Time Rate Of Change Research Articles

Performance at stair-climbing test is associated with postoperative complications after lung resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThoracic surgery is the optimal treatment for early-stage lung cancer, but there is a high risk of postoperative morbidity. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate patients’ preoperative general condition and...

Unsupervised machine learning via Hidden Markov Models for accurate clustering of plant stress levels based on imaged chlorophyll fluorescence profiles & their rate of change in time

As far back as 1931, studies have shown that Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) is a useful tool in plant stress detection. Early and accurate detection of plant stress is invaluable in enabling appropriate and timely intervention. One of the major limitations of past work on ChIF-based plant stress identification is that, often, only a small number of commonly used inflection points, locally oriented within the ChlF transient curve, are utilized to calculate a single index value. These singular values offer limited insight into stressor level or stressor type. In this work, we present an unsupervised method for plant stress classification (identification) that utilizes global (versus local) time-varying ChlF signal data obtained via plant video imaging. The contributions of this work are multi-fold: (a) We classify via clustering these time-varying-intensity signals using unsupervised learning via Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). We show how: (b) the proposed globally based feature selection of a plant’s entire ChlF signal profile, via low-pass filtering, can, in some scenarios, improve classification accuracy of plant stress; (c) the rate-of-change-in-time of the plant’s ChlF intensity time-varying profile, as an additional global feature selection, can further improve the plant stress classification accuracy in some scenarios; (d) quantification can improve the proposed HMM classification method in certain scenarios; (e) HMMs allow more variability in categorizing data via clustering than other raw data distance based metrics. (f) We explore the ergodic and Bakis models for HMM state transition matrix initialization. (g) In addition we propose a new method for initialization of the HMM state transition matrix: state information based initial probability assignment (SIPA) and compare it to the often used heuristic initial probability assignment (HIPA) method. (h) We show how using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) as a performance metric allows a good state number selection (using the quantified data with the proposed state transition matrix initialization methods). (i) We present a method to automatically determine the number of existing classes in the data set. Note this is in contrast to existing unsupervised learning methods, where the number of existing classes in the data set is, in general, guessed a priori, and often incorrectly. (j) In conclusion we show experimental results to illustrate the potential and value of the proposed methods to enable more specific and accurate classification of plant stressor levels in some scenarios, and (k) in some instances, stressor types.

Adjoint flux calculation of natural mode equation by time dependent neutron transport

ABSTRACT The physical implication of the eigenfunction of the adjoint of the natural mode equation is studied. The eigenfunction at a phase space position is theoretically derived to be proportional to the amplitude of the neutron flux sufficiently long time after a source is placed at the position. Meanwhile, the time change rate and distribution of the neutron flux originated in the source must converge to those of the fundamental mode of the natural mode equation. Based on the proportional relation, the adjoint flux is calculated for a MOX- and UO2-fueled lattice by a continuous-energy Monte Carlo time-dependent neutron transport calculation. The calculated distributions of the adjoint flux agree well with those of the iterated fission probability both in the prompt and delayed critical states.

Livelihood, Food and Nutrition Security in Southern Africa: What Role Do Indigenous Cattle Genetic Resources Play?

Of the 345 million people in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), 30.6% are severely food insecure, 8% malnourished and 50% live with less than US $1 per day, respectively. Livelihood, food and nutrition security have, therefore, become key priorities for the SADC region in response to these complex challenges. Given that 70% of the SADC population directly rely on agriculture for food, nutrition and income, sustained agricultural productivity may play an important role in achieving livelihood, food and nutrition security in the region. Being an important part of the agri-food system of marginalised communities in the region, cattle have great potential to contribute to the goal of reducing food and nutrition insecurity. The region has a population size of about 64 million cattle of which 75% of the population is kept under the smallholder farming systems, and primarily composed of indigenous tropical breeds. Most indigenous cattle breeds are, however, either undergoing rapid genetic dilution or at risk of extinction. At the same time, their environments, production and marketing systems are experiencing high rates of change in time and space. More importantly, indigenous cattle breeds in the region are undervalued. This makes it uncertain that future systems will have the adapted cattle breeds required for optimal livelihoods, food and nutrition security. To this end, the promotion of sustainable use of indigenous cattle for livelihood, food and nutrition security in the SADC region is strongly recommended.

