Time-averaged Research Articles

Superoperator Master Equations and Effective Dynamics.

We developed the projection method to derive an analog of the quantum master equation for propagators rather than density matrices themselves. As these propagators are superoperators, we call them superoperator master equations. Furthermore, as the projector maps superoperators to superoperators, we call it a hyperprojector. We gave general perturbative expansions for generators of the weak coupling superoperator master equation and the stroboscopic limit superoperator master equation. After that, we considered a particular example of a hyperprojector that is the infinite time average of unitary dynamics. We call it the averaging hyperprojector. We discussed the properties of this hyperprojector and its physical meaning. Then, we illustrated our general second order superoperator master equations arising in the weak coupling limit and the stroboscopic limit, taking the averaging hyperprojector as an example, which we call effective dynamics. We discussed some properties of these superoperator master equations, in particular, the entropy increase.

Optical analysis of the physiological quality of Triticum aestivum L. seeds with two vigor levels treated with Thiamethoxam

Insecticide treatment shields plants from pests. The standard tests are the ones that are most frequently used. However, some results may be unreliable or insensitive. Optical techniques such as ultra-weak photon emission and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can aid standard tests. In this study, two samples of wheat seeds were subjected to the accelerated aging test, resulting in two vigor levels. Every sample was divided into two groups (control and treated). The treated groups received 150 mL of Thiamethoxam for each 100 kg of seeds. The results showed that the length of the aerial part was insensitive. However, the length of the primary root showed the treated group (73% of the germination) was statistically different. The total photon counts and temporal slope profile averages associated with the ultra-weak photon emission for the treated group (73%) showed a significant difference between the control groups (73% and 94% of germination). Principal component analysis revealed differences between groups of distinct seed vigor levels. Still, it did not show differences between the groups treated and untreated. By comparing the results, optical techniques can be used to assess seed physiological quality, particularly the vigor level.

A Fast Mismatch Calibration Method Based on Frequency Domain Orthogonal Decomposition for Time-Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters

This paper proposes a fully digital background calibration method for time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (TIADC) mismatches. The method analyzes the frequency and phase of spurious signals caused by three types of mismatches in TIADCs in the frequency domain. By utilizing the Hilbert transform and frequency shifting, orthogonal basis signals located at the mismatch frequencies can be constructed. The calibration of mismatches is achieved by linearly combining the orthogonal basis signals with the estimated coefficients and subtracting them from the original signal. The estimation of coefficients is determined by evaluating the correlation between the linear combination of orthogonal basis signals and the calibrated signal. Furthermore, an exponential moving average (EMA) and least mean square (LMS) algorithm are introduced to expedite the coefficient estimation process. The entire calibration process converges in merely 600 samples, significantly improving the convergence speed. By monitoring the amplitude of the input signal and adjusting the LMS step, the algorithm is functional under different amplitude signals, enhancing the robustness. An off-chip calibration is conducted based on a commercial 14-bit, 8-channel, 2.4GSPS TIADC. Results indicate that all spurious signals are suppressed below 80 dB, and the convergence rate is consistent with the simulation.

Landscapes of random diffusivity processes in harmonic potential

A huge number of experimental evidences support that Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion prevalently exists in biological and soft matter systems. To interpret the physical mechanism of the Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion, the superstatistical approach with random diffusivity and further general random diffusivity processes attract extensive attention. This paper focuses on the anomalous diffusion and nonergodic property of the random diffusivity processes confined in a harmonic potential. Based on the theoretical analyses in the framework of Langevin equation, we find the inherent disagreement between ensemble-averaged mean-squared displacement and time-averaged mean-squared displacement for any form of the random diffusivity D(t), which implies the ergodicity breaking of the confined dynamics. Further, the asymptotic distribution of the time-averaged mean-squared displacement is strictly derived and shows the explicit dependence on the time average of the diffusivity D(t), which means the randomness of the time-averaged mean-squared displacement is completely contributed by the random diffusivity D(t). These results hold true for a general diffusivity D(t), which has been verified through the simulations of three specific kinds of diffusivities D(t).

