Time-dependent Emission Research Articles

Enabling time-dependent uncertain eco-weights for road networks

Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation is an essential part of the efforts to prevent global warming and climate change. Eco-routing, which enables drivers to use the most environmentally friendly routes, is able to substantially reduce GHG emissions from vehicular transportation. The foundation of eco-routing is a weighted-graph representation of a road network in which road segments, or edges, are associated with eco-weights that capture the GHG emissions caused by traversing the edges. Due to the dynamics of traffic, the eco-weights are best modeled as being time dependent and uncertain. We formalize the problem of assigning a time-dependent, uncertain eco-weight to each edge in a road network based on historical GPS records. In particular, a sequence of histograms is employed to describe the uncertain eco-weight of an edge at different time intervals. Compression techniques, including histogram merging and buckets reduction, are proposed to maintain compact histograms while retaining their accuracy. In addition, to better model real traffic conditions, virtual edges and extended virtual edges are proposed in order to represent adjacent edges with highly dependent travel costs. Based on the techniques above, different histogram aggregation methods are proposed to accurately estimate time-dependent GHG emissions for routes. Based on a 200-million GPS record data set collected from 150 vehicles in Denmark over two years, a comprehensive empirical study is conducted in order to gain insight into the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.

RADIATION AND POLARIZATION SIGNATURES OF THE 3D MULTIZONE TIME-DEPENDENT HADRONIC BLAZAR MODEL

ABSTRACT We present a newly developed time-dependent three-dimensional multizone hadronic blazar emission model. By coupling a Fokker–Planck-based lepto-hadronic particle evolution code, 3DHad, with a polarization-dependent radiation transfer code, 3DPol, we are able to study the time-dependent radiation and polarization signatures of a hadronic blazar model for the first time. Our current code is limited to parameter regimes in which the hadronic γ-ray output is dominated by proton synchrotron emission, neglecting pion production. Our results demonstrate that the time-dependent flux and polarization signatures are generally dominated by the relation between the synchrotron cooling and the light-crossing timescale, which is largely independent of the exact model parameters. We find that unlike the low-energy polarization signatures, which can vary rapidly in time, the high-energy polarization signatures appear stable. As a result, future high-energy polarimeters may be able to distinguish such signatures from the lower and more rapidly variable polarization signatures expected in leptonic models.

Carbon-equivalent metrics for albedo changes in land management contexts: relevance of the time dimension.

Surface albedo is an important physical property by which the land surface regulates climate. A wide and growing body of literature suggests that failing to account for surface albedo can result in suboptimal or even counterproductive climate-motivated policies of the land-based sectors. As such, albedo changes are increasingly included in climate impact assessments of forestry and other land sector projects through conversion of radiative forcings into carbon or carbon dioxide equivalents. However, the prevailing methodology does not sufficiently accommodate dynamic albedo changes on land or CO2 in the atmosphere. We present two new metrics designed to address these deficiencies, referring to them as the time-dependent emissions equivalent and the time-independent emissions equivalent of albedo changes. We demonstrate their application in various land management contexts and discuss their merits and uncertainties.

Time Dependent DD Neutrons Measurement Using a Single Crystal Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond Detector on EAST**supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China (Nos. 2013GB106004 and 2012GB101003) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91226102)

A single crystal chemical vapor deposition (scCVD) diamond detector has been successfully employed for neutron measurements in the EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) plasmas. The scCVD diamond detector coated with a 5 μm 6LiF (95% 6Li enriched) layer was placed inside a polyethylene moderator to enhance the detection efficiency. The time-dependent neutron emission from deuteron plasmas during neutral beam injection (NBI) heating was obtained. The measured results are compared with that of fission chamber detectors, which always act as standard neutron flux monitors. The scCVD diamond detector exhibits good reliability, stability and the capability to withstand harsh radiation environments despite its low detection efficiency due to the small active volume.

