flow structure at the rear of the cylinder at Re = 200. The details of the formation, movement, closure points, and strengths of the vortices behind the cylinder are presented. The velocity profiles at different locations and vorticity profiles at the surface of the cylinder are also shown. The effect of increase in αm on the timing of the formation of the vortices, the closed wake length, and the thickness of the boundary layer is investigated.

Coherent motion of excited state cyclic ketones: The have and the have-nots

The internal conversion processes of four cyclic ketones; cyclopentanone, 2-methylcyclopentanone, 3-methylcyclopentanone and cyclohexanone are investigated by Velocity Map Imaging (VMI) photoelectron spectroscopy. A 201nm pump accesses the second excited state (n,3s) and the ultrafast dynamics is mapped by subsequent ionization with a 350nm probe. Three of the four investigated molecular systems show an oscillatory time-dependence in the peak position of the 3s photoelectron band, while the last one simply decays exponentially. We find that the most plausible reason for the absence of the oscillation is due to high structural similarity between the excited state and the ionic state along the active coordinate.

Voltage-induced dynamical quantum phase transitions in exciton condensates

We explore non-analytic quantum phase dynamics of dipolar exciton condensates formed in a system of 1D quantum layers subjected to voltage quenches. We map the exciton condensate physics on to the pseudospin ferromagnet model showing an additional oscillatory metastable and paramagnetic phase beyond the well-known ferromagnetic phase by utilizing a time-dependent, non-perturbative theoretical model. We explain the coherent phase of the exciton condensate in quantum Hall bilayers, observed for currents equal to and slightly larger than the critical current, as a stable time-dependent phase characterized by persistent charged meron flow in each of the individual layers with a characteristic AC Josephson frequency. As the magnitude of the voltage quench is further increased, we find that the time-dependent current oscillations associated with the charged meron flow decay, resulting in a transient pseudospin paramagnet phase characterized by partially coherent charge transfer between layers, before the state relaxes to incoherent charge transfer between the layers.

Onset of nonlinearity in a stochastic model for auto-chemotactic advancing epithelia.

We investigate the role of auto-chemotaxis in the growth and motility of an epithelium advancing on a solid substrate. In this process, cells create their own chemoattractant allowing communications among neighbours, thus leading to a signaling pathway. As known, chemotaxis provokes the onset of cellular density gradients and spatial inhomogeneities mostly at the front, a phenomenon able to predict some features revealed in in vitro experiments. A continuous model is proposed where the coupling between the cellular proliferation, the friction on the substrate and chemotaxis is investigated. According to our results, the friction and proliferation stabilize the front whereas auto-chemotaxis is a factor of destabilization. This antagonist role induces a fingering pattern with a selected wavenumber k0. However, in the planar front case, the translational invariance of the experimental set-up gives also a mode at k = 0 and the coupling between these two modes in the nonlinear regime is responsible for the onset of a Hopf-bifurcation. The time-dependent oscillations of patterns observed experimentally can be predicted simply in this continuous non-linear approach. Finally the effects of noise are also investigated below the instability threshold.

Breakdown of the equivalence between active gravitational mass and energy for a quantum body

We determine active gravitational mass operator of the simplest composite quantum body - a hydrogen atom - within the semiclassical approach to the Einstein equation for a gravitational field. We show that the expectation value of the mass is equivalent to energy for stationary quantum states. On the other hand, it occurs that, for quantum superpositions of stationary states with constant expectation values of energy, the expectation values of the gravitational mass exhibit time-dependent oscillations. This breaks the equivalence between active gravitational mass and energy and can be observed as a macroscopic effect for a macroscopic ensemble of coherent quantum states of the atoms. The corresponding experiment could be the first direct observation of quantum effects in General Relativity.

Ultrafast structural flattening motion in photoinduced excited state dynamics of a bis(diimine) copper(I) complex.