Effect of anisotropic interactions on the heat conduction of one-dimensional chains

One-dimensional (1D) chain models are frequently employed to investigate heat conduction in various systems. Despite their widespread use, there has been limited exploration of 1D chain models with anisotropic interactions. In this study, we examine heat conduction in a 1D chain model with orientation–position coupled interaction, namely the compressible XY model, and compare it with isotropic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou β (FPUT-β) systems. At low temperatures, the local temperatures in the translational and rotational degrees of freedom differ due to the difference in the contact thermal resistance in the two degrees of freedom. The system maintains orientational order, and the orientation–position-coupling effect lowers thermal conductivity in translational degrees of freedom. As the temperature rises above a transition point, the rotation of particles switches from oscillation to diffusion, leading to a solid-like to fluid-like transition in the rotational degree of freedom. The anisotropic interactions become negligible under time averaging, making the system’s properties similar to those of isotropic FPUT-β systems. Additionally, we investigate the system’s orientational structure to elucidate this transition. These findings will enhance our understanding of the dynamics of nanoscale anisotropic systems, such as the heat conduction of spin chains.

Environmental and taphonomic controls on the shell beds and fauna of the middle Miocene Chipola Formation of Florida, USA

Thick (2–10's m) and laterally extensive shell beds are common in the stratigraphic record, however, relatively little is known about their genesis since no single cause can explain the formation of these shell deposits. The goal of this study is to use lithologic, faunal, and taphonomic analyses to elucidate how the thick and laterally extensive shell beds of the middle Miocene Chipola Formation of Florida formed and became one of the most species-rich Cenozoic faunas in the western Atlantic Province. This study examined Chipola Formation outcrops at Alum Bluff, Cooter Bluff, and Farley Creek. Lithologic and trace fossil analyses indicate that the Alum Bluff shell bed represents an upper to middle shoreface setting, whereas the Farley Creek and Cooter Bluff shell beds represent lower shoreface and/or proximal offshore-transitional environments. Faunal data further support that Farley Creek and Cooter Bluff were deeper environments relative to Alum Bluff. Environmental preferences of most of the fauna indicate that all localities had normal, open-marine salinities with seagrass and unvegetated substrates. Samples are classified as within-habitat time-averaged assemblages, which were spatially averaged by various physical and ecological factors. Spatial averaging mixed the mosaic of communities that are represented by different types of substrate-controlled habitats within, but not across, significant variation in water depth. Finally, shell beds were accumulated by winnowing and/or high-energy events, such as storms, which produced the relatively thick, laterally extensive shell beds at each locality. Understanding the high diversity of the Chipola Formation is complicated and is likely best explained by multiple controls. Variation in alpha diversity among the localities is linked with differences in water depth as well as time and/or spatial averaging. The elevated diversity at each site was likely influenced by spatial averaging of habitats within a single depth zone, within-habitat time averaging, and poleward expansion of tropical taxa into the northern Gulf of Mexico due to environmental conditions associated with the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum. Similar poleward shifts of tropical taxa as those recorded in the Chipola Formation could hypothetically occur in the future as global temperatures and sea level rise. Future studies need to examine the biological changes associated with the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum to better understand the future impacts of ocean-climate change on marine communities.

Mixing phenomena in circular and rectangular cross-sectional T-mixers: Experimental and numerical assessment

In the present work, the mixing performance of square and circular cross-sectional millimetre-sized T-mixers was experimentally and numerically investigated. The pure dilution of non-reacting species (blue and yellow food dyes) and the chemical reaction of two-coloured reactants (i.e., strong acid and strong base with a pH indicator) were captured experimentally by adopting a low-cost colorimetric digital image analysis technique. Turbulence was modelled by k − ε model coupled with the β-PDF approach to account for turbulence-chemistry interactions. The circular cross-sectional T-mixer showed better mixing efficiency than the square one. Moreover, an even larger mixing performances were obtained by setting unbalanced fluid flow rates. To exploit the low computational demanding k − ε model, the Cε2 parameter was tuned, showing good reliability in describing the phenomena in the mixers. Mixing time estimations were based on both time averages and instantaneous quantities, and some possible limits of the approaches commonly adopted in the literature were identified.

