Time Course Research Articles

Dynamics of task preparation processes revealed by effect course analysis on response times and error rates

Cuing or executing a task impacts processing pathways for task-relevant information. While there is ample evidence that processing associated with task execution changes with practice, such evidence regarding cue-induced task preparation is scarce. Here we explored practice-related changes of processing pathways by task cuing in order to assess the plasticity of task preparation. We first developed and validated a new method for the study of practice-related changes, the effect course analysis. The effect course analysis is a model-free, non-parametric method designed to reveal effect changes within an experimental session on a continuous time scale. Then we applied this method to a new study in which cued task sets were supposed to remain activated during assessment of task-relevant pathways, as potential task execution was postponed at the end of the trial. The results showed that, with little practice, task cuing amplified task-relevant pathways, whereas this effect vanished with practice, suggesting that practice prompts fundamental changes of how task cues are used for task preparation. Hence, if one cannot be certain that cognitive processing is stationary, investigating the time course of experimental effects appears to be crucial to determine how cognitive processing is influenced by practice.

Kinetics of RNA-LNP delivery and protein expression

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) employing ionizable lipids are the most advanced technology for delivery of RNA, most notably mRNA, to cells. LNPs represent well-defined core–shell particles with efficient nucleic acid encapsulation, low immunogenicity and enhanced efficacy. While much is known about the structure and activity of LNPs, less attention is given to the timing of LNP uptake, cytosolic transfer and protein expression. However, LNP kinetics is a key factor determining delivery efficiency. Hence quantitative insight into the multi-cascaded pathway of LNPs is of interest to elucidate the mechanism of delivery. Here, we review experiments as well as theoretical modeling of the timing of LNP uptake, mRNA-release and protein expression. We describe LNP delivery as a sequence of stochastic transfer processes and review a mathematical model of subsequent protein translation from mRNA. We compile probabilities and numbers obtained from time resolved microscopy. Specifically, live-cell imaging on single cell arrays (LISCA) allows for high-throughput acquisition of thousands of individual GFP reporter expression time courses. The traces yield the distribution of mRNA life-times, expression rates and expression onset. Correlation analysis reveals an inverse dependence of gene expression efficiency and transfection onset-times. Finally, we discuss why timing of mRNA release is critical in the context of codelivery of multiple nucleic acid species as in the case of mRNA co-expression or CRISPR/Cas gene editing.

The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi deploys a rapid injury response dating back to the last common animal ancestor

Regenerative potential is widespread but unevenly distributed across animals. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying regenerative processes is limited to a handful of model organisms, restricting robust comparative analyses. Here, we conduct a time course of RNA-seq during whole body regeneration in Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora) to uncover gene expression changes that correspond with key events during the regenerative timeline of this species. We identified several genes highly enriched in this dataset beginning as early as 10 minutes after surgical bisection including transcription factors in the early timepoints, peptidases in the middle timepoints, and cytoskeletal genes in the later timepoints. We validated the expression of early response transcription factors by whole mount in situ hybridization, showing that these genes exhibited high expression in tissues surrounding the wound site. These genes exhibit a pattern of transient upregulation as seen in a variety of other organisms, suggesting that they may be initiators of an ancient gene regulatory network linking wound healing to the initiation of a regenerative response.

Data-driven disease progression model of Parkinson's disease and effect of sex and genetic variants.

As Parkinson's disease (PD) progresses, there are multiple biomarker changes, and sex and genetic variants may influence the rate of progression. Data-driven, long-term disease progression model analysis may provide precise knowledge of the relationships between these risk factors and progression and would allow for the selection of appropriate diagnosis and treatment according to disease progression. To construct a long-term disease progression model of PD based on multiple biomarkers and evaluate the effects of sex and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations, a technique derived from the nonlinear mixed-effects model (Statistical Restoration of Fragmented Time course [SReFT]) was applied to datasets of patients provided by the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative. Four biomarkers, including the Unified PD Rating Scale, were used, and a covariate analysis was performed to investigate the effects of sex and LRRK2-related mutations. A model of disease progression over ~30 years was successfully developed using patient data with a median of 6 years. Covariate analysis suggested that female sex and LRRK2 G2019S mutations were associated with 21.6% and 25.4% significantly slower progression, respectively. LRRK2 rs76904798 mutation also tended to delay disease progression by 10.4% but the difference was not significant. In conclusion, a long-term PD progression model was successfully constructed using SReFT from relatively short-term individual patient observations and depicted nonlinear changes in relevant biomarkers and their covariates, including sex and genetic variants.