The ultrafast photoinduced structural change dynamics of a prototypical Cu(I) complex, namely, [Cu(dmp)2](+) (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), is investigated based on the theoretical analysis of static and dynamical calculations at the all-atomic level. This work mainly focuses on the intriguing structural flattening features of [Cu(dmp)2](+) occurring in the metal-to-ligand charge transfer singlet excited state ((1)MLCT) on the sub-picosecond timescale. Our estimated time constant (∼ 675 fs) of this "flattening" motion is in good agreement with recent experimental values. The full-dimensional excited-state nonadiabatic dynamic simulation provides a direct view of the ultrafast photoinduced events of [Cu(dmp)2](+), especially, the structural flattening mechanism on the S1 state. Several molecular motions (such as Cu-N stretching, the motion of the substituted groups etc.) with distinguishable time scales are involved in the flattening dynamics. The Fourier transformation of the time-dependent oscillation of the Cu-N bond and the N-Cu-N bond angle provides consistent conclusions with the experimental spectrum analysis. These dynamics details imply that various nuclear motions are strongly coupled in the high-dimensional excited-state potential energy surface responsible for the geometrical evolution of [Cu(dmp)2](+). This work provides us a unique fundamental understanding of the ultrafast photoinduced excited-state nonadiabatic process of Cu(I) complexes and their derivatives, which should have potential impacts on various research fields, such as photo-catalysts, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Breakdown of the equivalence between gravitational mass and energy for a quantum body: Theory and suggested experiments

In this paper, we review recent theoretical results, obtained for the equivalence between gravitational mass and energy of a composite quantum body as well as for its breakdown at macroscopic and microscopic levels. In particular, we discuss that the expectation values of passive and active gravitational mass operators are equivalent to the expectation value of energy for electron stationary quantum states in hydrogen atom. On the other hand, for superpositions of the stationary quantum states, inequivalence between the gravitational masses and energy appears at a macroscopic level. It reveals itself as time-dependent oscillations of the expectation values of passive and active gravitational masses, which can be, in principle, experimentally measured. Inequivalence between passive gravitational mass and energy at a microscopic level can be experimentally observed as unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by a macroscopic ensemble of the atoms. We propose the corresponding experiment, which can be done on the Earth's orbit, using small spacecraft. If such experiment is done it would be the first direct observation of quantum effects in general relativity.

Generation of entanglement in quantum parametric oscillators using phase control.

The control of quantum entanglement in systems in contact with environment plays an important role in information processing, cryptography and quantum computing. However, interactions with the environment, even when very weak, entail decoherence in the system with consequent loss of entanglement. Here we consider a system of two coupled oscillators in contact with a common heat bath and with a time dependent oscillation frequency. The possibility to control the entanglement of the oscillators by means of an external sinusoidal perturbation applied to the oscillation frequency has been theoretically explored. We demonstrate that the oscillators become entangled exactly in the region where the classical counterpart is unstable, otherwise when the classical system is stable, entanglement is not possible. Therefore, we can control the entanglement swapping from stable to unstable regions by adjusting amplitude and phase of our external controller. We also show that the entanglement rate is approximately proportional to the real part of the Floquet coefficient of the classical counterpart of the oscillators. Our results have the intriguing peculiarity of manipulating quantum information operating on a classical system.

Cytokine effects and cellular signaling pathways of grass carp HSP70 in head kidney leukocytes.