Minimization of acoustic power in free space using quadrupole sound sources

Low-frequency noise is difficult to suppress by passive control using a sound absorbing material. Active noise control is expected to be an effective method against low-frequency noise. Minimizing the total acoustic power emitted by a sound source causes a zero-control power phenomenon. In the zero-control power phenomenon, the absorption and blowout of sound energy around the control sound source (control sound source) are balanced, and the time average of the control power come into zero. Thus, control power suppression may be able to minimize total acoustic power. Previous studies have assumed that the sound source is a monopole sound source, or a piston embedded in an infinite baffle, so there are restrictions on the sound source. In this research, the sound sources are regarded as quadrupole sound source. Numerical computations are performed based on the derived control law to clarify the effect of the position and the rotation angle of the quadrupole on the acoustic power. In addition, the relationship between the wavelength and the suppression effect is examined from a numerical point of view.

Intercomparison of Landsat OLI and JPSS VIIRS Using a Combination of RadCalNet Sites as a Common Reference

Independent radiometric data collected from multiple ground sites as part of vicarious calibration activities can be combined to harmonize the data products of Earth observation sensors with different temporal, spectral, and spatial resolutions. Recent coordinated international efforts for open fiducial reference measurements have provided the worldwide user community with new ways to explore the calibration and harmonization of data produced by the sensors. To be correct, the results from each ground system must be traceable to the same well-understood standard system, and ideally to the international system of units (SI). Additionally, the calibration test site should be homogeneous over an area larger than the spatial resolutions of each sensor, so that ground measurements are representative of the area seen by the sensors being calibrated. Here, we use a combination of independent and SI-traceable radiometric data provided from two sites of the Radiometric Calibration Network (RadCalNet) to compare the radiometric response of sensors with different spectral and spatial resolutions that operate on different orbits. These sensors are Operational Land Imagers (OLI) of the Landsat-8 and Landsat-9 missions, and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suites (VIIRS) of the Suomi-National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Preparatory Project (SNPP) and Joint Polar Satellite System-1 (JPSS-1) missions. The sensor radiometric responses are compared via temporal averaging of the ratios of top-of-atmosphere reflectance values for each sensor to those reported by RadCalNet. Our intercomparison results show that these on-orbit sensors are calibrated within their absolute radiometric uncertainties. The absolute radiometric uncertainties of single-sensor over single-site intercomparisons at 550 nm is between 5% and 6%. Having the opportunity to look at the intercomparison results of Landsat-9 OLI compared to each calibration site individually and then in combination allowed us to investigate potential systematic site-dependent biases. We did not observe significant site-dependent biases in the behavior of the four on-orbit sensors compared to the calibration sites. The absolute radiometric uncertainty of a single sensor over multiple-site intercomparisons at 550 nm is 5.4%. We further investigated site-dependent biases by looking at the double-ratio calibration coefficients of the on-orbit sensors, calculated with reference to those sites.

Interim Analyses from the Beacon Trial: A Phase 2, Randomized, Open-Label Trial of Bitopertin in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria

Introduction: Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is associated with accumulation of photoreactive protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in the skin and other organs, causing debilitating phototoxic skin reactions following exposure to sunlight, and potentially life-threatening protoporphyric hepatopathy in some patients. Reduction of PPIX is associated with amelioration of disease in the settings of hematopoietic stem cell transplant, pregnancy, and extracorporeal photoinactivation. Glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) supplies extracellular glycine for the initial step of heme biosynthesis in erythroid cells. Bitopertin is an investigational, orally-administered inhibitor of GlyT1. It is hypothesized that GlyT1 inhibition leads to a decrease in heme pathway intermediates, including PPIX, and can improve light tolerance. Methods: BEACON is a Phase 2, randomized, open-label, parallel-arm trial (ACTRN12622000799752) of 22 participants who will receive oral, once-daily administration of 20 mg or 60 mg of bitopertin for 24 weeks. The trial is being conducted at 2 sites in Australia and includes participants ≥18 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of EPP. The primary efficacy endpoint is percent change in whole-blood metal-free PPIX. Additional endpoints include daily patient-reported outcomes (PRO) of light tolerance and quality of life, as well as safety and tolerability. Results: As of data cutoff (05 July 2023), a total of 17 subjects had been enrolled. Treatment with bitopertin resulted in mean (SD) decreases in PPIX of -39% ± 17% by Day 43 (n=12), with more pronounced decreases observed with 60 mg compared to 20 mg (Figure 1). Bitopertin also improved multiple measures of light tolerance. A participant randomized to 20 mg bitopertin reported a >80-fold increase in sunlight tolerance on Day 88 of treatment, increasing from 4.5 minutes at baseline to over 6 hours; no prodromes were reported during any sunlight challenge after Day 20. A participant randomized to 60 mg bitopertin reported a >200-fold increase in sunlight tolerance on Day 74 of treatment, increasing from 1.3 minutes at baseline to over 4 hours, and did not report a prodrome during any sunlight challenge after Day 120. Aggregate measures of light tolerance also improved over time, including time to prodrome averaged over a 2-week period and weekly averages of total time in sunlight. The proportion of prodrome-free sunlight challenges increased from 2% during screening to 49% while receiving bitopertin (n=17), and the proportion of days without symptoms (with sun exposure) increased from 26% during screening to 74% while receiving bitopertin (n=17). Improvements in weekly averages of total time in sunlight were consistent and observed in 15/15 participants with post-baseline PPIX values. The greatest increases in weekly averages of total time in sunlight were observed in participants who experienced reductions in PPIX of at least 30% (Figure 2), for whichtotal time in sunlight increased from a weekly average of 339 minutes at baseline to a maximum of 999 minutes with bitopertin (n=11; mean duration of treatment: 133 days [range: 76 to ≥169 days]). Patient-reported phototoxic reactions decreased by 93% while on treatment compared to baseline (n=17). By Day 43, 15/16 participants reported in the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) their EPP was much better or a little better, and 15/16 reported in the Patient Global Impression of Severity (PGIS) their EPP was mild or not at all severe. A majority (13/16) of participants responded in a novel PRO, the EPP Impact Questionnaire (EPIQ), that EPP had little or no impact on their quality of life while receiving bitopertin. No serious adverse events, discontinuations due to adverse events, or dose reductions have been reported. A total of 12 (71%) participants reported treatment-emergent adverse events; only dizziness and headache were reported in more than one subject. No meaningful changes in hemoglobin have been observed. Conclusion: By reducing whole-blood PPIX levels, bitopertin targets the underlying pathophysiology of EPP, resulting in consistent improvements in multiple measures of light tolerance and quality of life. Bitopertin has been well tolerated to date with no changes in hemoglobin, and its safety profile in EPP is consistent with prior studies that enrolled more than 4000 participants. Updated results will be presented at the meeting.

Efficacy of the Single Server Markovian Two-Phase Symmetric Queue with Encouraged Stationary-Queue-Size Analysis

The efficacy of the Markovian single server symmetric queue is examined in this paper together with the suggested encouraged stationary queue-size analysis. First, we propose the stochastic Markov renewal process with encouraged arrival see time averages and encouraged arrival-stationary-queue-size analysis. The server takes further vacations after two extra service phases or until the server discovers a new set of clients in the service. Finally, we discuss the utility of the Bernoulli two-vacation symmetric queue, and it is clearly shown that the degree of efficiency rises when the encouraged arrival is taken into account.

PPARA and IL6: exploring associations with athletic performance and genotype polymorphism.

This study aims to investigate the Interleukin (IL)-6 rs1800795 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) rs4253778 polymorphism distributions in the relatively faster and slower subgroups of national cross-country skiing athletes and to identify advantageous genotypes for endurance performance. IL-6 is an inflammatory mediator that is effective in muscle tissue hypertrophy, repair, and the immune system. On the other hand, PPARA transcription factor is a molecule associated with fatty acid, sugar metabolism and inflammation formation. Total of 30 professional cross-country skiing athletes were examined in three groups as athletes, female athletes, and male athletes. DNA of the participants were isolated from blood and genetic polymorphisms were determined by RT-PCR. Athletes were divided into two subgroups as faster and slower referring to their "1-kilometer cross-country skiing time averages (CCSTA)". Polymorphism distributions in these subgroups were analyzed statistically with Fisher's exact test and descriptive tests. In addition, the 1 km-CCSTA values of the genotypes were determined by descriptive statistical methods and the time advantages were calculated. It was determined that the combination of IL-6 rs1800795 GC and PPARA rs4253778 GG genotypes was observed to be more prominent among the faster categories of cross-country skiing competitors, particularly in the athletes and male athletes categories, and it had a time advantage at 1 km-CCSTA. The GC genotype (p= 0.0098) and C-allele (p=0.0398) of IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism were detected at a higher rate in the fast subgroup in male athletes. These genotypes may support endurance performance.

