Timber Forest Products Research Articles

Illegal Logging Eradication in the Perspective of National Criminal Law and Local Wisdom of Manggarai Community

This study discusses illegal logging as an environmental problem, especially in forestry. Illegal logging is a criminal offence, especially in violation of Law Number 41 of 1999 on Forestry and Law Number 18 of 2013 on Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction. Illegal logging is also prohibited based on the Manggarai community's local wisdom. The prohibition is motivated by the tradition of the Manggarai community, which utilizes the forest and recognizes the roko molas poco customary ritual. The ritual aims to inform the Manggarai people that anyone who wants to take a tree in the forest must bring a new tree seedling in exchange. This ritual also shows the responsibility to preserve the forest so it is not damaged. However, there are still people who commit illegal logging. This study aims to analyze and find regulations and concepts for eradicating illegal logging from the perspective of national criminal law and the local wisdom of the Manggarai community. The type of study used is empirical legal research. This study is a novelty because previous researchers should have specifically reviewed the role of local wisdom, especially the Manggarai community, in eradicating illegal logging. The results show that the role of criminal law and the local wisdom of the Manggarai community is significant in eradicating illegal logging crimes. Criminal law regulates the provision of criminal sanctions against individuals and groups who commit illegal logging. The same thing also applies to the local wisdom of the Manggarai community, namely the roko molas poco ritual that the taking or utilization of timber forest products must not conflict with the ritual; if it conflicts, then it will be subject to customary fines. Based on this explanation, not only national law has a role in combating illegal logging, but local wisdom law also has a role.

Greed or Grievance? Linking Revenue Sharing Implementation to Unauthorised Resource Use and Conservation Support at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Revenue sharing is considered a major incentive to promote Community Based Approaches to conservation of protected areas. The sharing of revenue from Protected Area resources is supported by conservationists to promote strong partnerships between protected area management and local communities to address unauthorised resource use for better conservation outcomes. This is premised on the ability of the shared revenue to translate into people’s livelihood improvement and minimize their dependency on resources from protected areas. However, empirical realities indicate that the practice of the Revenue Sharing policy barely addresses the initial objectives of human livelihood improvement to gain support for conservation. This study examined the Revenue Sharing Implementation, Data was collected from 715 respondents who included Local community members (including the unauthorised resource users), staff from conservation organisations in Bwindi and local council leaders. Data was collected using household survey questionnaires, key informant interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Results showed that most beneficiaries of the Revenue Sharing policy were random community households not the unauthorized resource users. The revenue sharing projects allocated to community members were majorly livelihood projects compared to common good projects. Projects included; livestock, passion fruit growing, poultry, provision of land and water projects. Unauthorised resource use was largely motivated by the need for bush meat, minor timber forest products especially firewood, collection of basketry materials and medicinal plants. Protected area managers ought to consider greater involvement of poachers in Revenue Sharing activities. Reducing unauthorized resource use requires systematic but also a combination of factors to mitigate the most driving forces that compel community members to engage in unauthorized forest resource use

Financial Analysis of Sawn Timber Sales at Buana Alam Trade Business in Palu City, Central Sulawesi

Introduction: Forests have an important role in meeting the needs of human life. In addition to having benefits for life, forests also have many benefits, one of which is benefits in the economic sector. Development in the forestry sector is directed at optimal and sustainable utilization of forest resources and strives to improve the welfare of people's lives. Utilization of forest resources, especially timber forest products to be used as sawn timber. sawn timber is semi-finished goods because it will be further processed into other products, for example, sawn products are processed into molding products, flooring furniture, and others that are specific. This study aims to determine the financial aspects of sawn timber processing at Buana Alam Trading Business. This research was conducted for two months from March 2023 to April 2023, which took place at the Buana Alam Trade Business in Palu City, Central Sulawesi. Method: This research uses a purposive sampling method at the location and 1 respondent, namely the leader or business owner as a research sample. This research calculates business finances for 13 years of operation. Results and Discussion: The results of this study indicate that the financial analysis of the sawn timber business obtained an NPV value of Rp. 389,806,900, BCR 2.09 and IRR 22.9% of the Buana Alam Trading Business shows a positive value, so that the Buana Alam Trading Business is feasible to continue and based on the results of business financial analysis using NPV calculations, the Buana Alam Business is feasible to continue. Conclusion: The results of the financial analysis of the sawn timber business for 13 years of operation obtained an NPV value of Rp. 389,806,900, BCR 2.09, and IRR 22.9%. Based on the results of research using financial analysis, the Buana Alam trade business in Palu City is feasible to continue.