Shock initiation of explosives: Temperature spikes and growth spurts

When energetic materials are subjected to high-velocity impacts, the first steps in the shock-to-detonation transition are the creation, ignition, and growth of hot spots. We used 1–3.2 km s−1 laser-launched flyer plates to impact powdered octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, a powerful explosive, and monitored hundreds of emission bursts with an apparatus that determined temperature and emissivity at all times. The time-dependent volume fraction of hot spots was determined by measuring the time-dependent emissivity. After the shock, most hot spots extinguished, but the survivors smoldered for hundreds of nanoseconds until their temperatures spiked, causing a hot spot growth spurt. Depending on the impact duration, the growth spurts could be as fast as 300 ns and as slow as 13 μs.

Emission and afterglow properties of an expanding RF plasma with nonuniform neutral gas density

We describe some notable aspects of the light emission and afterglow properties in pulsed, high-density (1018–1020 m−3) argon inductively coupled discharges initiated following fast gas injection. The plasma was created in a long, narrow discharge tube and then expanded downstream of the radiofrequency (RF) antenna into a large chamber. Fast camera images of the expanding plasma revealed a multi-phase time-dependent emission pattern that did not follow the ion density distribution. Dramatic differences in visible brightness were observed between discharges with and without an externally applied magnetic field. These phenomena were studied by tracking excited state populations using passive emission spectroscopy and are discussed in terms of the distinction between ionizing and recombining phase plasmas. Additionally, a method is presented for inferring the unknown neutral gas pressure in the discharge tube from the time-dependent visible and infrared emission measured by a simple photodiode placed near the antenna. In magnetized discharges created with fast gas injection, the downstream ion density rose by Δni∼1018 m−3 in the first ∼100 μs after the RF power was turned off. The conditions conducive to this afterglow density rise are investigated in detail, and the effect is tentatively attributed to pooling ionization.

Highly Efficient Cuprous Complexes with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Devices.

Two mononuclear cuprous complexes [Cu(PNNA)(POP)]BF4 (1) and [Cu(PNNA)(Xantphos)]BF4 (2) (PNNA = 9,9-dimethyl-10-(6-(3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-9,10-dihydroacridine, POP = bis[2-(dipenylphosphino)phenyl]ether, Xantphos =4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene), with intense bluish-green luminescence based on a new diimine ligand were designed and synthesized. Their structural, electrochemical, and photophysical properties were characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis, cyclic voltammetry, temperature dependence of spectroscopy, time-dependent emission spectroscopy, etc. The complexes exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields in doped films (up to 74.6%) at room temperature. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence based on intraligand charge transfer was observed by grafting a strong electron-donor moiety, 9,9-dimethylacridan, on the diimine ligand, which is supported by the density functional theory calculations on two complexes. Highly efficient solution-processed OLEDs based on these two complexes were fabricated, among which the electroluminescent device using 2 as dopant shows a peak external quantum efficiency of 7.42%, a peak current efficiency of 20.24 cd/A, and a maximum brightness of 5579 cd/m(2).

Analytical solutions to the fractional advection-diffusion equation with time-dependent pulses on the boundary

The time-fractional advection-diffusion equation with Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives (fractional derivatives without singular kernel) is considered under the time-dependent emissions on the boundary and the first order chemical reaction. The non-dimensional problem is formulated by using suitable dimensionless variables and the fundamental solutions to the Dirichlet problem for the fractional advection-diffusion equation are determined using the integral transforms technique. The fundamental solutions for the ordinary advection-diffusion equation, fractional and ordinary diffusion equation are obtained as limiting cases of the previous model. Using Duhamel’s principle, the analytical solutions to the Dirichlet problem with time-dependent boundary pulses have been obtained. The influence of the fractional parameter and of the drift parameter on the solute concentration in various spatial positions was analyzed by numerical calculations. It is found that the variation of the fractional parameter has a significant effect on the solute concentration, namely, the memory effects lead to the retardation of the mass transport.