Euler-Euler LES of bubble column bubbly flows by considering sub-grid scale turbulent dispersion effect on modulating bubble transport

It has now been recognised and generally accepted that turbulent dispersion may be modelled using the time average of the fluctuating part of the interphase momentum, employing the drag the Favre averaged drag model for turbulent dispersion in Eulerian multi-phase flows. As the turbulent eddies in the surrounding of bubbles interact strongly with the bubbles in bubbly flow, the bubble trajectories and bubble oscillation take place accordingly as the consequence of continuous deformation of the bubble surfaces. When using large eddy simulation for modelling bubbly flow, the sub-grid scale (SGS) filtered velocity fluctuations of liquid phase can be interpreted as many small eddies that may act on the surface of bubbles, consequently giving rise to bubble shape variations and the dispersion of bubbles. This study employs Euler/Euler large-eddy simulation (LES) modelling to demonstrate that the turbulent dispersion force model can be used to effectively indicate the influence of turbulent eddies on bubble dynamics, in particular the bubble cluster oscillations, which leads to remarkable improvements in the prediction of bubble lateral dispersion behaviour. The use of spatial filtering to model the SGS bubble dispersion is proposed with a modification on SGS eddy viscosity to reflect turbulent dispersion due to bubble induced turbulence. The results of the time-averaged LES modelled bubble velocities and bubble volume fraction profiles are in good agreement with the experimental data while the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum obtained at different locations on the centreline of the bubble column still exhibits the conventional −5/3 scaling for shear induced turbulence and a −3 scaling for bubble induced turbulence.

Prediksi Jangka Pendek Harga Bahan Pokok Dki Jakarta Menggunakan Metode Weighted Exponential Moving Average

Weighted Exponential Moving Average (WEMA) is a new method that combines WMA and EMA, predicting data based on the future and calculating the value of the data weighting factor over time. Commodities are goods that can be sold freely in the market, one of which is staple food to meet daily needs. This study implements the WEMA method in the short-term prediction of staple food prices, with pre-processing stages using data selection and imputation to overcome missing values. Then the data is divided into training data (75%), and test data (25%), on sugar attribute data, chicken eggs, cooking oil, chicken, and beef. A mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) evaluation was carried out on training data and test data to measure prediction accuracy. The experimental and evaluation results show that accuracy depends on the range and length of the data used. The use of span 2 for both data shows the best results on all evaluated attributes; the results of the MAPE evaluation are below 10%.

Minimization of acoustic power in free space using dipole sound sources

Low-frequency noise is difficult to suppress by passive control using a sound absorbing material. Active noise control is expected to be an effective method against low-frequency noise. Minimizing the total acoustic power emitted by a sound source causes a zero-control power phenomenon. In the zero control power phenomenon, the absorption and blowout of sound energy around the control sound source (CSS) are balanced, and the time average of the control power becomes zero. Therefore, control power suppression may be able to minimize total acoustic power. Previous studies have assumed that the sound source is a monopole sound source or a piston embedded in an infinite baffle. In this research, the sound sources are regarded as dipole sound source. In addition, numerical calculations are performed based on the derived control law to clarify the effect of the position and the rotation angle of the dipole on the acoustic power.

Impact of tropical teleconnections on the long-range predictability of the atmosphere at midlatitudes: a reduced-order multi-scale model perspective

Abstract Teleconnections between the tropical and the extratropical climates are often considered as a potential source of long-term predictability at seasonal to decadal time scales in the extratropics. This claim is taken up in the present work by investigating the predictability of a coupled ocean–atmosphere extratropical model under a one-way forcing generated by a tropical model. Both models display a chaotic dynamics, and the dominant variable of the extratropical model displays a high correlation with the tropical forcing in the reference simulation, inducing a low-frequency variability signal in the extratropics. Numerical experiments emulating the presence of initial condition errors in the tropical model are conducted to clarify their impact on the predictability in the extratropics. It is shown that: (i) the correlation skill of the dominant observable affected by the forcing is considerably degraded at interannual time scales due to the presence of initial condition errors in the tropics, limiting the potential of teleconnections; (ii) averaging of an ensemble of forecasts–with a small number of members–may substantially improve the quality of the forecasts; and (iii) temporal averaging may also improve the quality of the forecasts (at the expense of being able to forecast extreme events), in particular when the forcing affects weakly the observable under interest.