The effect of a treatment switch to integrase Strand transfer inhibitor–based regimens on weight gain and other metabolic syndrome-related conditions

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess weight gain associated with treatment switching to INSTI-based regimens in people living with HIV (PLWH) and to determine whether it is accompanied by worsening features of hypertension, dyslipidemia, or hyperglycemia.MethodsIn this two-center retrospective observational study, we assessed weight gain and metabolic features in PLWH who switched to an INSTI-based regimen (study group) as compared to patients who remained on a non-INSTI regimen (control group) over a 24-month follow-up period.ResultsOne-hundred seventy-four PLWH were included in the study group, and 175 were included in the control group. The study group gained 2.51 kg ± 0.31 (mean ± standard deviation) over the 2 years of follow-up, while the control group gained 1.1 ± 0.31 kg over the same time course (p < 0.001). INSTI treatment, Caucasian origin, and lower BMI were risk factors associated with excessive weight gain during the 2 years of follow-up. Among metabolic parameters, only glucose levels increased after initiating INSTI-based regimens, although limited to males of African origin (p = 0.009).ConclusionsWe observed a mild weight gain after switching to INSTI-based regimens, with no major impact on metabolic parameters over 2 years of follow-up. Longer follow-up might be needed to observe the adverse metabolic effects of INSTI-based regimens. The impact on weight gain should be discussed with every patient before the treatment switch to ensure a balanced diet and physical activity to prevent excessive weight gain that might hamper compliance with ART.

How semantics works in Chinese relative clause processing: insights from eye tracking.

Recent years have witnessed much research on semantic analysis and syntactic anatomy in ordinary language processing. However, it is still a matter of considerable debate about when and how the semantic integration of single word meanings works and interacts with syntax during on-line comprehension. This study, in an eye-tracking paradigm, took 38 native speakers of Mandarin Chinese as the participants and took Chinese relative clauses as stimuli to figure out the functions of semantics by investigating the conditioning semantic factors influencing and governing the word order variation of Chinese relative clauses during different processing stages. Accordingly, this study manipulated two syntactic variables, i.e., relative clause type and the position of the numeral-classifier sequence (NCL) in the relative clause, as well as a semantic variable, i.e., the abstractness of the head noun that the relative clause modified. Specifically, the study addressed two questions: (1) when semantics is activated and interacts with syntax and (2) how semantics affects syntax during the time course of Chinese relative clause processing. The results indicated that: (1) Semantics was activated and interacted with syntax during the early and late processing stages of Chinese relative clauses, which challenged the sequential order of syntactic and semantic processes, and supported the claims of the Concurrent Processing Model. (2) The syntactic order of the Chinese relative clause was affected by the semantic information of the head noun that the clause modified. Object-extraction relative clauses (ORCs) had a conjunction preference for the order "an object relative clause preceding the numeral-classifier sequence and the head noun." Instead, the subject-extraction relative clause (SRC) which modified a concrete noun (CN) had a co-occurrence preference for the order "numeral-classifier sequence preceding the subject relative clause and the head noun," while the subject-extraction relative clause which modified an abstract noun (AN) had a co-occurrence preference for the order "subject relative clause preceding the numeral-classifier sequence and the head noun." The findings of this study were evaluated in light of the perspectives of truth value semantics of the syntactic components, the semantic compatibility of numeral-classifier sequence and its modified noun as well as the discourse functions of outer modifier nominals and inner modifier nominals.