Hygroscopic and Drying Behaviour of Electrodes and Separators for Lithium Ion Batteries

The industrial scale production of high-performance and long term stable lithium ion batteries (LIBs) relies on the usage of precisely tailored materials of high purity. Even small deviations in the material properties or contaminations may lead to detrimental effects regarding the battery’s stability, safety and rate capability. For example, the commonly used conducting salt LiPF6 hydrolyses in the presence of trace amounts of water in the organic solvent, generating HF and further decomposition products [1, 2]. These products can degrade battery components and, consequently, lead to a bad performance of the battery [3]. The components which can contribute to the overall water contamination level inside a LIB are the electrodes, the separator, the housing and the electrolyte itself. Therefore all these components of a LIB have to be dried carefully before assembly. These time and energy intensive processes, contribute to the overall costs of LIBs. In order to ensure a sufficiently low moisture level inside the battery components, while, at the same time, keeping the drying costs low, a detailed understanding of the water sorption and drying behaviour of those battery components is required. While the trace water concentrations in commercially available LIB electrolytes (usually 15 ppm or lower) is commonly precisely monitored, a systematic and comparative study of the hygroscopic and drying behaviour of different electrodes and separators has not been performed yet. This work focusses on the investigation of hygroscopic and drying behaviour of various common anodes, cathodes and separators. Therefore, samples were stored in a defined atmosphere (25 °C, 40 %rh) and their moisture sorption as well as the subsequent drying behaviour (at 120 °C) were studied. The moisture content and drying behaviour of battery components was analysed by a coulometric Karl Fischer titrator. During the sample drying, the evaporated water was transferred into the titrator by a dry argon stream and the water detection was recorded. The results show that the investigated cathodes and anodes differ strongly in their drying behaviour (Fig. 1). Cathodes with LiMn2O4 as active material absorb a high amount of water from the atmosphere and show and a delayed water release while drying. The LiFePO4 cathode also shows strong water uptake, but to a lesser extent than the LiMn2O4 cathode. In contrast, the LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3 cathode shows an amount of water sorption, which is even lower than the water sorption of the commonly used graphite anode. In accordance with the hydrophobic surface behaviour of the polypropylene separator (Celgard PP2500), its water uptake is very low. The glass fibre separator (Whatman GF/C) on the other hand has a large and hydrophilic surface, which results in a very high water content. The water emitted from the samples during the drying process is continuously quantified in the Karl Fischer Titrator. As a consequence time dependent moisture emission rates for the different electrodes and separators are obtained. Fitting and extrapolating the moisture emission rates allows to draw conclusions beyond the runtime of the drying experiments. For example the drying times until reaching threshold levels for the remaining water concentration in the sample can be calculated (Fig. 2). [1] D. Aurbach, a. Zaban, Y. Ein-Eli, I. Weissman, O. Chusid, B. Markovsky, M. Levi, E. Levi, a. Schechter, and E. Granot, J. Power Sources, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 91–98, Sep. 1997. [2] A. V. Plakhotnyk, L. Ernst, and R. Schmutzler, J. Fluor. Chem., vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 27–31, Jan. 2005. [3] U. Heider, R. Oesten, and M. Jungnitz, J. Power Sources, vol. 81–82, pp. 119–122, Sep. 1999. Figure 1

Interpreting space-based trends in carbon monoxide with multiple models

Abstract. We use a series of chemical transport model and chemistry climate model simulations to investigate the observed negative trends in MOPITT CO over several regions of the world, and to examine the consistency of time-dependent emission inventories with observations. We find that simulations driven by the MACCity inventory, used for the Chemistry Climate Modeling Initiative (CCMI), reproduce the negative trends in the CO column observed by MOPITT for 2000–2010 over the eastern United States and Europe. However, the simulations have positive trends over eastern China, in contrast to the negative trends observed by MOPITT. The model bias in CO, after applying MOPITT averaging kernels, contributes to the model–observation discrepancy in the trend over eastern China. This demonstrates that biases in a model's average concentrations can influence the interpretation of the temporal trend compared to satellite observations. The total ozone column plays a role in determining the simulated tropospheric CO trends. A large positive anomaly in the simulated total ozone column in 2010 leads to a negative anomaly in OH and hence a positive anomaly in CO, contributing to the positive trend in simulated CO. These results demonstrate that accurately simulating variability in the ozone column is important for simulating and interpreting trends in CO.