Evaluation of gait transitional phases using neuromechanical outputs and somatosensory inputs in an overground walk

In a bipedal walk, the human body experiences continuous changes in stability especially during weight loading and unloading transitions which are reported crucial to avoid fall. Prior stability assessment methods are unclear to quantify stabilities during these gait transitions due to methodological and/or measurement limitations. This study introduces Nyquist and Bode methods to quantify stability gait transitional stabilities using the neuromechanical output (CoP) and somatosensory input (GRF) responses. These methods are implemented for five different walking conditions grouped into walking speed and imitated rotational impairments. The trials were recorded with eleven healthy subjects using motion cameras and force platforms. The time rate of change in O/Is illustrated impulsive responses and modelled in the frequency domain. Nyquist and Bode stability methods are applied to quantify stability margins. Stability margins from outputs illustrated loading phases as stable and unloading phases as unstable in all walking conditions. There was a strong intralimb compensatory interaction (p < .001, Spearman correlation) found between opposite limbs. Overall, both walking groups illustrated a decrease (p < .05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) in stability margins compared with normal/preferred speed walk. Further, stabilities quantified from outputs were found greater in magnitudes than the instability quantified from inputs illustrating the neuromotor balance control ability. These stability outcomes were also compared by applying extrapolated-CoM method. These methods of investigating gait dynamic stability are considered as having important implications for the assessment of ankle-foot impairments, rehabilitation effectiveness, and wearable orthoses.

HDsEMG Activity of the Lumbar Erector Spinae in Violin Players: Comparison of Two Chairs.

This study compared an ergonomic alternative chair (A-chair) with a standard orchestra chair (O-chair) used by a group of 9 violin players. The features of the high-density surface EMG (HDsEMG) of the lumbar erector spinae muscles were used for the comparison. The violinists played the same pieces of music for 2 hrs without interruption on each chair in 2 different days, 1 week apart. HDsEMG was recorded for 20 s every 5 minutes using two electrode arrays of 16 × 8 electrodes each, one on each side of the spine and placed between the T11 and L4 levels. The sEMG was non-stationary and burst-like patterns were observed on 8 out of 9 violinists. The mean root mean square (RMS) and mean spectral frequency (MNF) value over the region of activity (ROA), the centroid of the ROA, the rates of change in time of the spatial mean of the RMS and MNF values, and the burst frequencies associated with the two chairs were compared. Statistically significant reductions of RMS were observed in each violinist between the O-chair and A-chair (range 11.80-78.36%). No significant changes of other spatial or spectral sEMG features were globally observed versus time or between chairs but were demonstrated by some subjects. It is concluded that the A-chair is associated with a decrease of the sEMG amplitude of the ESM without changes of the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activation.

A Pulse Generation Circuit for Studying Waveform Effects on Neurostimulation

Electrical stimulation technology has advanced from cardiac pacemakers towards cochlear implants, physical rehabilitation, and treatment for Parkinson’s and other diseases. Electrical stimulation parameters, such as waveform, amplitude, and stimulation frequency, have been shown to affect neurostimulation properties. However, the effect of signal time rate of change on electrical stimulation applications has not been studied, and there are no stimulators that specifically allow the study of these effects. A novel pulse generator circuit is presented and characterized. An analytical expression is derived from the circuit, that allows for the design of pulse parameters, such as maximum amplitude voltage, time for peak amplitude, and stimulation duration. The analytical expression is verified to match design values and measurements in an electrical model and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. The circuit is shown to operate at variable output stimulation frequencies, and an expression is derived in order to determine the limit of the output stimulation frequency. The pulse generation circuit is thought to be the first dedicated output pulse generator for research of the effect of signal time rate of change on electrical stimulation applications such as neurostimulation.

Qualitative phenomenological investigation of the transient temperature gradient during gas turbine's hot section component cooling

In this study, the temporal variation of temperature gradient in the gas turbine hot section components in the transient process is raised, and according to its impact on life expectancy computations, the accuracy of the usual methods is investigated qualitatively. It is worth noting that in such two-phase problems, existing different time-scales prevent some common simplifications that are usually used for unsteady investigations like a quasi-steady assumption, and so there is no choice but to conduct coupled transient studies despite their high time-consuming manner. Hence, the phenomenological and qualitative model is introduced to analyze the cooling problem and show the transient behavior. The results show that during unsteady operations, if the time rate of changes is high, some considerable overshoots (more than 30%) of temperature gradients in hot sections may be ignored in common quasi-steady predictions, which must be predicted only by using the unsteady and coupled simulations.

