Time-cost Analysis Research Articles

Advancing Traffic Simulation Precision and Scalability: A Data-Driven Approach Utilizing Deep Neural Networks

In traditional traffic simulation studies, vehicle behavior has typically been modeled using complex analytical frameworks, which often struggle to encompass the full range of variables affecting vehicle operations. Addressing this gap, our research introduces an innovative data-driven framework for traffic simulation that incorporates human driving data into its decision-making processes. This enables the modeling of diverse vehicle behaviors by taking into account both vehicle-specific characteristics and environmental factors. At the core of this framework are two advanced deep neural networks, convolutional long short-term memory and convolutional gated recurrent unit, which underpin our vehicle traffic simulation model. Utilizing datasets from the Next Generation Simulation project, specifically the I-80 and US-101 road sections, our study further evaluates the framework’s performance through single-step continuous prediction, as well as transferability tests, employing the TransMSEloss function to optimize prediction accuracy. Our findings reveal that the proposed data-driven model significantly outperforms traditional models, achieving an exceptional accuracy of 97.22% in training and 95.76% in testing. Notably, in continuous prediction, our model maintains an 89.57% accuracy up to the fifth step, exceeding the traditional framework’s 82.82% by 5% to 10% at each step. Time cost analysis indicates that while the data-driven framework’s advantages are more pronounced in large-scale simulations, it also demonstrates strong transferability, with a 93.48% accuracy on diverse datasets, showcasing its applicability across different traffic scenarios. This study not only highlights the potential of deep learning in traffic simulation, but also sets a new benchmark for accuracy and scalability in the field.

EXPLORING 4D AND 5D ANALYSIS IN BIM ENVIRONMENT FOR INFRASTRUCTURES: A CASE STUDY

Abstract. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a focal point in the construction industry, garnering substantial attention due to its capacity to elevate product quality, facilitate accurate quantity determination, and enhance scheduling efficiency. The inherent complexity of construction projects necessitates the integration of BIM models endowed with automation functionalities for schedules and cost estimation. This integration ensures that updates seamlessly occur throughout the construction process, thereby mitigating project uncertainties and reducing overall costs. While the potential benefits of BIM are recognized, a substantial challenge persists in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) field defining workflows for the automated generation of optimized 4D/5D BIM simulation and analysis. The effective utilization of BIM as a transformative tool requires addressing this challenge to unlock its full potential in project management. BIM serves as a pivotal conduit for project data, providing a structured approach to elevate overall product quality, streamline processes, and minimize contingencies and costs associated with construction projects. Consequently, the successful implementation of BIM with automated 4D/5D simulation and analysis stands as a critical milestone in advancing the capabilities of the AEC industry, ensuring greater efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness in construction projects. According to these aspects, the time-cost analysis (4D/5D) of a project for the North-South railway station in Riyadh, designed by Architect Engineer Dia Hilal, was investigated.

Heterogeneous Domain Adaptation Framework for Logging Lithofacies Identification

Summary Reservoir lithofacies type is an important indicator of reservoir quality and oiliness, and understanding lithofacies type can help geologists and engineers make informed decisions about exploration and development activities. The use of well-log data to establish machine learning models for lithofacies identification has gained popularity; however, the assumption that data are independent identical distribution followed by these models is often unrealistic. Additionally, there is a possible incompatibility between the training and test data in terms of feature space dimensions. We propose the heterogeneous domain adaptation framework for logging lithofacies identification (HDAFLI) to address these problems. The framework comprises three main contributions: (i) The denoising autoencoder feature mapping (DAFM) module is adopted to resolve the incompatibility issue in feature space between training and test data. The connection between training and test data can be effectively established to improve the performance and generalization ability. (ii) The transferability and discriminative joint probability distribution adaptive (TDJPDA) module addresses the issue of data distribution differences. It improves the transferability of training and test data by minimizing the maximum mean difference (MMD) of the joint probabilities of the source and target domains and enhances their discriminative ability by maximizing the joint probability MMD of different lithofacies categories. (iii) Bayesian optimization is used to optimize hyperparameters in the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) model for high computational efficiency in determining the best accuracy. We selected well-logging data from eight wells in the Pearl River Mouth Basin of the South China Sea to design four tasks and compared HDAFLI with various baseline machine learning algorithms and baseline domain adaptive algorithms. The results show that HDAFLI has the highest average accuracy among the four tasks. It is 19.76% and 8.94% higher than the best-performing baseline machine learning algorithm and baseline domain adaptive method among the comparison algorithms, respectively. For HDAFLI, we also conducted ablation experiments, time cost and convergence performance analysis, parameter sensitivity experiments, and feature visualization experiments. The results of ablation experiments show that the three modules of HDAFLI all play an active role, working together to achieve the best results. In addition, HDAFLI has a reasonable time cost, can become stable after several iterations, and has good convergence performance. The results of parameter sensitivity experiments confirm that the accuracy of HDAFLI does not change significantly with changes in hyperparameters, which is robust. The results of feature visualization experiments show that the data of the training set and the test set are concentrated together to a certain extent, which indicates that HDAFLI has completed the task of data distribution alignment very well. The findings of this study can help for a better understanding of how to address the challenge of reservoir lithofacies identification through a heterogeneous domain adaptation framework. By solving the problem of feature space incompatibility and data distribution difference between training data and test data, the application of HDAFLI provides geologists and engineers with more accurate lithofacies classification tools. This study has practical application value for reservoir quality assessment, oiliness prediction, and exploration and development decision-making.