Mode-switching induced super-thermal bunching in quantum-dot microlasers

The super-thermal photon bunching in quantum-dot (QD) micropillar lasers is investigated both experimentally and theoretically via simulations driven by dynamic considerations. Using stochastic multi-mode rate equations we obtain very good agreement between experiment and theory in terms of intensity profiles and intensity-correlation properties of the examined QD micro-laser’s emission. Further investigations of the time-dependent emission show that super-thermal photon bunching occurs due to irregular mode-switching events in the bimodal lasers. Our bifurcation analysis reveals that these switchings find their origin in an underlying bistability, such that spontaneous emission noise is able to effectively perturb the two competing modes in a small parameter region. We thus ascribe the observed high photon correlation to dynamical multistabilities rather than quantum mechanical correlations.

The near field/far field model with constant application of chemical mass and exponentially decreasing emission of the mass applied

ABSTRACT The near field/far field (NF/FF) model is a contaminant dispersion construct that permits making airborne contaminant exposure estimates for an individual located close to an emission source. In the present analysis, chemical emission involves a constant mass rate of chemical application to surfaces, denoted I (mg/min), and an exponentially decreasing rate of emission of the chemical from the surfaces with rate constant α (min−1). The time-dependent emission rate function is: G(t), mg/min = I − I exp(− αt), where time t is in minutes. The exact time-dependent equations for the contaminant concentration in the NF and the FF are presented. These equations are used to revise a previous analysis of a study in which a penetrant liquid containing benzene was applied to parts on a work table in a test room. The previous analysis assumed that the benzene was applied as a bolus at the start of a 15-min use period, whereas the present analysis assumes the same total benzene mass was applied at a uniform rate over the 15-min use period, but with the same evaporation rate constant α. The new G(t) function leads to a lower 15-min time weighted average NF benzene concentration that better matches the experimental data. It is also shown that the exact equation for the NF concentration is well approximated by combining two well-mixed single-zone equations. The approximation method is mathematically simpler and obviates the need to derive the exact NF equation.

Dispersive Electron-Transfer Kinetics of Rhodamines on TiO2: Impact of Structure and Driving Force on Single-Molecule Photophysics

The effects of dye structure, driving force of photoinduced electron transfer, and adsorption affinity on the dispersive electron-transfer dynamics of rhodamines on TiO2 films are investigated using single-molecule microscopy. The time-dependent emission (i.e., blinking dynamics) of rhodamine-sensitized TiO2 films are quantified using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and quantitative goodness-of-fit tests based on the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic to determine the best fit to the photophysical data. Although the observation of significant p-values (i.e., ranging from 0.16 to 0.53) seems to support the power-law model for the on-time distributions, only a minor subset of the data are actually represented by power laws (i.e., ∼15–20% of events). Instead, the MLE/KS analysis reveals that log-normal distributions, not power laws, most closely represent the entire on-time and off-time distributions for RB, R6G, R123, and 5-ROX on TiO2. Monte Carlo simulations based on the Albery model for dispersive electron transfer (i.e., activation barriers to electron transfer are Gaussian distributed) demonstrate that the log-normal fit parameters (i.e., μon/off and σon/off) are dependent on the average rate constants for injection and recombination as well as the extent of energetic dispersion about the mean activation barrier. The single-molecule results for RB, R6G, R123, and 5-ROX on TiO2 are interpreted in the context of ensemble-averaged spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization and suggest that heterogeneity in electronic coupling and reorganization (i.e., static and dynamic disorder) play a decisive role in the observed dispersive kinetics.