Rotational stability of monofocal and diffractive multifocal toric intraocular lens with identical design and material: a propensity score based prospective comparative study

PurposeTo compare the rotational stability of a monofocal and a diffractive multifocal toric intraocular lens(IOLs) with identical design and material.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled patients who underwent plate-haptic toric IOL (AT TORBI 709 M and AT LISA 909 M) implantation. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance baseline factors. Follow-up examinations were conducted at 1 h, 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. A linear mixed model of repeated measures was used to investigate the changes in IOL rotation over time. A 2-week timeframe was utilized to assess differences in IOL rotation between the two groups.ResultAfter PSM, a total of 126 eyes were selected from each group for further analysis. Postoperatively, the time course of IOL rotation change in the two groups remained consistent, with the greatest rotation occurring between 1 h and 1 day postoperatively. At the 2-week postoperative mark, the monofocal toric IOL exhibited a higher degree of rotation compared to the multifocal toric IOL (5.40 ± 7.77° vs. 3.53 ± 3.54°, P = 0.015). In lens thickness(LT) ≥ 4.5 mm and white-to-white distance(WTW) ≥ 11.6 mm subgroups, the monofocal toric IOL rotated greater than the multifocal toric IOL (P = 0.026 and P = 0.011, respectively).ConclusionThe diffractive multifocal toric IOL exhibits superior rotational stability compared to the monofocal toric IOL, especially in subgroups LT ≥ 4.5 mm and WTW ≥ 11.6 mm. Moreover, the time course of IOL rotation change is consistent for both, with the maximum rotation occurring between 1 h and 1 day postoperatively.

Fine-grained differences in gender-cue strength affect predictive processing in children: Cross-linguistic evidence from Russian and Bulgarian

We tested predictive gender agreement processing in adjective–noun phrases by 45 4- to 6-year-old Russian- and Bulgarian-speaking children using the visual world eye-tracking paradigm. Russian and Bulgarian are closely related languages that have three genders but differ in the nature and number of gender cues on adjectives. Analysis of the proportion and time course of looks to the target noun showed that only Bulgarian children used gender cues to predict the upcoming noun. We argue that the cross-linguistic difference in the gender cue strength is revealed through the operation of economy, transparency, and interdependence in a gender complexity matrix. The documented advantage for Bulgarian children in gender agreement processing and acquisition underscores the need for a comparative language acquisition approach to typologically close languages.

Autoimmune Autonomic Neuropathy: From Pathogenesis to Diagnosis.

Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is a disease of autonomic failure caused by ganglionic acetylcholine receptor (gAChR) autoantibodies. Although the detection of autoantibodies is important for distinguishing the disease from other neuropathies that present with autonomic dysfunction, other factors are important for accurate diagnosis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the clinical features of AAG, highlighting differences in clinical course, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings from other neuropathies presenting with autonomic symptoms. The first step in diagnosing AAG is careful history taking, which should reveal whether the mode of onset is acute or chronic, followed by an examination of the time course of disease progression, including the presentation of autonomic and extra-autonomic symptoms. AAG is a neuropathy that should be differentiated from other neuropathies when the patient presents with autonomic dysfunction. Immune-mediated neuropathies, such as acute autonomic sensory neuropathy, are sometimes difficult to differentiate, and therefore, differences in clinical and laboratory findings should be well understood. Other non-neuropathic conditions, such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and long COVID, also present with symptoms similar to those of AAG. Although often challenging, efforts should be made to differentiate among the disease candidates.

Ambient and focal attention during complex problem-solving: preliminary evidence from real-world eye movement data.

Time course analysis of eye movements during free exploration of real-world scenes often reveals an increase in fixation durations together with a decrease in saccade amplitudes, which has been explained within the two visual systems approach, i.e., a transition from ambient to focal. Short fixations and long saccades during early viewing periods are classified as ambient mode of vision, which is concerned with spatial orientation and is related to simple visual properties such as motion, contrast, and location. Longer fixations and shorter saccades during later viewing periods are classified as focal mode of vision, which is concentrated in the foveal projection and is capable of object identification and its semantic categorization. While these findings are mainly obtained in the context of image exploration, the present study endeavors to investigate whether the same pattern of interplay between ambient and focal visual attention is deployed when people work on complex real-world tasks-and if so, when? Based on a re-analysis of existing data that integrates concurrent think aloud and eye tracking protocols, the present study correlated participants' internal thinking models to the parameters of their eye movements when they planned solutions to an open-ended design problem in a real-world setting. We hypothesize that switching between ambient and focal attentional processing is useful when solvers encounter difficulty compelling them to shift their conceptual direction to adjust the solution path. Individuals may prefer different attentional strategies for information-seeking behavior, such as ambient-to-focal or focal-to-ambient. The observed increase in fixation durations and decrease in saccade amplitudes during the periods around shifts in conceptual direction lends support to the postulation of the ambient-to-focal processing; however, focal-to-ambient processing is not evident. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that the beginning of a shift in conceptual direction is observable in eye movement behavior with a significant prolongation of fixation. Our findings add to the conclusions drawn from laboratory settings by providing preliminary evidence for ambient and focal processing characteristics in real-world problem-solving.