Socio-economic Impacts of Forests Rights Act on the Individual Title Holders: An Analytical Study among the Lanjia Saoras of Odisha

The present study examines the socio-economic impacts of the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006 on Individual Forest Rights (IFR) title holders from the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) of Lanjia Saora in the Gumma block of Gajapati district, Odisha. It analyses the socioeconomic status, land use patterns, occupations, and convergence of government schemes for IFR households across 4 villages through household surveys and focus group discussions covering 52 households. Key findings i.e reveal livelihood dependence on agriculture, agricultural wage labour and lack of basic amenities like pucca housing, electricity and toilets for majority of households. While some support have been provided through rural housing, land development and horticulture schemes, the coverage remains limited. The study therefore recommends increasing awareness about FRA, promoting cash crops, horticulture, Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) collection and marketing, skill development for off-farm livelihoods, improving connectivity and public infrastructure etc. It conlude the need to address developmental gaps of tribal IFR holders through appropriate policies and convergence of government schemes at the district level.

Analysis of the Contribution to the Domestic Timber Industry according to the Shortening of Final Age

Objectives : The domestic forest area is about 6,298 thousand ha as of 2020, accounting for 62.7% of the national land area of 10,041 thousand ha, but the domestic wood and wood product market is seriously dependent on imported products. As of 2020, the domestic wood utilization rate is 15.9%. This has been secured from around 5% by 1990 to about 16% by the last 10 years from '11 to '20, but has been maintained without increase until '21. As domestic demand for wood is 83% dependent on imports, uncertainties in the wood market in the international market are expected to increase in the future due to climate change, resource reporting, and international trade relations.Methods : In this study, the production and collection production of domestic wood by use were calculated by reducing the actual distribution nationwide and the number of trees being planted later by 5 to 10 years, respectively. Based on 2,310 thousand ha, the research target site was divided into 26.20% and 73.80% of national forests and private forests, respectively, and the corresponding cutting age was applied by matching them by tree type.Results and Discussion : The area subject to the logging order for timber production forests was calculated as a ratio of the actual logging area, and the result was calculated as a ratio of the actual logging amount. Afterwards, the final wood volume was calculated based on the results of the actual logging volume performance and the ratio of domestic wood production and collection performance. The calculated final volume of wood is produced for lumber, plywood, boards, chips/pulp, and other uses. As a result, when the harvesting age was shortened to 5 and 10 years as of 2020, timber increased at a rate of approximately 12.70% and 25.36% compared to the previous year. It was confirmed that this could increase the domestic wood utilization rate from about 16% to up to 20%.Conclusion In this study, the contribution of the domestic timber industry to the shortening of the harvesting period for timber production forests. It is believed that the results can be used as useful indicators for establishing policies for shortening the cutting period and managing persistent forests in the future.

Historical ecological monitoring and appraisal for extractive uses and other values in Malaysia unveils consequences of regime shifts in 120 years of mangrove management

Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) in Peninsular Malaysia, with its ‘management plans’ traced back to 1904, is the longest-managed mangrove forest for timber (pole/charcoal) production through intermediate thinning and final felling (or clear-felling) operations. For 115 years, the mangroves in the productive zones have been harvested under a 30-year rotation cycle. The 10-year management plans released by the Forestry Department have been supporting silvicultural management. Despite the long management history, the mangrove biomass and quality were found to have decreased in recent years. Therefore, we analyzed all the available management plans between 1904 and 2019 to summarize both qualitative and quantitative data (i.e., silviculture policy/practice and trading) in search of the shifts in management practices. A comparison with relevant literature on the MMFR was also made to evaluate the potential issues of scientific concern in the ongoing management. We found that the higher yield (per ha) of charcoal and poles in the past 20 years resulted from exploiting the restrictive productive zones (=forest that is environmentally sensitive and marginally productive). With a policy inclined greatly toward the financial outcomes of timber-based products, the current silviculture practice may turn out to be unsustainable if any impacts like extreme weather, tree dieoff, sea-level rise, etc., affect mangroves in the future. We discuss the dilemma between greenwood harvesting and the protection of a diverse range of ecosystem service. This study sheds light on the strengths and weaknesses of historic and current mangrove timber harvesting regimes in MMFR and can contribute to supporting future sustainable mangrove management in Matang, and other forest formation.

The Role of Non-Timber Forest Products for Livelihood diversification in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh

Various local communities living in India have been dependent on forests for centuries. The contribution of non timber forest products (NTFPs) has been recognized globallyfor their role in preservation, income generation, livelihood enhancement and rural development. About 275 million poor rural people in various regions of India are dependent on non-timber forest produce. The present study was conducted duringthe month of January to November 2022 to assess the major NTFPs and their role in livelihood generation in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Through surveys and interviews conducted in 4 study area (Viz. Banda, Jhansi, Mahoba and Chitrakut) of Bundelkhand, among the people of local communities, it has been revealed that even today the people of study area show their dependency on forest based NTFPs. Through harvesting, collection and processing of non-timber forest produce, providing new employment opportunities in the Bundelkhand region of India. In this region local people provide an overview of the dependency of different rural communities on NTFP’s such as salai gum, kullu gum, flowers and fruit of Mahua, baskets from bamboo and Harsingar, bidi from tendu leaves, Chironji seeds, jhadu from Date palm leaves, Amla, Bahera, Satavar and Nagarmotha for sustain their livelihood. Despite their significance to employment, NTFP markets are mostly informal andscattered, with no proper records maintained, leading to an insufficient information flowon the contribution of NTFP trade at the local as well as national level. There is an urgent need to promote all these things today so that the income of local collectors can be improved.

Effectiveness of conservation measures to support biodiversity in boreal timber-production forests

Large parts of the boreal forest ecosystems have been greatly affected by human use, and the current timber-oriented forest management practice that dominates boreal forests is proven to cause biodiversity and ecosystem services declines. These negative effects are mitigated in various ways, including in-situ measures implemented upon harvest. The measures comprise trade-offs between economic and ecological aims; thus, requiring solid knowledge of their effectiveness. However, comprehensive literature review of the effectiveness of such measures is scarce. We aim to fill part of this void by reviewing the scientific literature that have gauged effects of four in-situ conservation measures: green tree retention (GTR), patch retention (PR), dead wood retention (DW) and riparian buffer zones (RB). Two outcomes were considered, species richness and species abundance across taxa. From a total of 3012 initial papers, 48 met our inclusion criteria that generated 238 unique results. Results were grouped according to control. 178 studies used mature, unlogged forest as control. Out of those, 68% of the findings were not significant, i.e., suggesting no significant impact of harvest with biodiversity measures on species richness and species abundance compared to no harvest. Eighteen percent of the observations showed negative effects and 14% of the observations showed positive effects compared to no harvest. Sixty studies used harvest with no measures as control, of which 45% showed significant positive effects, meaning that compared to harvest with no measures, harvest with conservation measures has positively effects on species richness and abundance. However, 43% of the studies found no significant effect of the implemented conservation measures compared to harvest with no measures taken. The relatively few significant results reported restrain distinct conclusions on the effectiveness of the assessed conservation measures, but some degree of conservation measure is likely to have positive effects on biodiversity in timber-production forest. However, the scientific basis does not allow for pointing to threshold levels. Higher transparency of study design and statistical results would allow us to include more studies. There is a clear need for more research of effectiveness of common conservation measures in timber-production forests in order to strengthen the knowledge basis. In particular, there are few studies that employ harvest without any conservation measure as control. This is pivotal knowledge for forest managers as well as for policymakers for preserving biodiversity and the ecosystems in forest.