Time-dependent neutrino emission from Mrk 421 during flares and predictions for IceCube

Blazars, a subclass of active galactic nuclei, are prime candidate sources for the high energy neutrinos recently detected by IceCube. Being one of the brightest sources in the extragalactic X-ray and γ-ray sky as well as one of the nearest blazars to Earth, Mrk 421 is an excellent source for testing the scenario of the blazar-neutrino connection, especially during flares where time-dependent neutrino searches may have a higher detection probability. Here, we model the spectral energy distribution of Mrk 421 during a 13-day flare in 2010 with unprecedented multi-wavelength coverage, and calculate the respective neutrino flux. We find a correlation between the >1 PeV neutrino and photon fluxes, in all energy bands. Using typical IceCube through-going muon event samples with good angular resolution and high statistics, wederive the mean event rate above 100 TeV (∼0.57 evt/yr) and show that it is comparable to that expected from a four-month quiescent period in 2009. Due to the short duration of the flare, an accumulation of similar flares over several years would be necessary to produce a meaningful signal for IceCube. To better assess this, we apply the correlation between the neutrino and γ-ray fluxes to the 6.9 yr Fermi-LAT light curve of Mrk 421. We find that the mean event count above 1 PeV for the full IceCube detector livetime is 3.59 ± 0.60 (2.73 ± 0.38) νμ+ν¯μ with (without) major flares included in our analysis. This estimate exceeds, within the uncertainties, the 95% (90%) threshold value for the detection of one or more muon (anti-)neutrinos. Meanwhile, the most conservative scenario, where no correlation of γ-rays and neutrinos is assumed, predicts 1.60 ± 0.16νμ+ν¯μ events. We conclude that a non-detection of high-energy neutrinos by IceCube would probe the neutrino/γ-ray flux correlation during major flares or/and the hadronic contribution to the blazar emission.

Formation of very hard electron and gamma-ray spectra of flat-spectrum radio quasars in the fast-cooling regime

In external Compton scenario, we investigate the formation of the very hard electron spectrum in the fast-cooling regime, using a time-dependent emission model. It is shown that a very hard electron distribution $N'_{\rm e}(\gp)\propto\gp^{-p}$ with the spectral index $p\sim1.3$ is formed below the minimum energy of injection electron when inverse Compton scattering takes place in the Klein-Nishina regime, i.e., inverse Compton scattering of relativistic electrons on broad-line region radiation in flat spectrum radio quasars. This produces a very hard gamma-ray spectrum, and can reasonably explain the very hard \emph{Fermi}-LAT spectrum of the flat spectrum radio quasar 3C 279 during the extreme gamma-ray flare in 2013 December.

Bistability in an Erbium-Doped-Fiber Laser Controlled by a Coupled External Signal

A sine-wave-modulated erbium-doped-fiber laser with an external signal coupled into its cavity has been studied. In particular, an analysis on how the time-dependent laser emission changes as a function of the external signal power has been conducted. Under appropriate working conditions, different bistable behaviors have been found. In some cases, the system behaves as a pilot lamp, which, once activated by the occurrence of a certain event, remains on until reset. For other working conditions, the system behaves as a binary memory whose states can be easily switched.

Ultrafast strong-field photoelectron emission from biased metal surfaces: exact solution to time-dependent Schrödinger Equation.

Laser-driven ultrafast electron emission offers the possibility of manipulation and control of coherent electron motion in ultrashort spatiotemporal scales. Here, an analytical solution is constructed for the highly nonlinear electron emission from a dc biased metal surface illuminated by a single frequency laser, by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation exactly. The solution is valid for arbitrary combinations of dc electric field, laser electric field, laser frequency, metal work function and Fermi level. Various emission mechanisms, such as multiphoton absorption or emission, optical or dc field emission, are all included in this single formulation. The transition between different emission processes is analyzed in detail. The time-dependent emission current reveals that intense current modulation may be possible even with a low intensity laser, by merely increasing the applied dc bias. The results provide insights into the electron pulse generation and manipulation for many novel applications based on ultrafast laser-induced electron emission.