Снижение экономических потерь в контактной сети и воздушных линиях, электрифицированных на переменном токе

Purpose: To reduce economic losses in the contact network (CN) and overhead lines (OL) electrified with alternating current. The existing electromagnetic influences on the alternating current railway lead to significant economic losses. Additionally, there is a problem of the contact wire (CW) burnout during the passage of a neutral section with a raised pantograph under voltage on a high-speed railway line (HSRL). CW burnout leads to failure of the contact network, repair costs, possible damage to other people’s property and rolling stock. As a whole, all this represents significant economic losses. Methods: The analysis of material and time costs for the elimination of problems that arise due to the CW burnout or due to the use of manual labor during the installation of OL has been carried out, in comparison with the proposed solutions to reduce economic losses. Results: In solving the problem of the negative electromagnetic influence of the contact line (CL) on the OL, a mobile mechanized complex (MMC) is designed to help, which performs the transposition of the OL wires in 6 steps with scrolling by 60° each support. This method will allow us to place the OL wires equidistantly from the contact wire. Scrolling with once-per-support frequency will align the asymmetry of the linear electrical parameters. All in all, MMC performs installation in an automated mode. The problems of the CW burnout can be reduced by the insulating coupling device (ICD) of the CL. ICD CL is a set of step resistances, which are located at the outer sections of the phase wires before and after the neutral section. It is aimed at reducing the current to a safe value, which will not lead to the contact wire burnout, failure of the CN and/or rolling stock and possible damage to other people’s property. Practical significance: The result is a set of measures in the form of MMC to reduce economic losses in overhead lines from the influence of CN and ICD CL to reduce losses in the contact network by maintaining the operability of the contact wire.

Analysis of time costs in the manufacture of non-sterile drugs in the form of liquid dosage forms in a production pharmacy

AIM: to determine the time spent on pharmaceutical manufacturing of non-sterile medicines in the form of liquid dosage forms and assess their compliance with current standards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the objects of the study were the technological pro- cesses of manufacturing non-sterile liquid dosage forms in pharmacies of the State Unitary Enterprise “Tattechmedpharm” No. 57 and No. 361 (Kazan), No. 277 (central district pharmacy of Almetyevsk), performing a manufacturing function (license L042-01181-16/00269222 dated 16/09/2020). During the study, methods of grouping, systematization, structural and logical analysis, comparative analysis, direct observation method, measurement method, time-study method, methods of statistical data processing using the SPSS Statis- tics program were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: during the study, the time-study of technological operations in the manufacturing of non-sterile liquid dosage forms was used by direct measurement using a stopwatch. Time measurements were carried out for dosage forms, which were prepared daily, with different numbers of components (from 1 to 6). The most labor-intensive operations were identified, namely: weigh- ing of pharmaceutical substances, filtration of a water solution, and performing calculations in a written control passport. The obtained results were also compared with current standards. During the pro- cess, it was revealed that the time spent was compliant with the use of concen- trated solutions, as well as when preparing glycerin solutions that don’t require filtration. However, when performing such technological operations as weighing of ingredients, dissolving and filtering the dosage form, the results exceeded the recommended standards. CONCLUSION: in modern conditions, the time spent on manufacturing of liquid dosage forms according to individual prescriptions, exceeds established stan- dards, due to the lack of burette systems in pharmacies and the reduction of the practice of using concentrated solutions. Based on the results of the study, re- serves were identified for increasing the productivity of pharmaceutical employees in the manufacture of liquid dosage forms: the use of electronic scales, concen- trated solutions and the development of standard operating procedures for the pharmaceutical manufacturing of liquid dosage forms.

