Timber Estate Research Articles

Kajian Tekno “Waste to Electric” dengan Bahan Baku Pelet Woodchip Memalalui Gasifikasi Multi Stage pada Mesin Diesel Dual Fuel

Global warming and climate change have significant impacts on various sectors, including water scarcity, climate changes, social vulnerabilities, ecological damage, infrastructure damage, economic damage, health risks, air quality issues, biodiversity loss, and air quality. As of the end of 2023, Indonesia has power plants with a total capacity of 83.8 GW, comprising 79.8 GW of on-grid plants and 3.95 GW of off-grid plants. This figure indicates an increase in power plants of nearly 1.7 times over the past 10 years. Power generation is still dominated by coal, which constitutes up to half of the total national capacity, followed by gas energy at about 25%. Meanwhile, renewable energy-based power plants make up only 15%, having increased by just around 6 GW in the last 10 years. The utilization of renewable energy in power generation is dominated by hydro power (58%), geothermal (20%), and biomass (18%). In line with the government’s plan to decarbonize and achieve the Net Zero Emissions target by 2060, the 2021-2030 RUPTL (Long-Term Electricity Supply Plan) is designed to be the greenest RUPTL, with the Environmental Friendly Power Generation Plan or New Renewable Energy (EBT) reaching 52% of the total additional power plant capacity. One source of EBT power generation is biomass, derived from wood waste or the use of HTI (Industrial Timber Estate) wood processed into syngas through a gasification process for further conversion into environmentally friendly energy. Gasification is the process of converting woodchips as the raw material in a three-stage gasification process to produce syngas as fuel for diesel engines. During the gasification process, variations in the air ratio will be managed in the pyrolysis, oxidation, and reduction zones with air ratio settings of 0:10:0, 1:8:1, 2:7:1, and 1:7:2. The syngas produced from this process will be used as fuel for diesel engines with a dual fuel system. The characterization of the performance of the dual fuel diesel engine will be conducted by testing the engine at 5000 rpm with load variations from 500 watts to 5000 watts in 500-watt increments and varying the syngas mass flow rate by adjusting the syngas valve opening to the diesel engine. The objective of this research is to determine that gasification of woodchips into syngas can be a promising potential source of renewable, environmentally friendly electrical energy and an alternative to support government programs through the decarbonization of diesel engines.

The Social and Cultural Impact of Post-War Measures on the Zimunya and Bvumba Communities, Colonial Zimbabwe, 1940s–1970s

Abstract This study investigates the social and cultural effects of post-war measures on Zimunya and Bvumba communities of colonial Zimbabwe (then known as Southern Rhodesia). Guided by a combination of primary and secondary sources, the article argues that dispossession and forced relocations of Africans who had continued staying on the so-called European land after the passing of the Land Apportionment Act (LAA) of 1930 became acute in the immediate years after the Second World War. The granting of vast tracts of land in the Zimunya community to veterans of World War II by the colonial government under the Ex-Servicemen Land Resettlement Scheme and the purchasing of land for a timber estate in Bvumba by the Rhodesian Wattle Company (RWC) in the immediate post-Second World War period dispossessed rural residents of their land and curtailed the growth and development of peasant agriculture. People affected were forcibly displaced to “native” reserves where they responded to challenges they faced by resorting to various coping mechanisms such as hunting, foraging, and, attending to riverine gardens.

The Degree of Stability of Rubber Stands (Hevea brasiliensis) in the Timber Estate Area of PT. Sylvaduta District Kembang Janggut, Kutai Kartanegara District East Kalimantan Province

The development of Timber Estate (HTI) is one of the efforts to improve the welfare of the community's interests by considering the balance of the ecosystem. The development of rubber timber estate is expected to be a solution to the problems that hinder the current performance of HTI development, especially the problem of overlapping land tenure and the realization of planting. This is to maintain the fulfillment of the balance of environmental benefits, socio-cultural benefits, and economic benefits. The study's aims were: (1) to determine the percentage of the crown, total and branch-free height; and (2) to determine the stability value of rubber stands in the area of ​​P.T. Sylvaduta Corporation Timber Estate. This research was conducted from April to May 2023 at P.T. Sylvaduta Corporation in Kembang Janggut District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. namely in block A1 plot 1 to represent block A , Block E1 tile 3 to represent block E1 and lastly Block G3 tile 5 to represent block G3. A sampling of rubber plants in the area of ​​P.T. Sylvaduta Corporation used a purposive sampling of 150 plants. Data Collection: (1) primary data: Diameter at Chest Height, Tree Height, and Crown length. And (2)secondary data include the following: (1) plant spacing; (2) the year of planting or the age of the plant, and (3) the general condition of the planting site was obtained from direct observations in the field and company documents. The research results show that : (1) the value of the degree of stability and percentage of the rubber plant canopy, namely 51.16% and 64.54%, is in the stable category; and (2) the use of a 3 x 6 m spacing using IRR 118 and PB260 clones had an average diameter at breast height of 20.9 cm, a total height of 10.62 m, a branch-free height of 3.81 m and a crown length of 6.82 m.