Replication-Competent Influenza A and B Viruses Expressing a Fluorescent Dynamic Timer Protein for In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Influenza A and B viruses (IAV and IBV, respectively) cause annual seasonal human respiratory disease epidemics. In addition, IAVs have been implicated in occasional pandemics with inordinate health and economic consequences. Studying influenza viruses in vitro or in vivo requires the use of laborious secondary methodologies to identify infected cells. To circumvent this requirement, replication-competent infectious influenza viruses expressing an easily traceable fluorescent reporter protein can be used. Timer is a fluorescent protein that undergoes a time-dependent color emission conversion from green to red. The rate of spectral change is independent of Timer protein concentration and can be used to chronologically measure the duration of its expression. Here, we describe the generation of replication-competent IAV and IBV where the viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1) was fused to the fluorescent dynamic Timer protein. Timer-expressing IAV and IBV displayed similar plaque phenotypes and growth kinetics to wild-type viruses in tissue culture. Within infected cells, Timer’s spectral shift can be used to measure the rate and cell-to-cell spread of infection using fluorescent microscopy, plate readers, or flow cytometry. The progression of Timer-expressing IAV infection was also evaluated in a mouse model, demonstrating the feasibility to characterize IAV cell-to-cell infections in vivo. By providing the ability to chronologically track viral spread, Timer-expressing influenza viruses are an excellent option to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo dynamics of viral infection.

A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF ACTIVE REGION 7986: COMPARISON OF SIMULATIONS WITH OBSERVATIONS

ABSTRACT In the present study, we use a forward modeling method to construct a 3D thermal structure encompassing active region 7986 of 1996 August. The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emissions are then computed and compared with observations. The heating mechanism is inspired by a theory on Alfvén wave turbulence dissipation. The magnetic structure is built from a Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)/MDI magnetogram and an estimated torsion parameter deduced from observations. We found that the solution to the equations in some locations is in a thermal nonequilibrium state. The time variation of the density and temperature profiles leads to time dependent emissions, which appear as thin, loop-like structures with uniform cross-section. Their timescale is consistent with the lifetime of observed coronal loops. The dynamic nature of the solution also leads to plasma flows that resemble observed coronal rain. The computed EUV emissions from the coronal part of the fan loops and the high loops compare favorably with SOHO/EIT observations in a quantitative comparison. However, the computed emission from the lower atmosphere is excessive compared to observations, a symptom common to many models. Some factors for this discrepancy are suggested, including the use of coronal abundances to compute the emissions and the neglect of atmospheric opacity effects.

Thermal light curves of Earth-like planets: 1. Varying surface and rotation on planets in a terrestrial orbit

The integrated thermal emission of an exoplanet and its variations along the orbital motion can carry information about the climatic conditions and the rotation of the planet. In this study, we use the LMDZ 3D Global Climate Model (GCM) to simulate the climate of a synthetic Earth and three quasi-Earth configurations: a slowly rotating Earth, an ocean-covered Earth and its snowball counterpart. We also generate the time-dependent broadband thermal emission of the planet from these simulations. In a first step, we validate the model by comparing the synthetic Earth emission with the actual emission of our planet as constrained by observations. Then, we determine the main properties of the climate and emission of the three Earth-like planets and compare them to those of the Earth. We show that planets with an uneven distribution of continents exhibit a maximum of emission during the summer of the hemisphere with larger continental masses, and they may exhibit a maximum of emission at apastron. Large convective clouds might form over the continents of slow rotating planets, having an important effect over their climate and their emission. We also show that, in all the modeled cases, the equilibrium temperature, the Bond albedo and the rotation period can in theory be retrieved from the light curve by a distant observer. The values obtained at transiting geometries have a low deviation from the global values for cases with an axis tilt similar to that of the Earth, and we are able to distinguish between the four planets presented here by the data obtained from their light curves. However, this might not be the case under different conditions.