Analysis of physiological pulsating flow of fractional Maxwell fluid in a locally narrow artery

The purpose of this paper is to provide a novel reference for the early diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. Two-dimensional governing equations of fractional-order Maxwell fluid flow in a local stenotic artery are established, taking real physiological pulsating blood flow at inlet into consideration. Drawing support from the finite difference method as well as the L1 formula, vorticity and stream functions are introduced to acquire numerical solutions for velocity, stream function, and pressure. The distribution of blood flow in narrowed arteries within a real physiological pulse cycle is discussed. Furthermore, the influences of the degree of stenosis δ, the stenosis length parameter L0, fractional order parameter α, and relaxation time λ on crucial medical indicators, including the time average of the wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, relative residence time, and pressure distribution are revealed. The results show that the deceleration and reversal phases of real physiological pulsatile flow critically affect the progression of arterial stenosis, and increasing the fractional order parameter α weakens the development of stenosis, while increasing λ has the opposite effect. This study is expected to serve as a reference for formulating standards of key medical indicators in the early diagnosis of vascular stenosis.

A new method for examining the co-occurrence network of fossil assemblages

Currently, studies of ancient faunal community networks have been based mostly on uniformitarian and functional morphological evidence. As an important source of data, taphonomic evidence offers the opportunity to provide a broader scope for understanding palaeoecology. However, palaeoecological research methods based on taphonomic evidence are relatively rare, especially for body fossils in lacustrine sediments. Such fossil communities are not only affected by complex transportation and selective destruction in the sedimentation process, they also are strongly affected by time averaging. Historically, it has been believed that it is difficult to study lacustrine entombed fauna by a small-scale quadrat survey. Herein, we developed a software, the TaphonomeAnalyst, to study the associational network of lacustrine entombed fauna, or taphocoenosis. TaphonomeAnalyst allows researchers to easily perform exploratory analyses on common abundance profiles from taphocoenosis data. The dataset for these investigations resulted from fieldwork of the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation near Daohugou Village, in Ningcheng County of Inner Mongolia, China, spotlighting the core assemblage of the Yanliao Fauna. Our data included 27,000 fossil specimens of animals from this deposit, the Yanliao Fauna, whose analyses reveal sedimentary environments, taphonomic conditions, and co-occurrence networks of this highly studied assemblage, providing empirically robust and statistically significant evidence for multiple Yanliao habitats.

Ergodic observables in non-ergodic systems: The example of the harmonic chain

In the framework of statistical mechanics the properties of macroscopic systems are deduced starting from the laws of their microscopic dynamics. One of the key assumptions in this procedure is the ergodic property, namely the equivalence between time averages and ensemble averages. This property can be proved only for a limited number of systems; however, as proved by Khinchin (1949), weak forms of it hold even in systems that are not ergodic at the microscopic scale, provided that extensive observables are considered.Here we show in a pedagogical way the validity of the ergodic hypothesis, at a practical level, in the paradigmatic case of a chain of harmonic oscillators. By using analytical results and numerical computations, we provide evidence that this non-chaotic integrable system shows ergodic behavior in the limit of many degrees of freedom. In particular, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution turns out to fairly describe the statistics of the single particle velocity. A study of the typical time-scales for relaxation is also provided.

Human decision-making in a non-ergodic additive environment

Ergodicity Economics presents an intriguing perspective on the validity of the ergodic hypothesis within economic models and the influence of ergodicity breaking on human decision-making processes. Prior research has illuminated the impact of ergodicity breaking within multiplicative settings. However, the implications of ergodicity breaking within additive dynamics, especially in situations carrying a ‘risk of ruin’ or a complete loss, remain largely unexplored. In our research, we introduce the concept of ‘risk of ruin’ into our decision-making model to examine the effects of non-ergodicity in additive dynamics. Our theoretical framework and experiments show that human decision-makers are sensitive to non-ergodicity within purely additive dynamics. This sensitivity manifests itself in significantly different levels of risk aversion depending on the distance and associated likelihood of ruin. These findings underscore the critical role of time averages in human decision-making, suggesting that humans are less irrational than conventionally assumed in behavioural models rooted in expected values. Drawing on evidence from Ergodicity Economics, incorporating non-ergodicity has the potential to illuminate common trends in decision-making within compounding systems, like multiplicative growth dynamics. Our research underscores a similar potential for understanding decision-making patterns within additive dynamics when the risk of ruin is present.