Pengendalian Gulma Paku di Areal Gambut Menggunakan Beberapa Jenis Bahan Aktif Herbisida

Fern weeds control with chemical herbicide in peat area is one solution to overcome weeds competition against cultivated plants at timber estate. Type of active component and solution concentrate of herbicide are effect on weed control result. The purpose of this research are to know weed species and its density, and effect of active component type and solution concentration of herbicide against weed mortality percentage and weed mortality start time. Results of the research showed that Stenochlaena palustris weed was dominated at peat area with 3.986/Ha density. Ammonium Glufosinat herbicide with 1,6% solution concentration was effective to control fern weeds with 100% weed mortality and start time of weed mortality was 3 days after herbicide application.

Fiber dimension and anatomy of Acacia mangium wood from two mother trees

Mangium (Acacia mangium) has been opted as one of potential species for the establishment of industrial timber estate in Indonesia, particularly to support the production of pulp and paper. In order to obtain mangium stands that produces high quality wood, one attempt can be carried out through the selection and development of potential mother trees from the selected provenances. This study aim to obtain information on fiber dimension and the anatomy of mangium wood from two different mother trees from Papua New Guinea provenance. The wood was collected from mangium estate in Wonogiri forest research which was established in 2012 and managed by the Center Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement. Maceration process followed Forest Product Laboratory guidance and the preparat preparation followed Sass method. The wood anatomical terminology referred to IAWA (International Association of Wood Anatomists) list of microscopic features for hardwood identification was used to scrutinize the samples. The results showed that the average fiber dimension of mangium from the mother tree group 1 was 1239 micron (length), 25.96 micron (fiber diameter), and 3.67 micron (cell wall thickness). Those from the mother tree group 2 posseses the dimension as follow: 1215 micron (length), 25.42 micron (fiber diameter), and 3.73 micron (cell wall thickness). The fiber quality of mangium fiber from both mother tree groups could be considered in the quality class II. The anatomical structure of mangium from both mother tree groups include vessels cells in radial multiples radial multiple of 2-3 or 4 cells; vestured intervessel pits; parenchyma vascicentric and aliform; all ray cells procumbent and prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells.

Vertical Distribution of Macro Nutrient on Drained Peat for Acacia crassicarpa plantations

The development of peatlands for pulp Industrial Timber Estates (ITE) by reducing the water table has changed the balance of the ecosystem and the characteristics of peat soil in the area. The research aims to determine soil chemical after the implementation of drainage system on peat for Acacia crassicarpa plantation. Two field researches were conducted in ITE and natural peatlands in Riau Province. The research plot was made in a single transect observations perpendicular to the drainage channel. Parameters observed were chemical characteristics including vertical distribution of macro nutrients. The characteristics condition of plantation forest was then compared with the natural peat site. The measurement result of chemical parameters analyzed descriptively in the form of charts. Simple regression is used to observe the effect of drainage on those characteristics. The results showed that the presence of drainage system gave significant changes in the level of peat maturity at 0-150 cm depth as it causes subsidence rate of 5.5 cm / year. Further, the chemical characteristics indicates that there is an increase in the value of the macro nutrient content of N, P, K, Ca in ITE, however, there is a deficit of K, especially at 50-100 cm depth.

