Timber Harvesting Research Articles

Estimating the extent of selective timber harvesting in private native eucalypt forests with multi-temporal lidar

ABSTRACT A large proportion of forests in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, are owned privately. Timber harvesting is permitted in some of these forests, subject to approval processes and operational procedures. Recent changes to the codes of practice require landholders to provide timely and detailed reports of harvesting operations. Previously, however, harvesting could occur any time in a 15-year period (the length of the approval), and detailed self-reporting was not required. Consequently, the extent of timber harvesting in private forests, as well as the environmental impacts, are poorly understood. In this paper, we present the results of a recent study that used multi-temporal airborne lidar samples to precisely map harvesting-related canopy change in a 1-year period (2020–2021). The lidar transects were collected in a robust design-based sampling framework to enable estimates across the broader area. The methodology we developed principally used the difference in canopy height models between the two lidar datasets, along with customised height and spatial thresholds, to distinguish harvesting impacts from noise and natural disturbances. The methods were applied to northeast NSW (where most private native timber harvesting occurs in the state) to estimate the area of forest disturbed by timber harvesting in 1 year. Of the area of private native forests with an approval plan in place (455 000 ha), we estimated that 1665 ha (±492 ha at the 95% confidence level), or 0.37% (±0.11%), was harvested between April 2020 and April 2021. The robust and objective methodology presented here represents what is understood to be the most detailed assessment of timber harvesting in NSW private native forests to date.

Natural durability of mid-rotation plantation Gympie messmate and red mahogany in a 13-year aboveground field test

ABSTRACT Compared with the same species from native forests, faster growth and earlier harvesting of plantation timber may cause reductions in heartwood extractive levels, density and decay resistance due to the immaturity of wood tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the decay resistance of mid-rotation plantation Gympie messmate and red mahogany heartwood in ground proximity and L-joint aboveground field tests at three sites in Queensland, Australia. After 12–13 years in both tests, the inner heartwood of each plantation species generally had more decay than the middle and outer heartwood. Middle heartwood was significantly less durable than outer heartwood for each plantation species in the ground-proximity test at the tropical South Johnstone site. Plantation Gympie messmate outer heartwood performed similarly to native-forest spotted gum, the high-durability reference species. Plantation red mahogany had more decay than Gympie messmate. Given the need for plantation timber to supplement supplies from sustainable native forest resources, substantial research is recommended to fully characterise the durability of key plantation hardwood species, including investigation of protective treatment supplementation and communication of design requirements.

Рентный подход как метод повышения эффективности лесной отрасли

The subject of the research in this paper is the pricing system in the forest complex; essences and classifications of approaches to pricing are considered and analyzed. The purpose of the study is to analyze the currently existing pricing system efficiency in the forest industry, improve the system for assessing forest stands using the rental approach when harvesting timber in a leased forested area. These are the main ideas of the research. Pricing is one of the most important components of the forest industry, since the role of resource price formation is not only to provide the enterprise with revenue, but should also contribute to the effective implementation of the state policy for the forest fund reproduction. This proves the need to develop a methodology that solves the issue of natural resources efficient use. A computational experiment on calculating the cost of producing round timber when renting forests for the purpose of harvesting timber makes it possible to identify rent that contributes to a more rational use of the forest fund. In the field of forestry, various approaches to pricing are used such as comparative, costly, profitable, systemic, mathematical and rental ones. Pricing in the forest industry implies the presence of three economic components necessary for the implementation of an effective state policy, namely the social component, reproduction and innovation. A computational experiment on calculating the cost of a standing crop on a forest plot located on the territory of the Yambatorsky district forestry of the Mari-Turek forestry in the Mari El Republic showed that the natural rent makes up 27,6 %, and taking into account the standard profit, the rent totals 39,7 %. The relative value of the minimum payment rates for standing crop for the trial forest area is 1,5 % of the market value of the assortments. The result of the study is to develop measures aimed at improving the efficiency of the pricing system. The proposed approach to calculating the cost of standing crop as a whole will allow taking into account the main rent-forming factors and increasing the efficiency of forest management from the point of view of the state policy, as well as establishing equal economic opportunities for forest users.