A comparative study on real-time sitting posture monitoring systems using pressure sensors

Abstract Accurate sitting posture recognition plays a crucial role in improving improper postures and reducing the risk of associated health issues. The inherent complexity of human behavior, however, poses a great challenge to the development of a practical sitting posture monitoring system with pressure sensors. Towards facilitating the use of features, choice of classification models, and way of evaluating a sitting posture recognizer, in this study a comparative study on pressure-sensor-based sitting posture monitoring is conducted. Specifically, we extract discriminant features from the sensor data based on the distribution of pressure sensors and explore different combinations of these features. Then, five commonly used classification models are evaluated towards building a robust sitting posture recognizer. Finally, extensive comparative experiments concerning four performance metrics are conducted on the collected datasets in subject-dependent, subject-independent, and cross-subject settings. Results show that the joint use of sensors at different positions leads to higher accuracy and that random forest generally outperforms the other four classification models. Surprisingly, compared to the subject-dependent and subject-independent settings, cross-subject setting greatly suffers from degraded accuracy, where we preliminarily present the results of transfer learning techniques to mitigate this issue. In addition, we perform parameter sensitivity and time-cost analysis of random forest, which indicates its applicability to practical use.

Comparative assessment of computational models for the effective tensile strength of nano-reinforced composites

Some of the most important industries, such as aerospace, automotive, among others, have stipulated new requirements for materials behavior that include high specific, mechanical, and thermal properties. According to this, nanocomposites have emerged to satisfy these requirements. However, manufacturing these nanocomposites implies cost and time-consuming problems that do not allow their use in technological applications; additionally, the lack of knowledge about the prediction of their mechanical properties is an obstacle to its technological implementation. Therefore, several studies have focused on the development of computational models to predict the mechanical behavior of nano-reinforced composites. In the present work, a comparative assessment of the main computational models for predicting the tensile strength of nanocomposites is carried out. Firstly, a new taxonomy of these models is proposed, which allows identifying the main experimental variables, model evolution, and precision. With the categorization, computational algorithms are developed for these models for predicting the tensile strength of nanocomposites, accomplishing a comparative analysis of accuracy, robustness, and time-cost among them. The precision of these models is evaluated by deeming benchmark experimental works focused on the tensile strength of nanocomposites. The results obtained demonstrated a minimum relative error of 44.7%, 10.1%, and 10.6% for First-Generation, Second-Generation, and Third-Generation models, respectively. Moreover, linear and non-linear behaviors were found in the evaluated models, being coherent with the number and kind of parameters required for the assessment.

Effect of water flow on energy matrices and life-cycle cost analysis of urban BiSPVT system

The Energy Payback Time (EPBT) and Life-cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) of a building integrated semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal (BiSPVT) system are carried out for different climatic and geographic zones. These two performance criteria are adversely affected by the shadow of the neighborhood’s buildings and obstacles. For countering the shadow effect, the BiSPVT system is proposed to install with optimum tilt and azimuth angle. The relative height, plan orientation, plan area, position, and horizontal distance of neighboring buildings are critical parameters in determining these angles to generate maximum energy. The proposed thermal model accurately calculates these angles and the output energy under various weather conditions at different places. The model assumes a water flow over the BIPV panel from an overhead tank, in view of increasing the efficiency of PV panel. The periodic nature of relevant parameters is considered in the thermal modeling of the BiSPVT system. The cost of energy produced by the proposed system ranges between 1.12 and 2.03 US$/ kWh depending on the climatic conditions of the place, and the EPBT of the system is found to be ranging between 11.6 years to 20.1 years which is lower than the expected service life (30 years) of the modules.