Deficits in basal and evoked striatal dopamine release following alpha-synuclein preformed fibril injection: An in vivo microdialysis study.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein, forming intraneuronal Lewy body (LB) inclusions. The α-syn preformed fibril (PFF) model of PD recapitulates α-syn aggregation, progressive nigrostriatal degeneration and motor dysfunction; however, little is known about the time course of PFF-induced alterations in basal and evoked dopamine (DA). In vivo microdialysis is well suited for identifying small changes in neurotransmitter levels over extended periods. In the present study, adult male Fischer 344 rats received unilateral, intrastriatal injections of either α-syn PFFs or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). At 4 or 8 months post-injection (p.i.), animals underwent in vivo microdialysis to evaluate basal extracellular striatal DA and metabolite levels, local KCl-evoked striatal DA release and the effects of systemic levodopa (l-DOPA). Post-mortem analysis demonstrated equivalent PFF-induced reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive nigral neurons (~50%) and striatal TH (~20%) at both time points. Compared with reduction in striatal TH, reduction in striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) was more pronounced and progressed between the 4- and 8-month p.i. intervals (36%➔46%). Significant PFF-induced deficits in basal and evoked striatal DA, as well as deficits in motor performance, were not observed until 8 months p.i. Responses to l-DOPA did not differ regardless of PBS or PFF treatment. These results suggest that basal and evoked striatal DA are maintained for several months following PFF injection, with loss of both associated with motor dysfunction. Our studies provide insight into the time course and magnitude of PFF-induced extracellular dopaminergic deficits in the striatum.

Analysis of the Time Course of the Establishment of Systemic Gene Silencing by Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Wheat

Wheat is one of the major sources of protein worldwide. Its hexaploidy significantly complicates the identification of genes that may be crucial for improving wheat production to meet the challenges of an increased world population and climate change. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) using Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-based constructs has proven to be a very useful tool in the analysis of gene function in the hexaploid plant, wheat. However, most published applications of this technique focus on phenotypes that can be observed in the leaves of wheat. A few studies have reported successful VIGS in the spikes of wheat, but this has proven to be more difficult than the seedling leaf assays. This study reports a time course analysis of the movement of BSMV from the site of inoculation into the meristematic region of wheat. It also describes how the photobleaching phenotype resulting from silencing phytoene desaturase (PDS), which is often used as a reporter for VIGS, does not indicate the full extent of where VIGS occurs, and this can mislead scientists as they design silencing studies. These findings provide guidance for more effective VIGS studies to determine the function of genes expressed in the spikes of wheat and may be important for wheat improvement.

Calcium imaging of adult olfactory epithelium reveals amines as important odor class in fish.

The odor space of aquatic organisms is by necessity quite different from that of air-breathing animals. The recognized odor classes in teleost fish include amino acids, bile acids, reproductive hormones, nucleotides, and a limited number of polyamines. Conversely, a significant portion of the fish olfactory receptor repertoire is composed of trace amine-associated receptors, generally assumed to be responsible for detecting amines. Zebrafish possess over one hundred of these receptors, but the responses of olfactory sensory neurons to amines have not been known so far. Here we examined odor responses of zebrafish olfactory epithelial explants at the cellular level, employing calcium imaging. We report that amines elicit strong responses in olfactory sensory neurons, with a time course characteristically different from that of ATP-responsive (basal) cells. A quantitative analysis of the laminar height distribution shows amine-responsive cells undistinguishable from ciliated neurons positive for olfactory marker protein. This distribution is significantly different from those measured for microvillous neurons positive for transient receptor potential channel 2 and basal cells positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results suggest amines as an important odor class for teleost fish.

Estimated C-reactive protein (CRP) velocity for rapidly distinguishing bacterial from other etiologies in children presenting to emergency department with remarkably elevated CRP levels.