Camping in clearcuts: The impacts of timber harvesting on USFS campground utilization

This research applies a temporally and spatially explicit model to analyze timber harvesting's impact on campground utilization on United States Forest Service (USFS) land across the Western U.S. Timber harvesting and camping can occur near one another due to multiple-use management strategies used by the USFS. However, intensive forest management can change the degree of perceived naturalness of a forest and may therefore negatively impact recreation. We investigate several facets of harvesting activity, such as proximity to camping, type of harvesting, regional differences, and persisting lagged impacts of timber harvesting. We find that harvesting activity significantly decreases campground reservations during the year of harvest, and this loss in campground utilization can be expected to have negative impacts on nearby tourism-dependent economies. Management implications•Intensive forest management generally negatively impacts campground utilization during the years of operations•Public land managers, such as the USFS, may seek to locate timber harvesting operations further from campgrounds if they wish to not negatively impact campground usage•Alternative, less-intensive, forms of forest management decrease nearby campground utilization less than timber harvesting, so do not necessarily need to be located further from campgrounds to avoid losses in their utilization•Decreased campground visitation due to timber harvesting may imply lower visitation to nearby gateway communities, and therefore less economic stimulation and spending in their economies, which may create an incentive for gateway communities to be involved in the harvest planning process

Differential habitat use between demographic states of black bears in managed timber forests

AbstractThe long‐term effects of intensive forest harvest on sensitive demographic stages of the American black bear (Ursus americanus) have been often overlooked. Much of Maine, USA, is covered in forests that are hospitable to bears and commercial timber harvest. To investigate the potential effects of differing intensities of disturbance on black bears, and on females with cubs particularly, we designed a large‐scale natural experiment with 197 motion‐sensitive camera sites dispersed over representative forest stands in northern and central Maine. Using multi‐state occupancy models, we distinguished the overall trends in space use by females with young versus adult bears without young. Forest disturbance at large spatial scales was positively associated with the probability of use for both demographic groups and the availability of hardwood trees was an additional important factor for habitat use by females with young. Our study illustrates the use of motion‐sensitive cameras to monitor and understand habitat use by distinct life‐history stages of animals living in human‐modified landscapes, and results indicate that managers can maintain black bear habitat in areas of active forest harvest by ensuring the availability of hardwood species.

AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DE ALGUNS CLONES DE SERINGUEIRA PARA PRODUÇÃO DE MADEIRA

The rubber tree was originally introduced in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, with a view to exploiting natural latex as the main source of income. However, there are some alternatives that may be viable for properties looking to diversify agricultural production. In some Asian countries, timber extraction, seed production for vegetable oil extraction and honey production have been commercially exploited. The exploration of wood has been the most important alternative, extracted when the productive period of the trees ends (25 - 30 years). Rubber tree wood can be used in the furniture industry and in the manufacture of doors, windows and other household items. At the end of their productive life, when it is necessary to replant the area, as the exploitation of latex is no longer viable, the trees have a circumference of 100 - 110 cm (at 125 cm above the ground), being suitable for cutting approximately 300 to 400 trees/ha, with a production of 1 m3 of wood/tree. However, there are some peculiarities in rubber tree wood that should be known. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the wood productive potential of rubber tree clones, as well as the relationship between the rootstocks and the clones in characteristics such as total height, marketable height, DBH (diameter at breast height) and marketable volume of wood. The experiment was carried out at APTA Regional in Pindorama, State of São Paulo, Brazil and the experimental design used was randomized blocks with split plots, with 6 treatments (rootstocks), 6 subtreatments (clones), four replications and 20 plants/plot, with 6 plants useful. The results show that the clone PB 235 is the best for the characteristic total height and commercial height and that the rootstocks RRIM 701, GT-1, PB235 and IAN 873 are the best for the characteristic total height. There was interaction between the different clones and rootstocks tested in terms of total height. Clones PB 235, RRIM 600 and PR 107 are the best for the DAP trait. The rootstocks PB 235, GT-1, IAN 873 and RRIM 701 are the best for the DAP characteristic. Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis. Diameter. Height.