POTENSI PEREKAT TANIN FENOL FORMALDEHIDA KULIT KAYU MANGIUM (Potency of Tannin Formaldehyde Adhesive from Acacia mangium Bark)

ABSTRACTBark waste of Acacia mangium could to produce the tannin formaldehyde adhesive that useful as material to the wood working industrial. These material are produced from timber estate of Acacia mangium that widely planted in Sumatera and Kalimantan, and also in the other place, because this species is the fast growing species and relatively easy to grow at the marginal site. Acacia mangium bark was predicted 10% of the logs. The study was aimed to determine the quantity of tannin formaldehyde from Acacia mangium bark that could be developed for the adhesive. The study showed that potency of tannins phenol formaldehyde adhesive namely 435.302,35 ton per year. This materials were able to produce the glue namely 1.691,69 million sheets of plywood approximately.
 Keywords: Adhesive tannin, bark waste of Acacia mangium, glue

Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

The rapidly population increasing in Indonesia forced the government to create more job opportunities. It was thought that the problem could be solved by developing timber estates in the forestry sector. The plantation effort in the form of HTIs (timber estates) only began in earnest in 1990. Most often, the development projects provide economic benefits and better living environment, but they also affect local people adversely. Social impact assessments help in understanding such impacts. The case study was conducted in North Sumatra Province in Indonesia and involved the stakeholders; they were local community, value chain actors, workers, and the society. This study aimed to assess the impacts of Toba Pulp Lestari tbk PT on local community social life and to develop the alternatives to overcome the conflicts happened between the local communities and the company. The impacts were measured based on six constructs of social impact within thirty eight of sub-construct. The result showed the first rank as the most important in the community life aspect was perceived well-being, and the second the most important was conservation the community resources occupying the second rank in pairwise comparison table.This study developed alternatives by suggesting Toba Pulp Lestari tbk PT to do environment impact analysis and social impact analysis.

POTENSI USAHA DAN PENDIDIKAN KECAKAPAN HIDUP BERBASIS BUDAYA (MATA PENCAHARIAN) ‘SUKU ANAK DALAM’

The life crises threatening Suku Anak Dalam ( SAD)/ Orang Rimba are inevitable along with the difficulty of obtaining food and clean water sources in forests due to forest destruction and the widespread conversion of forests into plantations and industrial timber estates. Meanwhile, in the fulfillment of the necessities of life, SAD till now still has traditional livelihoods, namely: hunting and gathering, farming (cultivating), catching fish and selling honey and making handicrafts. This paper is a literature review with a view to knowing (1) Culture conected with the livelihood of Suku Anak Dalam (SAD); (2) Cultural-based Business Potentials in particular the livelihood of Orang Asli SAD; And (3) Life-based Life Skill Education needed by SAD. Based on this study, there are some potential SAD-based cultural enterprises / livelihoods, as follows: (a). Agricultural Enterprises, consisting of Wetland Farming and Dryland Farming; (B). Plantation Enterprises, consisting of Plantation of Hard Crops, Fruit Plantation, and Palawija Plantation; (C). The Livestock Business consists of 4-legged Animal Husbandry, Animal Husbandry of Poultry (Poultry Meat and Poultry Laying), Reptile Farm, and Beek Honey Farm; (D). Fishery Business, consist of Fishery Pond, Fishery of Karamba, and Ornamental Fish; (E). Handicraft Business, consisting of Wood and Rattan Handicraft, Leaf Handicraft, Grain-Based Handicraft, and Handicraft Traditional / Cultural Supplies; And (f). Business Trade Business Results. In connection with the potential Life Skills Education / Life Skill that can and should be given to SAD residents in facing the future is: (a). PKH of Agriculture Business Sector (a.1 Wetland Agriculture and a.2 Dryland Farming), (b). PKH Field of Plantation Business (b.1 Hard Crop Plantation, b.2 Fruit Plantation, b.3 Palawija Plantation), (c). PKH Livestock Business Field (c.1 Livestock Animal Farming 4, c.2 Animal Husbandry, (c.2.1 Poultry Broiler, c.2.2 Layer Poultry), c.3 Reptile Farm, c.4 Bee Honey Farm)); (D). PKH Fishery Business Sector, consists of d.1 Pond Fishery, d.2 Fishery of Karamba and d.3 Ornamental Fish; (E). PKH Field of Handicraft Business (e.1 Wood and Rattan Handicraft, e.2 Leaf Handicraft, e.3 Grain-Based Handicraft, e.4 Traditional / cultural Handicraft); And (f). PKH Field of Business Trade of Business Result. Keyword: Suku Anak Dalam (SAD), Business Potential, Life Skill Education, and Culture (Livelihood

DETEKSI BAKTERI PATOGEN TERBAWA BENIH AKOR (ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS A. CUNN. EX BENTH.)