Servo Control of Brush DC Motor with Variable Load

In this article, in view of the characteristics of the cash circulation module of financial machines, such as fast note entering and going out of the note box and large change of load, a control system of fuzzy speed regulation of the note box based on the existing brush driven DC motor through simple feedback signals is designed, so as to realize the stable note output of the note box under varying load. Through experimental verification, after the speed adjustment of the note box, the change in the delivery speed of note has been greatly reduced, and the time change rate of each note transmission has been controlled below 4%, which meets the design expectations and meets the requirements of the system, and can be used as a reference for design in related fields.

A review of electric scalar charge and electric current line, surface and volume arrays and their densities

Traditional formal definitions of electric current surface and volume densities differ from those of the electric scalar charge, and are inconsistent with the notions of their elemental surface and volume electric current distributions or arrays. While any (elemental) electric scalar charge may be represented by a single symbol or as a product of a density and an elemental space, the surface and volume electric current elements are always only represented in the latter format. Furthermore, the line elemental current is displayed even more differently from the others as its direction is embedded in the line’s elemental length. Here we show an analysis that eliminates all the above inconsistencies, and advances the notion of three different interpretations for the surface and volume densities of both scalar (electric scalar charge) and vector (electric current) quantities. The underlying feature is that while current is the flow or motion of electric scalar charges and is a vector, it cannot be represented only by the electric scalar charge’s time rate of change, which is still a scalar. Having identified a proper mathematical representation of current as vector quantity, we advocate that the basic concept of density of any physical quantity should remain the same at any level of study and application. Although the presentation is at an intermediate university/college level, its conception and application is universal.

Change of snow and ice melting time in High Mountain Asia

High Mountain Asia (HMA) is very sensitive to climate changes. In HMA, air temperature and precipitation shifts or increases are reflected in the timing of snowmelt onset. In this study, a long-term series (1979–2018) of snow melt onset time is first derived using spaceborne microwave radiometer data, following which the long-term trend of snow and ice-melt time of Tienshan, Altay, Karakorom, Hindu Kush, and Pamir is analyzed. Previous studies proposed many algorithms for detecting snowmelt onset and freeze-up using microwave remote sensing. The previously proposed algorithms were extensively applied to polar regions (including the Antarctic, Siberia, Greenland, and sea ice surface), where the impact of topography or mixed pixel problem is relatively small. However, for high mountain regions, complex topography and a potential mixed pixel issue would result in a very complicated and noisy satellite-observed active and passive microwave remote sensing signal. This study thus proposes a recently developed snow and ice-melt detection algorithm in which, for passive microwave data, a median filter is first applied to the original signal (brightness temperature) to suppress random, small, or short-duration signal variations. The differential average derivative of a particular date is then calculated using the time series first-order derivative as the average first-order derivative of a specific count of observations after this particular date. Generally, the differential average derivative is an indicator of sudden changes in time series brightness temperature. Results show that the melt onset time in the majority of HMA occurs earlier, except in the case of the Karakorom Mountains and a part of the West Kunlun Mountains. Moreover, the melt onset time derived from satellite morning (6:00 local time) pass data shows that the melt onset time of Karakorom, the West Kulun Mountains, and southeast Tibet remains stable, or even occurs later. The trend of southeast Tibet is unique, with its earlier melt based on afternoon (18:00 local time) pass data and its later melt based on morning pass data. This suggests that the melt–refreeze period of southeast Tibet is increasing together with the increasing diurnal temperature difference. Then, a 2-m air temperature in ERA5 reanalysis data is used for comparison with melt onset time for validation and analysis. ERA5 is the latest climate reanalysis produced by ECMWF, providing hourly data on many atmospheric, land-surface, and sea-state parameters. A strong correlation exists between monthly average air temperatures and melt onset time, with the maximum linear fit R 2 of 0.76. This strong correlation indicates the good data quality of ERA5 reanalysis and melt onset time. The unique trend of southeast Tibet can also be explained using ERA5 reanalysis data, which show that the monthly mean daily maximum air temperature is increasing, but the monthly mean daily minimum air temperature is decreasing. This renders a slope of the linear fit of melt onset data in the period of 1988–2018 in the whole HMA region. Because the satellite overpasses time difference, data from only 1988 to 2018 is used for trend analysis. The analysis of the relationship between the melt onset time change rate and elevation shows that the areas with an earlier melt are almost all located in low-elevation regions, and the rate of melt time change is positively correlated with elevation. This suggests that low-elevation regions are more affected by climate changes. This study provides objective evidence of the impact of climate change on the cryospheric system in HMA.