Multi-objective optimization for timber harvest management incorporating wildlife habitat goals

ContextThe forestry industry provides important goods, services and economic benefits, but timber harvest can adversely impact ecosystem services, including wildlife habitat. Timber harvest planning can integrate wildlife habitat quality through multi-objective optimization for timber harvest and wildlife habitat suitability.ObjectivesOur objective was to develop a method to find optimal solutions for timber harvest and wildlife habitat suitability individually and concurrently, then apply the method to Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) on Afognak Island, Alaska.MethodsWe developed three seasonal habitat suitability models using elk locations and landscape variables including historical timber harvest on Afognak Island, Alaska. We used threshold-accepting optimization over a 50-year planning horizon to maximize timber harvest yield and habitat suitability in each season, then used multi-objective goal-deviation optimization to simultaneously maximize timber harvest volume and seasonal habitat suitability.ResultsThe optimal solution for timber yield decreased seasonal average habitat suitability by 5.7%. Elk habitat suitability and corresponding optimal solutions varied seasonally; elk generally selected open landcovers and early- to mid-successional timber stands over late-successional and mature stands. Therefore, in the optimal solutions, stands were harvested before they reached maximum volume and few stands were harvested in early planning periods, resulting in a seasonal average loss of 17.5% yield. Multi-objective optimization decreased seasonal average suitability by 3.9% and yield by 1.4% compared to single-objective optimization.ConclusionsOur multi-objective optimization approach that incorporates data-driven habitat suitability models using open-source software can enable managers to achieve desired quantity and quality of wildlife habitat while providing for resource extraction.

Logging, linear features, and human infrastructure shape the spatial dynamics of wolf predation on an ungulate neonate.

Humans are increasingly recognized as important players in predator-prey dynamics by modifying landscapes. This trend has been well-documented for large mammal communities in North American boreal forests: logging creates early seral forests that benefit ungulates such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), while the combination of infrastructure development and resource extraction practices generate linear features that allow predators such as wolves (Canis lupus) to travel and forage more efficiently throughout the landscape. Disturbances from recreational activities and residential development are other major sources of human activity in boreal ecosystems that may further alter wolf-ungulate dynamics. Here, we evaluate the influence that several major types of anthropogenic landscape modifications (timber harvest, linear features, and residential infrastructure) have on where and how wolves hunt ungulate neonates in a southern boreal forest ecosystem in Minnesota, USA. We demonstrate that each major anthropogenic disturbance significantly influences wolf predation of white-tailed deer fawns (n = 427 kill sites). In contrast with the "human shield hypothesis" that posits prey use human-modified areas as refuge, wolves killed fawns closer to residential buildings than expected based on spatial availability. Fawns were also killed within recently-logged areas more than expected. Concealment cover was higher at kill sites than random sites, suggesting wolves use senses other than vision, probably olfaction, to detect hidden fawns. Wolves showed strong selection for hunting along linear features, and kill sites were also closer to linear features than expected. We hypothesize that linear features facilitated wolf predation on fawns by allowing wolves to travel efficiently among high-quality prey patches (recently logged areas, near buildings), and also increase encounter rates with olfactory cues that allow them to detect hidden fawns. These findings provide novel insight into the strategies predators use to hunt ungulate neonates and the many ways human activity alters wolf-ungulate neonate predator-prey dynamics, which have remained elusive due to the challenges of locating sites where predators kill small prey. Our research has important management and conservation implications for wolf-ungulate systems subjected to anthropogenic pressures, particularly as the range of overlap between wolves and deer expands and appears to be altering food web dynamics in boreal ecosystems.