Detection of seed-borne pathogenic bacteria of northern black wattle (Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex enth.). Intensive research of seed-borne pathogen of A. mangium and A. crassicarpa which have been established in industrial timber estate (HTI) was undertaken in Indonesia, while plantings development of northern black wattle have recently been established in the 1990s. Very limited information available on northern black wattle diseases especially seed-borne diseases. The objectives of this study were to identify seed-borne pathogenic bacteria of northern black wattle and the effects on seed germination. Methods for the isolation of bacteria were by seed soaking, seed griding, blotter test, growing-on test on paper and soil. Identification of bacteria by PCR used 63F/1387R primer. The results showed that seed-borne bacteria of northern black wattle were Paenochrobactrum sp., Ralstonia sp., Burkholderia cepacia complex, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter sp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Salmonella bongori, Escherichia hermannii while pathogenic bacteria cause seedling leafspot were Micrococcus luteus and Burkholderia cepacia complex. Burkholderia cepacia complex, A. faecalis, Acinetobater sp., P. stutzeri, S. bongori and Ralstonia sp. reduced seed germination and increased rotten seed, suggested that they were the pathogenic bacteria of northern black wattle seed. Ralstonia sp. significantly increased the percentage of rotten seed and decreased shoot length and root length. P. stutzeri and S. bongori significantly inhibited the root growth. Paenochrobactrum sp. and E. hermannii were assumed as pathogen with weak virulence due to seed germination, the percentage of rotten seed and vigour index were relatively similar to untreated seed.

Equations of the Sum of Shear Connector on the Double Shear Connection Strength using Different Connector Materials

Mangium wood from the timber estate have been developed continuously in an effort to reach the fulfilling of wood fiber and construction material needs to replace role of timber from the natural forests which has been decreased. Timber connection requires a connector such as bolt that can distribute both the load of wood to wood and the compression or tensile stress through all the connections. Bearing slip is a connector that is inserted into a hole in the wood, which bears pressure and shear. Bolted connection is the most commonly used because it is easy to apply, even though it is less efficient due to the shear forces will be retained by the bolts and wood only on the cross-sectional area of the bolt. This research trying to find the equations of the sum of bearing slip connector to the strength of double shear connection which composed of 17 years old mangium. The connector was made from different materials that consisted of the same mangium, compressed mangium, ironwood and steel. The bearing slip connector consisted of two forms (dowel and rectangular) and arranged on one until three pairs of connector. The size and placement of the double-shear component based on Anonymous (2002), each form of the sample was made in 4 replications and all of them have been tested using a 35-ton Baldwin UTM. The result showed that the rectangular steel bearing slip connector has the highest equation (y = 5322e0.329x ) meanwhile the lowest equation was the ironwood materials (y = 3164e0.405x ). All of equations give high correlations ( R2 between 0.743 to 0.947). Bearing slip connector can improve the ability of the connection in load-bearing. Densified of mangium able to raise the connection system's ability however not significantly, both in strength and displacement. Ironwood connector are not well used as a retaining shear pin because of easy to split and significantly much below in capacity than mangium wood. Steel connector resulted the higher load-bearing significantly than mangium and ironwood. Dowel do not differ in terms of strength as compared with rectangle, and each additional number of connector producing an increase in load-bearing ability significantly. Observation on the displacement value shows that for the value which applied usually in Indonesia reach the strength ratio (SR) as 92.21% to the proportion limit and 44.91% to the maximum load. This value was in below position of the US standard (24.17 and 11.77%) and of the Australian standard (51.46 and 25.06%) to the proportional limit and maximum load respectively. Displacement achievement at the proportional limit varies from 1.1 to 2.2 mm, so that the minimum requirement of 1.5 mm displacement is not fulfilled by some treatments, however all of the connection system have passed the 1 mm displacement.

PREMIUM PRICE PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA HUTAN PRODUKSI BERSERTIFIKASI

Forest certification is a key issue in relation to the forest products industry. It's also a new trend market of forest products. Forest certification is a guarantee that the products resulting from the forest management process in accordance with the standard of sustainable forest resources management. Certification will be increasing the cost of management as an impact of fulfilling requirement on the criteria of the certified forest. The fundamental question whether the award of certified products has been accompanied by an increase in premium price for forest estate or only becoming as the cost that reducing profit for the forest estate. The aims of this research are: 1) to know the difference between the sales price of certified and non-certified wood, 2) to know the premium price on certified forests, 3) to identify the factors that influence the amount of premium price of the certified forest. Data collection were used by searching the document and literature reference on forest certification. The results showed that the premium price received from the certified timber is higher than non-certified timber. Certified wood with high quality has a premium price that is greater than the low-quality wood. The percentage of premium price received varied forest estate. Premium price sometimes unsignificantly received by small-scale of timber estate. The revenue of premium price of certifies forest is influenced by the following factors: 1) The forest area to be certified, 2) Organizations that perform assessments, 3) Company / bodies / organizations that filed the certification, 4) he The country as a buyer of certified timber product 5) the facilitator in the market activities, 6) post-certification fee, and 7) the sales price.