The use of a single C-reactive protein (CRP) value to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial causes is limited. Estimated CRP velocity (eCRPv) has shown promise in enhancing such discrimination in adults. This study aims to investigate the association between eCRPv and bacterial etiologies among pediatric patients with very elevated CRP levels. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients under 18years of age who had been admitted to our Pediatric Emergency Department from 2018 to 2020 with a fever and CRP levels ≥ 150mg/L. Bacterial and non-bacterial etiologies were determined from hospital discharge diagnoses, which were monitored independently by three physicians from the research team. The records of 495 suitable patients (51.2% males, median age 3.2years) were retrieved of whom 444 (89.7%) were eventually diagnosed with bacterial infections. The mean CRP levels were significantly higher for bacterial etiologies compared with other causes (209.2 ± 59.8mg/L vs. 185.6 ± 35.8mg/L, respectively, p < .001), while the mean eCRPv values did not differ significantly (p = .15). In a time course analysis, we found that specifically in patients presenting ≥ 72h after symptom onset, only a eCRPv1 level > 1.08mg/L/h was an independent predictor of bacterial infection (aOR = 5.5 [95% CI 1.7-17.8], p = .004). Conclusion: Pediatric patients with very high CRP levels and fever mostly have bacterial infections. eCRPv levels, unlike CRP values alone, can serve as the sole independent predictor of bacterial infection > 72h from symptom onset, warranting further prospective investigations into CRP kinetics in pediatric patients. What is Known: • The use of a single C-reactive protein (CRP) value to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial causes is limited. • Estimated CRP velocity (eCRPv) has shown promise in enhancing such discrimination in adults, but data on CRP kinetics in pediatric patients is sparse. What is New: • eCRPv levels, unlike CRP values alone, can serve as the sole independent predictor of bacterial infection > 72h from symptom onset in pediatric patients with remarkably elevated CRP levels.

Orchestration of the Adipose Tissue Immune Landscape by Adipocytes.

Obesity is epidemic and of great concern because of its comorbid and costly inflammatory-driven complications. Extensive investigations in mice have elucidated highly coordinated, well-balanced interactions between adipocytes and immune cells in adipose tissue that maintain normal systemic metabolism in the lean state, while in obesity, proinflammatory changes occur in nearly all adipose tissue immune cells. Many of these changes are instigated by adipocytes. However, less is known about obesity-induced adipose-tissue immune cell alterations in humans. Upon high-fat diet feeding, the adipocyte changes its well-known function as a metabolic cell to assume the role of an immune cell, orchestrating proinflammatory changes that escalate inflammation and progress during obesity. This transformation is particularly prominent in humans. In this review, we (a) highlight a leading and early role for adipocytes in promulgating inflammation, (b) discuss immune cell changes and the time course of these changes (comparing humans and mice when possible), and (c) note how reversing proinflammatory changes in most types of immune cells, including adipocytes, rescues adipose tissue from inflammation and obese mice from insulin resistance.

Variant and clinical landscape of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy based on 1516 families with mtDNA variants in a tertiary centre

AimsTo investigate the clinical characteristics of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) with mtDNA primary mutations to better understand features associated with prognosis.MethodsThis study enrolled 1540 LHON patients from 1516 unrelated...

The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorder features and comorbid psychopathology among adolescents with anorexia nervosa and matched controls: a comparative cohort design study

PurposeTo examine implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating disorder (ED) features and psychopathology in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodIn total 79 females with first-onset AN (aged 12–22 years) were included and were followed up across a period of 1 year. We assessed AN participants recruited pre-pandemic (n = 49) to those recruited peri-pandemic (n = 30). Pre- (n = 37) and peri-pandemic (n = 38) age-, and education-matched typically developing (TD) girls (n = 75) were used as a reference cohort. ED features and psychopathology were assessed at baseline. After 1 year of follow-up the association between pandemic timing and clinical course was assessed. Analyses of covariance were used to examine differences in ED features and psychopathology.ResultsPeri-pandemic AN participants experienced less ED symptoms at baseline compared to pre-pandemic AN participants. In particular, they were less dissatisfied with their body shape, and experienced less interpersonal insecurity. In addition, the peri-pandemic AN group met fewer DSM-IV criteria for comorbid disorders, especially anxiety disorders. In contrast, peri-pandemic AN participants had a smaller BMI increase over time. In TD girls, there were no differences at baseline in ED features and psychopathology between the pre- and peri-pandemic group.ConclusionOverall, peri-pandemic AN participants were less severely ill, compared to pre-pandemic AN participants, which may be explained by less social pressure and peer contact, and a more protective parenting style during the pandemic. Conversely, peri-pandemic AN participants had a less favorable clinical course, which may be explained by reduced access to health care facilities during the pandemic.Level of evidenceLevel III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Michelia compressa-Derived Santamarine Inhibits Oral Cancer Cell Proliferation via Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis and DNA Damage.