Vulnerability of northern rocky mountain forests under future drought, fire, and harvest

Novel climate and disturbance regimes in the 21st century threaten to increase the vulnerability of some western U.S. forests to loss of biomass and function. However, the timing and magnitude of forest vulnerabilities are uncertain and will be highly variable across the complex biophysical landscape of the region. Assessing future forest trajectories and potential management impacts under novel conditions requires place-specific and mechanistic model projections. Stakeholders in the high-carbon density forests of the northern U.S. Rocky Mountains (NRM) currently seek to understand and mitigate climate risks to these diverse conifer forests, which experienced profound 20th century disturbance from the 1910 “Big Burn” and timber harvest. Present forest management plan revisions consider approaches including increases in timber harvest that are intended to shift species compositions and increase forest stress tolerance. We utilize CLM-FATES, a dynamic vegetation model (DVM) coupled to an Earth Systems Model (ESM), to model shifting NRM forest carbon stocks and cover, production, and disturbance through 2100 under unprecedented climate and management. Across all 21st century scenarios, domain forest C-stocks and canopy cover face decline after 2090 due to the interaction of intermittent drought and fire mortality with declining Net Primary Production (NPP) and post-disturbance recovery. However, mid-century increases in forest vulnerability to fire and drought impacts are not consistently projected across climate models due to increases in precipitation that buffer warming impacts. Under all climate scenarios, increased harvest regimes diminish forest carbon stocks and increase period mortality over business-as-usual, despite some late-century reductions in forest stress. Results indicate that existing forest carbon stocks and functions are moderately persistent and that increased near-term removals may be mistimed for effectively increasing resilience.

A modularity total environment network model for sustainable forest transportation

Forest road network planning and development is important in providing accessibility to remote forest areas for timber harvesting, transportation to markets, and recreational activities, as well as preventing environmental degradation, soil erosion, water pollution, and an increased risk of forest fires and wildlife habitat fragmentation. Within the context that careful forest road transportation planning and design promotes sustainable forest management and development, this paper develops a multilayer network model for supporting sustainable forest transportation development. The model builds on a total environment conceptualization and the network paradigm, and it is composed of several layers, each containing information from an environmental aspect or a forest road network land use. By using community detection analysis from network science, the model provides insights into the decomposition of the forest network into functional areas, highlights the importance of places that connect different communities to maintain market integration, and provides a list of policies and good practices for the resulting communities. Overall, this paper presents a quantitative methodological framework that can be used for sustainable forest transportation.

Tree canopy extent and height change in Europe, 2001–2021, quantified using Landsat data archive

European forests are among the most extensively studied ecosystems in the world, yet there are still debates about their recent dynamics. We modeled the changes in tree canopy height across Europe from 2001 to 2021 using the multidecadal spectral data from the Landsat archive and calibration data from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and spaceborne Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) lidars. Annual tree canopy height was modeled using regression tree ensembles and integrated with annual tree canopy removal maps to produce harmonized tree height map time series. From these time series, we derived annual tree canopy extent maps using a ≥ 5 m tree height threshold. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) for both ALS-calibrated and GEDI-calibrated tree canopy height maps was ≤4 m. The user's and producer's accuracies estimated using reference sample data are ≥94% for the tree canopy extent maps and ≥ 80% for the annual tree canopy removal maps. Analyzing the map time series, we found that the European tree canopy extent area increased by nearly 1% overall during the past two decades, with the largest increase observed in Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, and the British Isles. However, after the year 2016, the tree canopy extent in Europe declined. Some regions reduced their tree canopy extent between 2001 and 2021, with the highest reduction observed in Fennoscandia (3.5% net decrease). The continental extent of tall tree canopy forests (≥ 15 m height) decreased by 3% from 2001 to 2021. The recent decline in tree canopy extent agrees with the FAO statistics on timber harvesting intensification and with the increasing extent and severity of natural disturbances. The observed decreasing tree canopy height indicates a reduction in forest carbon storage capacity in Europe.