In mammals, the cytokine effects of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) have been well documented. However, the precise role and molecular mechanism of fish HSP70 in cytokine production are poorly understood. In the present study, recombinant grass carp HSP70 (rgcHSP70) was prepared by using the E. coli expression system and its effect on interleukin (IL)-1β (gcil1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (gctnfα) mRNA expression was examined in grass carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). Compared with its heated-inactivated protein, rgcHSP70 enhanced the mRNA levels of these two cytokines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. More importantly, the results of enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) showed that rgcHSP70 markedly stimulated gcIL-1β and gcTNF-α secretion from the HKLs, for the first time indicating the ability of HSP70 to regulate cytokine release in fish. Moreover, rgcHSP70 displayed more potential to increase the cytokines' release instead of their transcription in the same cell model. Subsequently, the signaling mechanisms governing the cytokine effect of rgcHSP70 were investigated, showing that rgcHSP70-induced gcil1β mRNA expression was suppressed by inhibiting p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways, while the stimulation of rgcHSP70 on gctnfα mRNA expression were blocked by inhibiting JNK MAPK and NF-κB pathways. In parallel, rgcHSP70 was also shown to activate NF-κB pathway through regulating grass carp IκBα protein levels in a time-dependent oscillation. These findings provide further understanding of cytokine effect and regulatory mechanism of HSP70 in fish and new insights into the roles of HSP70 in teleost immunity.

GASS: The Parkes Galactic All-Sky Survey

The Galactic All-Sky Survey is a survey of Galactic atomic hydrogen emission in the southern sky observed with the Parkes 64-m Radio Telescope. The first data release (GASS I) concerned survey goals and observing techniques, the second release (GASS II) focused on stray radiation and instrumental corrections. We seek to remove the remaining instrumental effects and present a third data release. We use the HEALPix tessellation concept to grid the data on the sphere. Individual telescope records are compared with averages on the nearest grid position for significant deviations. All averages are also decomposed into Gaussian components with the aim of segregating unacceptable solutions. Improved priors are used for an iterative baseline fitting and cleaning. In the last step we generate 3-D FITS data cubes and examine them for remaining problems. We have removed weak, but systematic baseline offsets with an improved baseline fitting algorithm. We have unraveled correlator failures that cause time dependent oscillations; errors cause stripes in the scanning direction. The remaining problems from radio frequency interference (RFI) are spotted. Classifying the severeness of instrumental errors for each individual telescope record (dump) allows us to exclude bad data from averages. We derive parameters that allow us to discard dumps without compromising the noise of the resulting data products too much. All steps are reiterated several times: in each case, we check the Gaussian parameters for remaining problems and inspect 3-D FITS data cubes visually. We find that in total ~1.5% of the telescope dumps need to be discarded in addition to ~0.5% of the spectral channels that were excluded in GASS II.The new data release facilitates data products with improved quality. A new web interface, compatible with the previous version, is available for download of GASS III FITS cubes and spectra.

On the Spectrum of Oscillations in Economics

Article 1) researches the spectrum of different time dependent oscillations of economic variables in the economics, 2) introduces the notion of the Ledenyov discrete time signals in the economics for the first time, 3) proposes the Ledenyov discrete time signals theory in the nonlinear dynamic economic system for the first time, 4) describes the developed software program to forecast the business cycles, going from the spectral analysis of the discrete time signals and the continuous time signals in the nonlinear dynamic economic system over the selected time period. Authors show that 1) the discrete time signals and 2) the continuous time signals may be present in the spectrum of the different oscillations of the economic variables in the economies of scale and scope. We assume that 1) the discrete time signals, and 2) the continuous time signals may have the information money fields in agreement with the Ledenyov theory on the information money fields of the cyclic oscillations of the economic variables in the nonlinear dynamic economic system. We developed the MicroSA software program 1) to analyze the spectrum analysis of the cyclic oscillations of the economic variables in the nonlinear dynamic economic system, including the discrete time signals and the continuous time signals; 2) to make the computer modeling and to forecast the business cycles, going from the spectral analysis of the discrete time signals and the continuous time signals in the nonlinear dynamic economic system, for applications by a) the central banks with the purpose to make the strategic decisions on the monetary policies, financial stability policies, and b) the commercial/investment banks with the aim to make the business decisions on the minimum capital allocation, countercyclical capital buffer creation, and capital investments.