The anti-oral cancer effects of santamarine (SAMA), a Michelia compressa var. compressa-derived natural product, remain unclear. This study investigates the anticancer effects and acting mechanism of SAMA against oral cancer (OC-2 and HSC-3) in parallel with normal (Smulow-Glickman; S-G) cells. SAMA selectively inhibits oral cancer cell viability more than normal cells, reverted by the oxidative stress remover N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The evidence of oxidative stress generation, such as the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide and the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential and glutathione, further supports this ROS-dependent selective antiproliferation. SAMA arrests oral cancer cells at the G2/M phase. SAMA triggers apoptosis (annexin V) in oral cancer cells and activates caspases 3, 8, and 9. SAMA enhances two types of DNA damage in oral cancer cells, such as γH2AX and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. Moreover, all of these anticancer mechanisms of SAMA are more highly expressed in oral cancer cells than in normal cells in concentration and time course experiments. These above changes are attenuated by NAC, suggesting that SAMA exerts mechanisms of selective antiproliferation that depend on oxidative stress while maintaining minimal cytotoxicity to normal cells.

Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex.

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is classically linked to inhibitory control, emotion regulation, and reward processing. Recent perspectives propose that the OFC also generates predictions about perceptual events, actions, and their outcomes. We tested the role of the OFC in detecting violations of prediction at two levels of abstraction (i.e., hierarchical predictive processing) by studying the event-related potentials (ERPs) of patients with focal OFC lesions (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 14) while they detected deviant sequences of tones in a local-global paradigm. The structural regularities of the tones were controlled at two hierarchical levels by rules defined at a local (i.e., between tones within sequences) and at a global (i.e., between sequences) level. In OFC patients, ERPs elicited by standard tones were unaffected at both local and global levels compared to controls. However, patients showed an attenuated mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a to local prediction violation, as well as a diminished MMN followed by a delayed P3a to the combined local and global level prediction violation. The subsequent P3b component to conditions involving violations of prediction at the level of global rules was preserved in the OFC group. Comparable effects were absent in patients with lesions restricted to the lateral PFC, which lends a degree of anatomical specificity to the altered predictive processing resulting from OFC lesion. Overall, the altered magnitudes and time courses of MMN/P3a responses after lesions to the OFC indicate that the neural correlates of detection of auditory regularity violation are impacted at two hierarchical levels of rule abstraction.

Study on the Wind Deviation Characteristics of Y-Type Insulator String under the Action of Strong Wind

Under the action of extreme wind load, the overhead transmission line will generate a wind deflection flashover phenomenon, which seriously affects the normal operation of the transmission system and causes significant losses. Y-type insulator string (hereinafter referred to as Y-string) is an optimized structural form to reduce the wind deflection flashover in windy areas, and the dynamic mechanical characteristics of Y-string under the action of pulsating wind is an important factor that influences the design of the overhead transmission line. The calculation method of pulsating wind load and the static calculation method of wind deflection displacement of Y-string are obtained through theoretical derivation. The mathematical software is used to simulate the time course of pulsating wind speed and convert it into the time course of wind load, establish the finite element model of insulator string, simulate and analyze the wind deflection process of Y-string under the action of pulsating wind by using the finite element method, and calculate the horizontal displacement of Y-string under the excitation of pulsating wind and make a comparative analysis with the results of the static calculations. The results show that the wind deflection displacement of the Y-string under pulsating wind is 1.12–1.28 times that under steady-state wind, which reveals the reason for the wind deflection flashover phenomenon and provides theoretical references for the design and improvement of overhead transmission lines.