Analysis of the Stocks and Conditions of Harvesting for Forest Berries with Considering Their Spatial Distribution and Availability

Within the framework of the multi-purpose forest management concept, the resource and economic potential of harvesting wild berries was analyzed under different forest management scenarios. As a tool for forecasting and analysis, scenario-based simulation was used to model the forest ecosystems dynamics under the clearcut and the selective felling management types. The object of research is the Pashe-Kapetskoe district forestry of the Leningrad Region, the calculation was carried out for a period of 120 years. Based on the forest condition types’, species composition and simulated illumination at the ground level data, the potential productivity of wild berries was calculated. The most productive resources on the territory were bilberry and lingonberries, the predicted yield of which reaches 25–48 t/ha and 7–15 t/ha respectively. Zoning of the territory was carried out according to the resources availability for industrial harvesting, taking into account the interests of the local population. 37–48% of the wild berries harvest was available for industrial harvesting, about 30% was allocated for the needs of the local population, and 27–36% of the resource remained in economically inaccessible areas. The most promising was the scenario with artificial restoration of 50% of the clearcut areas and a full maintenance cycle. For this scenario, the maximum profitability was predicted from both the food resources procurement (4.1–5.7 million rubles per year) and the harvesting of timber.

Tactical Forwarder Planning: A Data-Driven Approach for Timber Forwarding

Tactical planning in timber harvesting involves aspects related to forest macro-planning and, particularly, the allocation of resources and sequencing of activities, all of which affect the allocation of timber in forest yards and roads and the productivity of forest machines. Data-driven approaches encourage the use of information obtained from data to enhance decision-making efficiency and support the development of short-term strategies. Therefore, our investigation was intended to determine whether a data-driven approach can generate sufficient input for modeling forwarder productivity in timber forwarding in Pinus and Eucalyptus planted forests, to support tactical planning. We utilized 3812 instances of raw data that were generated over a 36-month period. The data were collected from 23 loggers who operated in Pinus and Eucalyptus planted forests. We applied 22 regression algorithms that applied a supervised learning method from an experimental machine learning approach to the data instances. We evaluated the fitted models using three performance metrics. Out of the tested algorithms, the default mode of light gradient boosting produced a root mean squared error of 14.80 m3 h−1, a mean absolute error of 2.70, and a coefficient of determination of 0.77. Therefore, data-driven methods adequately support forwarder productivity modeling in timber forwarding in planted forests and help forest managers with tactical planning.

Understanding the impact of interprovincial trade on forest resources in China

Intensified interprovincial trade causes timber flows between regions in China, exacerbating the contradiction between economic development and forest conservation. To understand the impacts of interprovincial trade on forest resource depletion in China, this study developed a timber-extended multiregional input–output model to quantify the virtual timber harvest volume (THV) of each province. A forest stress index (FSI) is also developed to reflect the pressure of forest resource protection in different regions and evaluate the impacts of interprovincial trade on forest stress at national and provincial scales. The results showed that provinces within main forest zones (e.g., Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian) presented higher production-based THV than consumption-based THV while the opposite was true for provinces in the rest of the country (ROC) (e.g., Shanghai, Shandong, and Jiangsu). Interprovincial trade in China resulted in 36.86 million m3 of virtual timber flow annually (2008–2017 average), approximately 16.80% of the country's total production-based THV. During the study period, trade activities continuously reduced China's FSI, but ROC provinces mitigated their forest stress at the cost of increasing the burden on provinces in forest zones. Additionally, distant trade tended to have a stronger effect on provincial forest stress compared with trade between adjacent provinces. The findings identified the critical regions and trade routes that directly or indirectly drove forest degradation and revealed the effects of interprovincial trade on forest stress. Furthermore, this study proposed potential policy measures to promote the sustainable management of forest resources in China.