A time and cost analysis of speech pathology paediatric feeding services delivered in-person versus via telepractice

Introduction Telepractice models of care have the potential to reduce the time and financial burdens that consumers may experience accessing healthcare services. The current study aimed to conduct a time and financial cost analysis of paediatric feeding appointments accessed via telepractice (using videoconferencing) compared to an in-person model. Methods Parents of 44 children with paediatric feeding disorders (PFDs) residing in a metropolitan area completed three questionnaires relating to (a) demographics, (b) time and cost for in-person care and (c) time and cost for telepractice. Both cost questionnaires collected data required for direct and indirect costs comparisons (e.g. out-of-pocket costs associated with the appointment (direct), time away from usual duties (indirect)). Average number of services accessed by each participant, and PFD appointments conducted annually by the service, were collected from service statistics. Analysis involved cost minimisation and cost modelling from a societal perspective. Results The telepractice appointment resulted in significant time (p = 0.007) and cost (AUD$95.09 per appointment, SD = AUD$64.47, p = < 0.0001) savings per family. The health service cost was equivalent for both models (AUD$58.25). Cost modelling identified cost savings of up to AUD$475.45 per family if 50% of appointments in a 10-session block were converted to telepractice. Potential cost savings of AUD$68,750.07 per annum to society could be realised if 50% of feeding appointments within the service were provided via telepractice. Discussion The telepractice model offered both time and cost benefits. Future service re-design incorporating hybrid services (in-person and telepractice) will help optimise benefits and minimise burden for families accessing services for PFDs.

Economics of forest biomass for bioenergy: potential site preparation savings from coarse woody harvesting residue removal in a short-rotation Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) plantation

The study used time studies and cost analysis to assess potential economic benefits from site preparation cost reductions resulting from producing coarse woody harvesting residue (CWHR) for bioenergy. In contrast, previous studies have predominantly used anecdotal estimates of site preparation costs.The study was performed in a recently clearfelled 15-year-old plantation of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill) in Tasmania, Australia. The study area consisted of the control area (0.51 ha), containing ~35 m3 ha-1 of CWHR and the CWHR harvest area (2.47 ha), containing &amp;le;12 m3 ha-1 of CWHR. The control area had been harvested with a harvester &amp;ndash; forwarder system, which left all harvesting residue (HR) onsite, where-as the CWHR harvest area had been harvested with a feller-buncher &amp;ndash; skidder &amp;ndash; processor system which removed most of the HR. The latter site was used to simulate an area where CWHR had been harvested. The study examined productivities and costs of machines performing site preparation in each area. The preparation of the control area site was performed with an excavator that windrowed CWHR, fol-lowed by a skidder-mounted plough constructing planting furrows. Residual CWHR post-windrowing was &lt;1 m3 ha-1. Productivities and costs were 0.53 ha PMH0-1 and AUD$319 ha-1 for the excavator and 1.1 ha PMH0-1 and AUD$139 PMH0-1 for the skidder-mounted plough. The excavator was not required in the CWHR harvest area. In this area, skidder-mounted plough productivity and cost were 1.16 ha PMH0-1 and AUD$109 ha-1 suggesting CWHR reduction to &amp;le;12 m3 ha-1 could reduce site preparation costs by AUD$319 ha-1. Further studies on costs and revenues associated with CWHR removal and sale are required to determine net economic benefits and determine excavator cost and productivity for a range of CWHR quantities.

Analysis of Time Comparison and Costs of Implementing Road Implementation with Time Cost Trade-Off Method

Project for the construction of the Gunungsari Banjar Sugihan - Kandangan diversion channel, Surabaya, in the implementation of this project there was a delay in how many works. One way to anticipate this delay is by accelerating it using the Time Cost Tread Off method, through alternative working hours (overtime) and additional labor. The method is used so that the project can run smoothly and so that the project can be accelerated in completion. Time-Cost Trade-Off analysis, better known as TCTO. jobs included in the critical cross and jobs that are not allowed to delay are as follows: Urugan Sirtu (solid), Lean concrete fc 10 Mpa work, Rigid pavement fc 30 Mpa work finishing growing, iron beginning work.