Kombinasi Campuran Limbah Moulding dan Kayu HTI untuk Pellet Kayu sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif

Eventhough the poteify waste into wood savinncy of timber and thenumber of active moulding industries are deccreasinq racently, the demand of moulding products is still hight. Actually the waste of moulding can be utillized for fuel but the waste must be treatedpreviosly. The treatment is to classify weste into wood saving, woodplaning and sawdust. Tile size wood saving and wood planing ware reduced by using a hemmer mill, after that the wastes were screened.wilile the sawdust was screened directly. Them. all screened wood were combined wiht the screened wood from timber estate. All of these materials were mixed together with cassava glue. Pellet is an alternative source of fuel. The quality of produced pellet is 0.49- 0.80 gr/cm3 for density parameter. 2.40 - 9.64% for moisture content, and0.15 - 1.08% for ash content. These properties meet the requirements of national and international market. How ever; parameter of gross caloric value of pellet. which was 4042 - 4380 cal/g. did not meet the requirements.

Biodiversity Despite Selective Logging

[Extract] Primary tropical forests are powerhouses of biodiversity but are rapidly declining in extent and are threatened even within some protected areas. As a result, non-primary forests, especially those that have been selectively logged, are becoming more important to conservation efforts. In the tropics, logging is almost always selective, targeting only certain commercially valuable tree species above a minimum size and leaving other species unharvested. More than 400 million hectares of tropical forest are now in permanent timber estates, and at least 20% of all tropical forests were logged from 2000 to 2005. Biologists have often emphasized the deleterious impacts of selective logging for disturbance- sensitive wildlife, but recent evidence suggests that logged forests can have surprisingly high conservation values. In a meta-analysis across four tropical regions, selectively logged forests were by far the most biologically similar to primary forests, compared with agricultural and groforestry systems.

Certifying in Contested Spaces: private regulation in Indonesian forestry and palm oil

Over recent years systems of civil or private regulation have emerged across several commodity sectors in developing countries. This paper compares two regulatory systems applied to parallel food and forestry problems: the Forest Stewardship Council (fsc) and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (rspo). Analysing these regulatory systems as attempts to extend procedural and distributional justice into contested forested and agricultural spaces, the paper examines the paradox that, despite successful advocacy campaigns using these regulatory standards, oil palm and timber estates and associated land conflicts continue to proliferate in Indonesia. These regulatory processes provide leverage within bounded spaces, yet they are limited by an incommensurability of values and interests that reflect underlying structural problems. At best these certification schemes provide limited learning tools. Addressing the underlying problems will require legal reforms, effective state engagement and supporting forms of accountability.

Certifying in Contested Spaces: Private Regulation in Indonesian Forestry and Palm Oil

Over recent years, systems of civil or private regulation have emerged across several commodity sectors in developing countries. This paper compares two regulatory systems applied to parallel food and forestry problems: the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Analysing these regulations as attempts to extend procedural and distributional justice into contested forested and agricultural spaces, the paper examines the paradox that, despite successful advocacy campaigns using these regulatory standards, oil palm and timber estates and associated land conflicts continue to proliferate in Indonesia. These regulatory processes provide leverage within bounded spaces, yet they are limited by an incommensurability of values and interests that reflect underlying structural problems. At best these certification schemes provide limited learning tools. Addressing the underlying problems will require legal reforms, effective State engagement and supporting forms of accountability.

Analysis of Using Efficient Logging Tools at Pt. Purwa Permai in Central Kalimantan

A high log demand that often exceeds its supply capability should be overcome by using appropriate logging tools. Numerous kinds and types of logging tools require a well planning in their utilization. Number of tools which are greater or fewer than what is actually needed can be disadvantageous for a company. In relevant to these aspects, a study was carried out at a timber estate in Central Kalimantan in 2007. The aim of the study was to find out an efficient number of tools used for logging in a timber estate. The analysis was based on the target and realization of the company’s log production. The result revealed that: (1) Optimum number of logging tools depended on production target, i.e. 41 units of chainsaws for felling, 42 units of farm tractors for skidding, 9 units of loaders for loading and unloading, and 36 units of trucks for transportation; (2) Number of logging tools as obtained from all activities in the field was fewer than that from the analysis based on production target and realization. This condition indicated that number of logging tools used in the company was not yet efficient.