Carbon Dioxide Emission from the Soil Surface of the 10-Year Felled Area of the Pine Forest in the European North-East of Russia

Experimental data on soil respiration are need for estimating role of industrial logging on carbon cycle of forest ecosystems. Investigations were carried out during snowless periods 2019–2021 years on felled area of pine forest 10 years after clear cutting (Komi Republic, Russia). The soil type is a Gleyic Folic Albic Podzol (Arenic). Emission CO2 was measured by LI COR 8100. The characteristic of weather conditions and soil temperature dynamic at 10 cm depth were given. The weather conditions were strongly influenced on soil respiration rate. More intensive CO2 flux from soil surface was observed in warm summer with insufficient precipitation. The mean month CO2 emission was less by 1.3–1.9 times in apiaries, parts of felled area with low soil cover damages, comparing to skidding tracks where logged trees were extracted. The significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.12–0.86) was detected between soil temperature at 10 cm depth and soil respiration investigated technological elements. A reliable interrelation between CO2 flux and moisture of forest floor was observed in skidding tracks in a year with abundant precipitation while in a dryer year it wasn’t. It is differ from apiaries where found reverse dependencies. Apiaries emitted in atmosphere 303–379 g С m–2 with soil respiration during snowless period, skidding tracks – 419–573 g С m–2 which is 60–75 tons of CO2 in terms of the area of the entire felled area (5 ha). The growing season formed most part (86–90%) of carbon efflux from May to October and input of summertime was 56–65%. The data obtained will serve to determine the role of timber harvesting in the carbon cycle of taiga forests.

Potency, Type, and Quality of Wood Waste Harvesting Timber of Lowland Natural Forest in Two Forest Concessions in South Papua

Potency, Type, and Quality of Wood Waste Harvesting Timber of Lowland Natural Forest in Two Forest Concessions in South Papua

Trends in United States Family Forest Owners’ Attitudes, Behaviors, and General Characteristics from 2006 to 2018

Abstract Family forest owners (FFOs) control a plurality of forestland in the United States, and the decisions these landowners make have a profound impact on the landscape. Most research on FFOs consists of cross-sectional studies, although many of these recognize the importance of capturing long-term trends to understand whether and how FFO attitudes, behaviors, and general characteristics are changing. We use data from the 2006, 2013, and 2018 iterations of the USDA Forest Service, National Woodland Owner Survey (NWOS), with a bootstrapping approach to identify significant changes across these time periods among FFOs with 4+ hectares of forestland. Total FFO hectares decreased and FFO ownerships trended downward over the study period. A decreasing proportion of FFOs owned farms or homes near their forestland, harvested timber, or received advice. Demographic shifts include an increase in age and education level from 2006 to 2018, and an increase in FFOs of color from 2006 to 2013. Overall, we find a trend towards decreased traditional engagement and management and a slight increase in owning land for its amenity values. Understanding temporal trends in FFO characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors will help policymakers and forestry professionals inform and update their outreach, technical support, and financial assistance programs. Study Implications: Families and individuals hold more forestland than any other ownership group in the United States. We use nationwide survey data from 2006, 2013, and 2018 to determine whether and how these landowners are changing over time. The total forestland held by FFOs decreased between 2006 and 2018, and there has been a decrease in traditional forest management and engagement, such as through timber harvesting and nearby farm ownership. This study provides insights for policies, programs, and outreach and a foundation for future long-term comparisons of this group.