Comparative analysis of time and monetary opportunity costs of human-wildlife conflict in Amboseli and Mt. Kenya Ecosystems, Kenya

Traditionally, the cost of Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) has largely focused on visible costs, ignoring the hidden costs (HC). The HC of HWC are losses that are uncompensated, temporarily delayed, or psychosocial in nature. HC, such as opportunity costs (OC) are scantly documented to inform policy changes for addressing HWC. This study demonstrates the importance of considering HC using Amboseli Ecosystem (AE) and Mt. Kenya Ecosystem (MKE) in Kenya. The objectives of this study were to: a). quantify the economic magnitude of the OC of HWC and its impacts on human wellbeing; b) compare the time and monetary OC; c) make recommendations for HWC related policy reform. Data was collected from 408 households using a multi-stage sampling technique. Opportunity costs were conceptualised as the mean time and money lost due to wildlife presence and attacks. Analysis indicates that the hours spent guarding livestock (t = 3.820, d.f = 110, p = 0.000) and crops (t = 3.571, d.f = 130, p = 0.00) in AE and MKE at night were significantly different. Conversely, daytime hours spent guarding livestock and crops in AE and MKE were similar (P > 0.05). On average, AE households spent KES 208, 540 (US$ 1913) compared to MKE who incurred KES 131,309.75 (US$1205) guarding livestock and crops. School children in AE lost more time in the morning (1.28 ± 0.053 h; n = 98) and in the evening (1.22 ± 0.044 h; n = 93) than in MKE. Overall, OC were more in AE than MKE, suggesting that HC varies with ecosystems. A review of the wildlife compensation policy and law to include HC can help deter resentments resulting from uncompensated HWC costs.

Assessment of indicators of "business costs" of participating enterprises in foreign economic activity

The article is devoted to the study of the current direction of the customs service of the Russian Federation associated with the reduction of the administrative burden on business and the resulting costs of participants in foreign economic activity. Currently, there is a huge development of customs administration as part of the implementation of the "Strategy for the development of the customs service of the Russian Federation until 2030", due to the development of prospective customs procedures and technologies. At the same time, issues of further improvement of customs administration procedures and assessment of their impact on the activities of business structures and minimization of their costs related to customs formalities become very relevant. This makes it necessary to study theoretical issues of cost accounting and management and improve customs administration practices on this basis. The results of the analysis of the content and types of business costs in the sphere of foreign economic activity, based on which the concept of costs for the sphere of foreign economic activity is defined and the classification of these costs by the criterion of controllability is specified, are presented. Also the analysis of time and financial costs of participants in foreign economic activity was carried out, the methodology of their accounting in the sphere of foreign economic activity according to the methodology of the World Bank Doing Business was considered, recommendations for the use of indicators of "business costs" in the activities of the Federal Customs Service were developed.

Algorithmic approach to time-cost analysis of queued commodity flowing through critical path

Here, an attempt has been made to develop an algorithm for optimisation of queued commodity flow under finite capacity constraints. It is a simulation of optimum queued commodity-flow in random network as an extension of Ford Fulkerson algorithm used in the notion of delivery scheduling. The execution of the queued commodity-flow through different routes of deliveries and its scheduling using CPM/PERT has been made. By this execution, the total delivery completion time is minimised in order to meet the scheduled time. Implementation of algorithm has been done through appropriate illustration of network to yield intended results for future application of the model. Final results are exhibited in three tables.

Integrating the Safety Risk in Time-Cost Analysis of Construction Projects

Integrating the Safety Risk in Time-Cost Analysis of Construction Projects

SAT-based explicit [formula omitted] satisfiability checking

Linear Temporal Logic over finite traces (LTLf) was proposed in 2013 and has attracted increasing interest around the AI community. Though the theoretic basis for LTLf has been thoroughly explored since that time, there are still few algorithmic tools that are able to provide an efficient reasoning strategy for LTLf. In this paper, we present a SAT-based framework for LTLf satisfiability checking, which is the foundation of LTLf reasoning. We use propositional SAT-solving techniques to construct a transition system, which is an automata-style structure, for an input LTLf formula; satisfiability checking is then reduced to a path-search problem over this transition system. Based on this framework, we further present CDLSC (Conflict-Driven LTLf Satisfiability Checking), a novel algorithm (heuristic) that leverages information produced by propositional SAT solvers, utilizing both satisfiability and unsatisfiability results. More specifically, the satisfiable results of the SAT solver are used to create new states of the transition system and the unsatisfiable results to accelerate the path search over the system. We evaluate all 5 off-the-shelf LTLf satisfiability algorithms against our new approach CDLSC. Based on a comprehensive evaluation over 4 different LTLf benchmark suits with a total amount of 9317 formulas, our time-cost analysis shows that 1) CDLSC performs best on checking unsatisfiable formulas by achieving approximately a 4X time speedup, compared to the second-best solution (K-LIVE [1]); 2) Although no approaches dominate checking satisfiable formulas, CDLSC performs best on 2 of the total 4 tested satisfiable benchmark suits; and 3) CDLSC gains the best overall performance when considering both satisfiable and unsatisfiable instances.