Wild mushrooms: A Source of livelihood and future urban food

Wild edible mushrooms are more popular non timber forest products (NTFPs) which are highly valued as functional food for their medicinal and nutritional benefits. Several wild mushroom species have been pointed out as sources of bioactive compounds, in addition to their important nutritional value. They are the major source of income for the indigenous communities throughout the world. In Bonai Forest Division, Sundargarh, Odisha, survey was conducted during 2021 to 2022 with informants using semistructured interviews and gathered the information about the wild edible mushrooms available in their forest with their marketability. It was observed that the mushrooms play as an excellent source of livelihood for local communities in Bonai Forest Division and these mushrooms are sold in the local markets starting from 10- 20 rupees to 400 rupees. Therefore, the wild edible mushrooms which are available in the state need more exploration. It could be a valuable nutraceutical, making them essential in combating food insecurity. Additional research is needed so that the wild edible mushrooms can be commercialized which can play a key role in the socio-economic upliftment of the tribal people and will add organic food to the urban food basket.

The effects of internal driver, external pressure and green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO) on green supply chain management (GSCM) performance through GSCM practice in wood processing companies in Lumajang district

This study examines the correlation between internal drivers, external pressures, Green Entrepreneurial Orientation (GEO). In the context of wood processing companies in Lumajang, this study examines how green supply chain management (GSCM) practices and performance interact. The study relies on theoretical underpinnings grounded in both institutional theory and the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) theory to thoroughly explore and comprehend these complex interconnections. Data was collected from a sample of 98 wood processing companies registered as Primary Timber Forest Product Industries (IPHHK) in the Lumajang District Forestry Office up to 2020, using a saturated sampling technique over three months from January to March 2022. This study's data analysis was carried out using structural equation modeling (SEM), which uses the partial least squares (PLS) methodology. The results of the analysis indicate that internal drivers do not exert a significant influence on Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) performance. In contrast, external pressure and Green Entrepreneurial Orientation (GEO) have a notable and statistically significant impact on GSCM performance. Furthermore, GSCM practices play a crucial mediating role, fully mediating the correlation between internal drivers and GSCM performance and partially mediating the correlation between external pressure, GEO, and GSCM performance. This research holds practical implications for managers, supply chain specialists, and Lumajang wood processing industry policymakers. It clarifies the significance of particular drivers in putting GSCM practices into practice and reaching improved performance levels. Future research should consider expanding the sample size, extending the scope of the survey, exploring additional research avenues, and implementing longitudinal designs to investigate green supply chain integration and firm behavior over time.

THE EFFECT OF AXIAL AND RADIAL DIRECTIONS ON THE EXTRACTIVE CONTENT OF LONTAR (BORASSUS FLABBELLIFER) STEM FROM WONRELI VILLAGE

Community interest in timber forest products is still high, but log production is decreasing. This can be circumvented by using non-timber forest products, but it is necessary to test the extractive content first so that the utilization is maximized. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the axial and radial directions on the extractive content of lontar (Borassus flabbellifer) stem. Extractive content testing was preceded by making particles from lontar stems. Then the lontar stem particles were dried and powdered with a size of 40 mesh and retained at 60 mesh. The content of cold water-soluble extractives was analyzed using the TAPPI T 207 om-88 standard, the hot water-soluble extractives content using the TAPPI T 264 om-88 standard and the ethanol-benzene soluble extractives content using TAPPI T 257 cm-85. The results showed that the levels of cold-water soluble extractives ranged from 1.426 - 8.159%, hot water-soluble extractives 1.854 - 10.07% and ethanol-benzene soluble extractives 1.97% - 10.11%. The correlation between hot water-soluble extractives and cold-water soluble extractives is 0.8390 and 0.6325 for ethanol-benzene soluble extractives, while the correlation between cold water-soluble extractives and ethanol-benzene soluble extractives is 0.2954

Effect of Altitudinal Gradation on Population Structure, Composition and Diversity of Non Timber Forest Product Species of Central Western Ghats of Karnataka

Effect of Altitudinal Gradation on Population Structure, Composition and Diversity of Non Timber Forest Product Species of Central Western Ghats of Karnataka