Deforestation perspectives of dry temperate forests: main drivers and possible strategies

Deforestation is the accelerating factor of climate change in developing countries. The German Watch Report 2020 had rated Pakistan number seventh most affected country due to adverse impacts of climate change. The problem of deforestation poses an existential danger to the forest-depleted country. It is of utmost importance to predict the main drivers to control deforestation. This study was conducted from October 2021 to August 2022 in dry temperate forests of the Chilas to investigate the current condition, causes of deforestation, and predicted the main drivers by using a binary regression model. Stratified random sampling techniques and fixed area plot method were used and taken ground measurements during field inventory to access current situation of deforestation. While a non-probability quota sampling technique and semi-structured questionnaire were utilized for the determination of main drivers of deforestation through respondent’s survey. The forest inventory result showed that most trees fall in immature and sub-mature (mainly in 10–20 and 20–30 cm) diameter classes while the binary logistic regression model predicted dominating four primary drivers (unsustainable fuel wood extraction, unsustainable timber extraction and urban crawling and rural expansion/habituation, and free and uncontrolled livestock grazing) and one secondary driver (wood for energy needs). To address the underlying causes of deforestation, the government must supply alternate energy sources, as well as other economic possibilities to reduce dependency on forests.

Inventaritation and Potential Utilization of Macroscopic Mushroom in TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor

The TPKh Tenjo KPH Bogor is a production forest wood collection area and becomes a production forest for the Acacia mangium wood species. Timber harvesting activities leave a lot of tree stumps, twigs, or piles of wood that do not pass production. Environmental conditions with a lot of harvested wood residue and supported by relatively cool air temperatures and high humidity, it is suspected this area has a diversity of macroscopic fungi with various unknown potentials. This study aims to obtain data on the types of macroscopic fungi and their potential uses. The research method includes the stages of exploration, identification and literature study to obtain the potential of the macroscopic fungi found. The research succeeded in finding 8 types of macroscopic fungi classified into the phylum Basidiomycota, 3 orders, 5 families, and 7 genera. The macroscopic fungi include Coprinellus sp., Lentinus sp., Panus sp., Schizophyllum commune, Pycnoporus sp., Fomitopsis sp. 1, Fomitopsis sp. 2, and Lycoperdon sp. Based on the results of the literature study, the potential uses of macroscopic fungi were found are as food, medicine, natural pigment producer, and enzyme producer. This data report can be used as basic information on the use of macroscopic mushrooms by communities around the area to be used as food or medicinal ingredients. Further utilization of this data is the development of the potential of macroscopic fungi that produce enzymes, pigments or drugs to be produced on a large scale. Research on the development of potential mushroom conservation strategies can also be carried out for sustainable use.

Forest management history influences eight decades of shallow landsliding in the northwest Cascade Mountains, USA

AbstractForest management‐driven increases in landsliding may impact aquatic habitat and water quality, yet it is difficult to disentangle the effects of hydroclimate from evolving land‐use practices when interpreting landslide rate fluctuations over decadal timescales. We compiled shallow landslide inventories starting in the 1940s from nine small watersheds in the northwest Cascade Mountains, USA, and updated the mapping through 2019. We stratified the landscape by management regime (industrial/state and federally managed forests and forests with no history of management) and compared landslide volume generation rates against timeseries representing regional climate, precipitation and river discharge, timber harvest rate, and instability ratings from the topographic model SHALSTAB. Results demonstrate a bell‐shaped temporal trend in composite landsliding that peaked in the 1970s and 1980s and is unlikely to have arisen from random variation alone. The signal from unmanaged forests correlates with regionally warm/wet climatic conditions at decadal scales, but we found mixed quantitative support for storm hydrology in explaining the landslide trends. Landsliding in federal managed forests was greatly reduced following cessation of clearcut logging in the mid‐1990s in most basins. In contrast, topographic and stand age modelling suggest the private industrial and state forest trend is consistent with reduced landsliding resulting from regulations requiring hazard avoidance in logging unit design—not changes to logging rate—demonstrated by a decline in probability of recent clearcuts on highly unstable terrain relative to more stable terrain following the 1980s in most basins. The analysed covariates could not explain all trends in all watersheds, suggesting the presence of methodological or data‐based limitations in the analyses. Late 20th century landslide sediment delivery acutely impacted tributaries but likely became muted downstream due to lag effects and mixing with other sources; our results suggest that proximal sediment supply impacts may be greatly reduced.