Rolling circle amplification of synthetic DNA accelerates biocatalytic determination of enzyme activity relative to conventional methods

The ability to quickly and easily assess the activity of large collections of enzymes for a desired substrate holds great promise in the field of biocatalysis. Cell-free synthesis, although not practically amenable for large-scale enzyme production, provides a way to accelerate the timeline for screening enzyme candidates using small-scale reactions. However, because cell-free enzyme synthesis requires a considerable amount of template DNA, the preparation of high-quality DNA “parts” in large quantities represents a costly and rate-limiting prerequisite for high throughput screening. Based on time-cost analysis and comparative activity data, a cell-free workflow using synthetic DNA minicircles and rolling circle amplification enables comparable biocatalytic activity to cell-based workflows in almost half the time. We demonstrate this capability using a panel of sequences from the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily that represent possible green catalysts for synthesizing small molecules with less waste compared to traditional industrial chemistry. This method provides a new alternative to more cumbersome plasmid- or PCR-based protein expression workflows and should be amenable to automation for accelerating enzyme screening in industrial applications.

Classification and recognition of encrypted EEG data based on neural network

With the rapid development of Machine Learning technology applied in electroencephalography (EEG) signals, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) has emerged as a novel and convenient human-computer interaction for smart home, intelligent medical and other Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. However, security issues such as sensitive information disclosure and unauthorized operations have not received sufficient concerns. There are still some defects with the existing solutions to encrypted EEG data such as low accuracy, high time complexity or slow processing speed. For this reason, a classification and recognition method of encrypted EEG data based on neural network is proposed, which adopts Paillier encryption algorithm to encrypt EEG data and meanwhile resolves the problem of floating point operations. In addition, it improves traditional feed-forward neural network (FNN) by using the approximate function instead of activation function and realizes multi-classification of encrypted EEG data. Extensive experiments are conducted to explore the effect of several metrics (such as the hidden neuron size and the learning rate updated by improved simulated annealing algorithm) on the recognition results. Followed by security and time cost analysis, the proposed model and approach are validated and evaluated on public EEG datasets provided by PhysioNet, BCI Competition IV and EPILEPSIAE. The experimental results show that our proposal has the satisfactory accuracy, efficiency and feasibility compared with other solutions.

Experimental modeling of radio information systems for solving the problem of failures forecasting

We report a simulation model of technical condition data of radio information systems at solving the problem of failures forecasting. Time cost analysis on sampling for high-accuracy forecasting of radio information systems failures showed that the performance of samples accumulation by testing the equipment at the stands does not allows us to create radio information systems with automated operation management system on time. The existing level of product unification allows the use of both data from previous generation stations and current data from of the built-in control of new generation radar stations, due to their correlation connections. These features create the conditions for operative formation of a large amount of data on the technical states of the stations due to the development of a simulation data model of the built-in control. A feature of such a model concludes in its versatility, i.e. the formation of the data stream on both binary sensors (operational or not) and sensors of physical parameters. An analysis of the temperature recorded during the development process of the components was carried out to determine the minimum sample size required. The temperature prediction model described above was trained on samples of various volumes for determination of the influence of the training sample volume on forecast accuracy. The developed methodological apparatus for formation of data from the station’s built-in control provides a solution of the problem of high-precision failure prediction.

The Concept of Risk Analysis of Actions Taken in the Reconstruction of Technical Infrastructure in the Areas After the Disaster on the Example of Syria

Abstract The subject of the article is the time-cost analysis of the risk of actions taken in the reconstruction of technical infrastructure (in particular housing) in the areas after the disaster on the example of Syria. As a result of the analysis of actions taken at the reconstruction of the technical (housing) infrastructure in the areas after the disaster, an attempt was made to identify the inconveniences in the management of the risk of targeted activity after the incident. Requests for efficient planning of technical (residential) infrastructure projects have been developed, including foreseeable future natural hazards.