Non Timber Forest Products Marketing - A Case Study in Aizawl Market, Mizoram, India

Non Timber Forest Products Marketing - A Case Study in Aizawl Market, Mizoram, India

Opinions and Problems Regarding Various Aspects of Nontimber Forest Products (NtFP): A Study on NtFP Collectors of Shivalik Range of Jammu Region

"The present study was carried out in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State during the year 2017-2019. In this study, three forest ranges namely; Basantgarh, Dudu and Bani ranges were selected purposively because maximum Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP) activities were being carried under these ranges. From each forest range 50 NTFP collectors were selected through snowball sampling technique. In this way total sample of 150 collectors were selected as ultimate sampling units. And in comparison to this a matching sample of 150 non- collectors were also selected through random sampling procedure. The data was collected through personal interview with the help of interview schedule. The findings of this study reveal problems faced by the respondents in collection and marketing of NTFPs, lack of markets for NTFPs was the main constraint ranked first by the collectors in the study area followed by no proper weighting of material, harmful wild weeds and attack of wild animals. To overcome the challenges they have faced during collection and marketing of NTFPs, majority of the collectors (90%) suggested that training programme should be organized for skill development and processing units in villages, followed by license for collection (86.67%), proper market channels (83.33%) and the government should set the selling prices for various NTFPs (70%)."

Production process and its influence on the quality of palm sugar from various regions in South Sulawesi

Palm sugar is one of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) that have high economic value. The quality of palm sugar is one of the important factors that affected the success of the palm sugar business and this quality is determined by the raw materials and the production process. This research aims were to evaluate the quality of palm sugar produced in various regions in South Sulawesi and to analysis the factors that affected their quality. To achieve these aims, the sample of palm sugar product were collected from Maros, Bone, Sidrap and Sinjai Regencies and then all the samples evaluated their quality at The Makassar Plantation Product Industrial Office (Balai Besar Industri Hasil Perkebunan) according to Indonesian National Standard of Palm Sugar (SNI Gula Palma) No. 01-3743-1995. In addition, the production process of the palm sugar in every area also observed and recorded. The results show that the quality of all palm sugar produced from all regencies mostly meets the standard, except palm sugar from Sinjai Regency due to it is exceeding the maximum value of lead (Pb) content. Moreover, production process and the tools used by the community in these areas in general are the same. The production process of palm sugar begins with tapping the sap in the morning and evening. Furthermore, the sap is cooked for approximately 6-8 hours until the sap thickens and is ready to be molded. The tools used in this process such as pans, straw, sieves, molding tools in the form of coconut shells and wooden molds in the form of bricks, and firewood as fuel. Natural preservatives applied to inhibit the fermentation on the sap, locally known as tappajeng root and garcinia leaves. Therefore, it can be concluded that the production process which is almost the same in each region causes the quality of the palm sugar also almost the same and meets the quality of palm sugar in accordance with Indonesian National Standard of Palm Sugar (SNI Gula Palma).

Forest integrated assessment, biodiversity and carbon stocks analysis in Konsu Mandiri Sejahtera (KMS) social forestry, Lamandau, Indonesia

PT Bumitama Gunajaya Agro (BGA) is a great oil palm corporation that has ideas of assisting communities in community groups to maintain their forests in a sustainable and socioeconomically profitable manner as is done in Konsu Mandiri Sejahtera (KMS). The activities carried out include training to collecting the potential data of the forest, non timber forest product potential, forest benefits, biodiversity, ecosystem services including carbon calculation. Through this activity, it is hoped that there will be a transfer of knowledge with the hope that managers will have competence in identifying and managing biodiversity. This research reports the number of carbon stock, wood volume, tree density, biodiversity values and forest benefits indices for KMS forest. The results showed that the forest usefulness for the community. The condition of the existing forest is partly illegally cleared by the community for agriculture, which is still forested only in areas with rugged topographic conditions, with good forest conditions. The wildlife encountered is very diverse and encounter in the form of footprints, hearing, seeing, nests and feces. KMS forest has some directly beneficial and culturally beneficial/local wisdom and potentially developed by PT BGA collaboration in terms of forest conservation and improving the welfare of communities.