Consumer behavior in a monetary economy and smoothing of composite consumption

This paper analyzes consumer behavior in a monetary economy when money yields utility and preferences are recursive and represented by a utility functional composed of instantaneous discounting and utility functions. The Keynes–Ramsey rules of consumption and real balances are derived, which are combined and integrated into a consumption–wealth relation. It is demonstrated that due to intertemporal arbitraging the monetary component of wealth vanishes, hence that money affects consumption, not through wealth effects but through the proportion of wealth allocated to consumption, which is affected by the paths of real interest rate and the time rate of change of the nominal interest. To isolate the case in which money is neutral to real decisions despite the fact that money yields utility, we define what is meant by neutrality and elicit the restrictions on the forms of the two functions that bring about this neutrality. Likewise we examine the property of the homotheticity of preferences in an intertemporal context, again eliciting the restrictions that this property imposes on the forms of the two functions. Implications of this analysis for the permanent income hypothesis are delineated by identifying the conditions that need to be met, and this hypothesis is extended to smoothing of composite consumption comprised of consumption and transaction services of real balances. The differences between real and monetary economies are made explicit throughout. We also explore some implications of our model when the scope of wealth is extended to include financial and housing wealth as well as when leisure is endogenized.

DETERMINING THE COST OF REAL ESTATE IN THE UNSTABLE MARKET

The article deals with the issues of conducting forensic appraisal-building and appraisal-land expertise and expert research of valuation of immovable property in an unstable market. It should be noted that: 1. Using a comparative methodological approach in the present extremely adverse market conditions prevailing in Ukraine, including, and on the background of the rapid devaluation of the national currency against the U.S. dollar, needs assessment (court expert or appraiser) a clear awareness of the fact that almost all the participants of the real estate market at the moment have taken a wait that led to the actual absence of the market itself. 2. The real estate market, which has always been characterized by a certain inertia, in virtue of their nature, react to any changes in the economy only after a certain period of time, that is, a so-called «temporary delay». The process of reaching the market to its equilibrium state is delayed in time because the market participants still can not adapt to new economic realities as the situation in the country as a whole continues to change literally every day and talk about any signs of stabilization earlier. 3. Analysis of General dynamics (trend) behavior of the real estate market shows that the hryvnia and the dollar prices in practice «diverge», that is, prices denominated in us dollars decrease, and the Ukrainian currency is going up. 4. Under these conditions, within the comparative methodological approach by conducting a court expert or appraiser procedures, the so-called «actualization» of the value proposition analogues on the valuation date of a particular object in an environment of rapid devaluation of the Ukrainian hryvnia is not just permissible but essential as it allows the contractor estimates to neutralize the factor «retrospectives»announcements are about objects-analogues in conditions of high volatility of the currency market. This procedure is advantageously carried out in the final part of the stage of collecting and analysing information about the sale or supply of such real property and identifying objects of comparison, and directly after that go to the comparison of object of evaluation with the objects of comparison and then correcting the already «updated» the sales price or offer price of the objects of comparison. 5. The procedure «updating» of the value proposition analogues on the valuation date is advantageously carried out using the above empirical relationships. 6. The performers of the assessment can also use a mathematical expression to calculate the magnitude of typical discounts for the bargain, the absolute value of which depends on the three market variables: the forecast term exposure, discount rate and annual rate of market value change in time of the specific property. 7. For active and developed markets in which the typical time frames of exposure are relatively small, particularly in periods of rapidly rising prices, discounts to the trade are significantly reduced or disappear altogether. 8. In periods of stagnation in the markets, for which the typical time of exposure significantly increased, especially in periods of lower prices, discounts on bargaining, on the contrary, have been increasing substantially, and have in fact, as of today. Keywords: real estate, assessment, unstable market, updating the value proposition, the adjustment for the bargain.