Importance of polarization transfer in reaction products for interpreting and analyzing CIDNP at low magnetic fields

The magnetic field dependence of Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (CIDNP) was studied for the amino acids N-acetyl histidine, N-acetyl tryptophan and N-acetyl tyrosine. It is demonstrated that at low field CIDNP is strongly affected by polarization redistribution in the diamagnetic molecules. Such a polarization transfer is of coherent nature and is due to spin coherences formed together with non-equilibrium population of the spin states. These coherences clearly manifest themselves in an oscillatory time dependence of polarization. Polarization transfer effects are most pronounced at nuclear spin Level Anti-Crossings (LACs), which also result in sharp features in the CIDNP field dependence. Thus, polarization transfer is an important factor, which has to be taken into account in order to interpret low-field CIDNP data on both qualitative and quantitative level. Possible applications of polarization transfer phenomena are also discussed in the paper. In particular, the role of LACs in spin order transfer is highlighted: LACs provide a new tool for precise manipulation of spin hyperpolarization and NMR enhancement of selected target spins.

Cellular activation, expression analysis and functional characterization of grass carp IκBα: Evidence for its involvement in fish NF-κB signaling pathway

IκBα is a well-known member of the inhibitors of kappa B (IκB) family that controls NF-κB signaling by blocking NF-κB translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. In the present study, an IκBα homologue was identified from grass carp (gcIκBα), showing the structural characteristics of IκB family. Moreover, mRNA expression of this molecule in grass carp periphery blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was enhanced significantly by both LPS and PHA in a time- and dose-dependent manner, indicating the involvement of gcIκBα in fish immune response. Further analysis demonstrated that LPS but not PHA induced gcIκBα phosphorylation and protein degradation in PBLs, implying different signaling pathways mediated by LPS and PHA in gcIκBα expression regulation in grass carp PBLs. In particular, the time-dependent oscillation of gcIκBα phosphorylation and total protein levels induced by LPS is in accordance with the characteristics of mammalian IκBα phosphorylation followed by protein degradation during NF-κB activation. In support of this notion, overexpression of gcIκBα was able to block both basal and LPS-stimulated NF-κB activity in grass carp kidney cell line, indicating the negatively regulatory role of gcIκBα in NF-κB activity as seen in mammals. Therefore, our results not only reveal a dynamic variation of NF-κB activity based on the activation and expression of IκBα for the first time, but also provide the direct evidence for the involvement of IκBα in NF-κB signaling in fish immune cells.

Mechanisms of resistance to intermittent androgen deprivation in patients with prostate cancer identified by a novel computational method.

For progressive prostate cancer, intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD) is one of the most common and effective treatments. Although this treatment is usually initially effective at regressing tumors, most patients eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), for which there is no effective treatment and is generally fatal. Although several biologic mechanisms leading to CRPC development and their relative frequencies have been identified, it is difficult to determine which mechanisms of resistance are developing in a given patient. Personalized therapy that identifies and targets specific mechanisms of resistance developing in individual patients is likely one of the most promising methods of future cancer therapy. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker for monitoring tumor progression. We incorporated a cell death rate (CDR) function into a previous dynamical PSA model that was highly accurate at fitting clinical PSA data for 7 patients. The mechanism of action of IAD is largely induction of apoptosis, and each mechanism of resistance varies in its CDR dynamics. Thus, we analyze the CDR levels and their time-dependent oscillations to identify mechanisms of resistance to IAD developing in individual patients.

Sensitivity of entanglement decay of quantum-dot spin qubits to the external magnetic field

We study the decay of entanglement of quantum dot electron-spin qubits under hyperfine interaction mediated decoherence. We show that two qubit entanglement of a single entangled initial state may exhibit decay characteristic of the two disentanglement regimes in a single sample, when the external magnetic field is changed. The transition is manifested by the supression of time-dependent entanglement oscillations which are superimposed on the slowly varying entanglement decay related to phase decoherence (which result in oscillatory behaviour of entanglement sudden death time as a function of the magnetic field). This unique behaviour allows us to propose the double quantum dot two-electron spin Bell state as a promising candidate for precise measurements of the magnetic field.