Analysis of business feasibility and trade system for rattan crafts in Rumbai district, Pekanbaru City

Rattan is one of the commodity timber forest products used as raw material for the rattan industry. One of the small businesses that is quite developed in Rumbai District, Pekanbaru City is the rattan handicraft business which is a traditional small industry and is a family business. This study aims to determine the business feasibility and trading system of the rattan handicraft trade. This research was conducted with a quantitative and qualitative descriptive approach. The method used for data collection is a field survey through observations, interviews, and questionnaires on rattan craftsmen and Trade Units (UD). UD Rattan Crafts in Rumbai can be said to be worthy of continuing. This is because the NPV value of the trading business in Rumbai is > 0, IRR > from interest rates, and BCR > 1. Analysis of the trading system shows that there are trading system functions that are used, namely the exchange function, physical function, and facility function.

Impact of Reforestation After Forest Fire on Infiltration and Other Soil Physical Properties

Forest fires have become a vital issue causing various hydro-meteorological disasters. Many parties have carried out efforts. This study aimed to analyze the impact of land covers due to reforestation on infiltration rate and other soil physical properties related to hydrological conditions. The research was conducted in the Cempaka Forest area. There are four observed land covers, i.e., Timber Forest Products (TFP), Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP), Pine, and Shrub. The results showed that land cover significantly affected the infiltration rate (p <0.05). The infiltration rate of Pine was not significantly different from NTFP but significantly different from TFP and Shrubs. The infiltration rate of Pine, NTFP, TFP, and Shrub land cover was 76.2 cm hr-1, 48.1 cm hr-1, 32.7 cm.hr-1, and 40.0 cm hr-1, respectively. The infiltration correlated with soil bulk density at two depths (0-15 cm and 16-30 cm) with r values of 0.614 and 0.595, respectively. Infiltration rate also significantly correlated with water content at pF 0 and pF 2.5 in the second soil depth. Additionally, soil bulk density is correlated with soil particle density with r = 0.621. Soil particle density also correlated with clay content with r equal to 0.726.

STUDI DAMPAK TUTUPAN LAHAN TERHADAP SIMPANAN KARBON DI KAWASAN HUTAN CEMPAKA, KECAMATAN PRIGEN, PASURUAN, JAWA TIMUR

Human activities and global warming cause forest fires that impact increasing carbon emissions, destroy forest biodiversity and destroy soil properties. This research is needed to examine carbon storage and soil physical properties on various types of land cover in the Cempaka Forest area, which will later be used as a basis for carrying out restoration and conservation actions. This study used four observation points: Timber Forest Products, Non-Timber Forest Products, Pine, and Shrubs land cover. Carbon storage was measured in the Cempaka forest using the standard RaCSA procedure. The results showed that land cover differences significantly affect the value of carbon storage, with the highest value for storing carbon being the land cover of HHK. However, the difference in land cover did not cause different results on the physical properties of the soil. Correlation and simple regression between the value of carbon storage and other parameters show that carbon storage is strongly influenced by tree biomass and litter, with respective values of 94% and 21%.

Economic Implications of Credit Assessment on Arable Crops and Non-Forest Timber Products Utilization in South-South, Nigeria

The study examined the effect of credit on arable crop production and non – forest timber products utilization. Data from 315 respondents were acquired through structured questionnaires and summarized using descriptive statistics while regression model was employed in evaluating the effect of credit on arable crop production. Results obtained proved that the age range of the respondents was 39-45 years, with a mean age of 40 years. Primary school educational level were in majority which were dominated by males that were mostly married, having a mean household size of 8 persons. The mean farm size was 0.6ha with a mean farming experience of 10 years. Farmers relied more on informal credit sources for crop production and non – forest timber product utilization. The result of the regression analysis proved a positive significant relationship between the amount of credit received and output. The study recommends that Governmental and non-governmental credit issuing stakeholders should make credit readily available to farming households and farmers at the rural level should be sensitized and informed about credit facilities at their disposal.