Aerodynamic forces and vortical structures of a flapping wing at very low Reynolds numbers

Reynolds number (Re) for miniature insects is in the range of 80–10. Here, we study how the aerodynamic forces change in this Re range when the flapping mode commonly used by larger insects is employed and explore the physical reasons for the change. We find that at Re below ∼70, the lift decreases and the drag increases rapidly with decreasing Re. This can be explained as follows. In this Re range, the viscous effect becomes very large. Much of the clockwise (CW) vorticity in the leading-edge vortex is diffused to be far above the wing and moves backward relative to the wing, and some of the counterclockwise (CCW) vorticity in the boundary layer at the lower surface of the wing is diffused to be more forward, and the boundary layer becomes thicker. This results in less CW vorticity moving with the wing and less CCW vorticity moving backward of the wing, causing a reduction in the time rate of change in the vertical component of the total first moment of vorticity, i.e., the reduction in the lift. The above changes in vorticity distributions also increase the vertical distance between the CW vorticity and the CCW vorticity, causing an increase in the time rate of change in the horizontal component of the total first moment of vorticity, i.e., the increase in the drag. These results show that if miniature insects flap their wings as the larger ones do, the aerodynamic forces required for flight cannot be produced and new flapping mode must be used.

Diagnosing Ocean Feedbacks to the BSISO: SST‐Modulated Surface Fluxes and the Moist Static Energy Budget

AbstractThe oceanic feedback to the atmospheric boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is examined by diagnosing the sea surface temperature (SST) modification of surface fluxes and moist static energy on intraseasonal scales. SST variability affects intraseasonal surface latent heat (LH) and sensible heat (SH) fluxes, through its influence on air‐sea moisture and temperature gradients (∆q and ∆T, respectively). According to bulk formula decomposition, LH is mainly determined by wind‐driven flux perturbations, while SH is more sensitive to thermodynamic flux perturbations. SST fluctuations tend to increase the thermodynamic flux perturbations over active BSISO regions, but this is largely offset by the wind‐driven flux perturbations. Enhanced surface fluxes induced by intraseasonal SST anomalies are located ahead (north) of the convective center over both the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific, favoring BSISO northward propagation. Analysis of budgets of column‐integrated moist static energy (⟨m⟩) and its time rate of change (∂⟨m⟩/∂t) shows that SST‐modulated surface fluxes can influence the development and propagation of the BSISO, respectively. LH and SH variability induced by intraseasonal SSTs maintain 1–2% of ⟨m⟩ day−1 over the equatorial western Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal but damp about 1% of ⟨m⟩ day−1 over the western North Pacific. The contribution of intraseasonal SST variability to ∂⟨m⟩/∂t can reach 12–20% over active BSISO regions. These results suggest that SST variability is conducive, but perhaps not essential, for the propagation of convection during the BSISO life cycle.

Influence of glaucoma surgery on visual function: a clinical cohort study and meta-analysis.

PurposeTo determine the cost (loss of visual function associated with the procedure) and benefit (long‐term preservation of the visual field) of glaucoma surgery.MethodsWe included 100 patients who underwent glaucoma surgery (Baerveldt glaucoma implant [BGI], n = 61; trabeculectomy [TE], n = 39). Preoperatively, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) standard automated perimetry mean deviation (MD) was −12 (−16 to −6) dB. We analysed the change in visual acuity (BCVA) and MD due to the procedure and, in a subset with at least 5 years of perimetric follow‐up both pre‐ and postoperatively (n = 20), the change in rate of progression (ROP; time rate of change in MD). For the surgery‐induced change in ROP, we also performed a meta‐analysis including the current and previously published studies. From the surgery‐induced decrease in MD and change in ROP, we calculated the average postoperative duration needed for the benefit to surpass the cost.ResultsMean (standard deviation) MD decline was 1.3 (2.7) and 1.0 (2.3) dB for BGI (p < 0.001) and TE (p = 0.009), respectively; no significant surgery‐induced changes in BCVA were found (p = 0.08 and p = 0.12, respectively). In our study, surgery was associated with a non‐significant deceleration of ROP (from −0.37 [0.52] to −0.15 [0.48] dB/year; p = 0.23). The meta‐analysis, based on eight studies, showed an overall surgery‐induced change in ROP of 0.44 (95% confidence interval 0.25 to 0.64; p < 0.0001) dB/year.ConclusionGlaucoma surgery significantly reduces the progression velocity in glaucoma. On average, the benefit of glaucoma surgery surpasses the cost after approximately 1.5 years.