Renal Circadian Clock Regulates the Dosing-Time Dependency of Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

Cisplatin, cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (CDDP), is a widely used anticancer agent, the clinical applications of which have been limited by severe nephrotoxicity. Although dosing time-dependent differences in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity have been reported in both humans and laboratory animals, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism for the dosing-time dependency of the nephrotoxic effect of CDDP in mice. CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was significantly attenuated by injecting CDDP at times of the day when its renal clearance was enhanced. The dosing-time dependency of the nephrotoxic effect was parallel to that of CDDP incorporation into renal DNA. Two types of transporters, organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2, encoded by Slc22a2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1, encoded by Slc47a1), are responsible for the renal excretion of CDDP. The expression of OCT2, but not MATE1, exhibited a significant time-dependent oscillation in the kidneys of mice. The circadian expression of OCT2 was closely related to the dosing-time dependency of CDDP incorporation into renal DNA. Molecular components of the circadian clock regulated the renal expression of Slc22a2 mRNA by mediating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, which resulted in rhythmic oscillations in OCT2 protein levels. These findings indicate a clock-regulated mechanism of dosing time-dependent changes in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity and also suggest a molecular link between the circadian clock and renal xenobiotic excretion.

Does the Equivalence between Gravitational Mass and Energy Survive for a Composite Quantum Body?

We define passive and active gravitational mass operators of the simplest composite quantum body—a hydrogen atom. Although they do not commute with its energy operator, the equivalence between the expectation values of passive and active gravitational masses and energy is shown to survive for stationary quantum states. In our calculations of passive gravitational mass operator, we take into account not only kinetic and Coulomb potential energies but also the so-called relativistic corrections to electron motion in a hydrogen atom. Inequivalence between passive and active gravitational masses and energy at a macroscopic level is demonstrated to reveal itself as time-dependent oscillations of the expectation values of the gravitational masses for superpositions of stationary quantum states. Breakdown of the equivalence between passive gravitational mass and energy at a microscopic level reveals itself as unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by macroscopic ensemble of hydrogen atoms, moved by small spacecraft with constant velocity in the Earth’s gravitational field. We suggest the corresponding experiment on the Earth’s orbit to detect this radiation, which would be the first direct experiment where quantum effects in general relativity are observed.

Neutrino tomography

Neutrinos are produced in weak interactions as states with definite flavor—electron, muon, or tau—and these flavor states are superpositions of states of different mass. As a neutrino propagates through space, the different mass eigenstates interfere, resulting in time-dependent flavor oscillation. Though matter is transparent to neutrinos, the flavor oscillation probability is modified when neutrinos travel through matter. Herein, we present an introduction to neutrino propagation through matter in a manner accessible to advanced undergraduate students. As an interesting application, we consider neutrino propagation through matter with a piecewise-constant density profile. This scenario has relevance in neutrino tomography, in which the density profile of matter, like the Earth's interior, can be probed via a broad-spectrum neutrino beam. We provide an idealized example to demonstrate the principle of neutrino tomography.

Is gravitational mass of a composite quantum body equivalent to its energy?

Abstract We define passive gravitational mass operator of a hydrogen atom in the post-Newtonian approximation of general relativity and show that it does not commute with energy operator, taken in the absence of gravitational field. Nevertheless, the equivalence between the expectation values of passive gravitational mass and energy is shown to survive for stationary quantum states. Inequivalence between passive gravitational mass and energy at a macroscopic level results in time dependent oscillations of the expectation values of passive gravitational mass for superpositions of stationary quantum states, where the equivalence restores after averaging over time. Inequivalence between gravitational mass and energy at a microscopic level reveals itself as unusual electromagnetic radiation, emitted by the atoms, supported and moved in the Earth gravitational field with constant velocity using spacecraft or satellite, which can be experimentally measured.