Dynamic Sequence Specific Constraint-Based Modeling of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis

Cell-free protein expression has emerged as an important approach in systems and synthetic biology, and a promising technology for personalized point of care medicine. Cell-free systems derived from crude whole cell extracts have shown remarkable utility as a protein synthesis technology. However, if cell-free platforms for on-demand biomanufacturing are to become a reality, the performance limits of these systems must be defined and optimized. Toward this goal, we modeled E. coli cell-free protein expression using a sequence specific dynamic constraint-based approach in which metabolite measurements were directly incorporated into the flux estimation problem. A cell-free metabolic network was constructed by removing growth associated reactions from the iAF1260 reconstruction of K-12 MG1655 E. coli. Sequence specific descriptions of transcription and translation processes were then added to this metabolic network to describe protein production. A linear programming problem was then solved over short time intervals to estimate metabolic fluxes through the augmented cell-free network, subject to material balances, time rate of change and metabolite measurement constraints. The approach captured the biphasic cell-free production of a model protein, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Flux variability analysis suggested that cell-free metabolism was potentially robust; for example, the rate of protein production could be met by flux through the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, or the Entner-Doudoroff pathways. Variation of the metabolite constraints revealed central carbon metabolites, specifically upper glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and pentose phosphate, to be the most effective at training a predictive model, while energy and amino acid measurements were less effective. Irrespective of the measurement set, the metabolic fluxes (for the most part) remained unidentifiable. These findings suggested dynamic constraint-based modeling could aid in the design of cell-free protein expression experiments for metabolite prediction, but the flux estimation problem remains challenging. Furthermore, while we modeled the cell-free production of only a single protein in this study, the sequence specific dynamic constraint-based modeling approach presented here could be extended to multi-protein synthetic circuits, RNA circuits or even small molecule production.

On the computation and comparison of specific absorption rate (SAR) in a skin tissue using analytical and numerical methods

AbstractSpecific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of safety and a requirement for portable radio frequency devices which are regulated mainly by the standards recommended by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Accurate approximation of SAR is therefore important for safety as well as for compliance purposes. This article presents the analytical representation and derivation of the SAR from the basics of electromagnetic theory, Maxwell Equations, and law of conservation of energy in electromagnetic theory. It is shown, analytically, that for a time harmonic electromagnetic wave propagating in a homogeneous lossy medium having permittivity ϵ, permeability µ, and conductivity σ, the time rate change of electric and magnetic energy densities at steady state inside a given volume is zero. It is also shown that at the steady state, the net power flowing through a volume, bounded by a surface is equal to the power dissipated in that volume. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that at the steady state, SAR can be represented in terms of power density or in terms of power dissipated in the given volume. Moreover, calculation of SAR for a 1 mm × 1 mm × 0.01 m box having the dielectric properties of human skin was performed using the derived formulas and then compared with the numerical results, obtained using a full wave 3D simulation tool, HFSS. A good agreement was found between the analytical and numerical results.

Systematic Analysis of Indicators for Socio-Economic Security

Conducting a systematic analysis of indicators for socio-economic security it is necessary to point out that fundamental groups of characteristics pertaining to socio-economic security include the following indicators: social standard and quality of living, degree of socio-economic system security, level of national financial independence, situation with management system and provision of socio-economic security. All the mentioned and some other indicators have something in common while ensuring socio-economic security and, for this reason, it is important to keep their balance and coherence. Evaluation of socio-economic security for a macro-system can be implemented among other tasks while using matrix method. According to this method it is possible to evaluate a possibility of threat appearance due to changes in a specific indicator, level of impact on national security, duration and time rate of changes in unwanted manifestations. The matrix makes it possible to classify those dangers when there is a possibility of an unsafe situation occurrence to such extent that it is required to undertake urgent measures to improve the situation and take special actions. The proposed method demonstrates visible results and it is considered as a statistical method of analysis. The given method presents rather good results while making smooth changes in evolutionary characteristics of the system. Monitoring horizon of these models is 1–2 years. In this context it is necessary to take into account that the proposed method is hardly suitable in the case when there are prompt changes in characteristics from one group of indicators to the other one. This is due to the fact that statistics of past periods has been applied and it characterized the given system which was under completely different circumstances at that moment. If this is the case then there is a discrepancy in creation of methods at all levels of socio-economic systems and these methods adequately take into account dynamics of changes in the system.

Comparative Study of Induction Time and Heart Rate Changes During Induction with Halothane and Sevoflurane in Paediatric Patients

Comparative Study of Induction Time and Heart Rate Changes During Induction with Halothane and Sevoflurane in Paediatric Patients