The Possibility of Using Timber from Plantation Forest Treated with Plastic and CCB for Marine Construction

Recently, timber estate or plantation forest plays an important role on wooden based industries. However, the plantation timber quality is relatively low. Some treatments have been developed to improve its low quality, such as preservation with CCB (Chromate Copper Boron) and impregnation with plastic compounds. This study is to compare the durability of timber treated with plastic and CCB, non-treated from plantation forest timber as well as from natural forest. The plantation timber studied were jeungjing (Paraserianthes falcataria), damar (Agathis sp.), pinus (Pinus merkusii), and rubberwood (Hevea brasilliensis). Non-treated timbers that usually used for marine construction were ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri), jati/teak (Tectona grandis), laban (Vitex pubescens) and merbau (Instia bijuga). After 6 and 12 months, the results showed that CCB preserved timber were more durable than plastic impregnated timber and non- treated timber. Wood samples were mostly attacked by marine borer organisms from the family of Pholadidae and Teredinidae. The experiment results revealed the possibility of using those plantation forest timber species for marine construction purposes.

Tinjauan Hasil-hasil Penelitian Faktor-faktor Alam yang Mempengaruhi Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Kayu Indonesia Review of Researches on Natural Factors Affecting the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Indonesian Wood

This review deals with several topics concerning natural factors affecting physical and mechanical properties of wood, i.e. (1) wood species; (2) age and location of growing; (3) position of wood sample in the stem; (4) diameter; (5) humidity, moisture content, and temperature ; (5) weathering and fungi ; (6) forest fired; that have been done by researchers who are members of Indonesian Wood Research Society. The purposes of this review are (1) to evaluate the research results that have been done, (2) to promote the applicable and feasible utilization of research results to the users, (3) to provide information concerning previous researches that might be useful for further researches. More than 60 wood species have been reported in this review. Besides the major and minor commercial wood species; lesser known species, i.e. Balsa ( Ochroma spp .), Randu ( Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.), Merkubung ( Macaranga sp .), Cengkeh ( Eugenia aromatica L.), Afrika ( Maesopsis eminii ), Kisereh ( Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb) Kosterm), Kibawang ( Melia excelsa Jack.), Pulai Konggo ( Alstonia kongoensis Engl.), Sengon Buto ( Enterolobium cyclocarpum Griserb.), Salamander ( Grevillea robusta A.Cunn.), Kilemo ( Litsea cubeba Pers.), Tahongai ( Kleinhovia hospita Linn.), Sukun ( Arthocarpus altilis ), Arang ( Diospyros borneensis ), Berumbung ( Adina minutifolia ), Tisuk/Waru ( Hibiscus macrophyllus ), Urograndis ( Eucalyptus urograndis ), Kelapa ( Cocos nucifera L.), Kelapa Sawit ( Eleais guineensiis Jacq.), Laban ( Vitex Pubescens Vahl.), Rambai ( Baccaurea motleyana Muell.), Ki Sampang ( Evodia latifolia DC.), Nangka ( Artocarpus integra Merr.), Kalapi ( Kalappia celebica ), Gofasa ( Vitex coffasus ), Ketileng ( Vitex glabrata ), Cemara ( Gymnostoma sp .), and Lamtoro ( Leucaena glauca (Willd) Benth). have also been observed. The researches were generally done in relation to the utilization prospect of lesser known species, crops estate species, fast growing species, timber estate species, rural forest species, commercial species, for contruction/structural materials, handy-craft, musical instruments, or out-door exposures. Wood properties were interaction between specific gravity or density, moisture content, shrinkage and mechanical properties of wood. However, the values of those physical and mechanical properties in the papers could not directly compared to each other, because there were various testing standard and strength classification used. And unfortunately, researches on acoustic, thermal, electrical, creep, relaxation, and fatigue behaviour of Indonesian wood species were very rare or almost none.

Two Felling Techniques and Feller Postures for Increasing the Utilization of Gmelina Wood (a case study at two timber estates in East Kalimantan)

Fellingis an early step in timber utilization process. Efficiencyand effectivity of felling technique, tool type and feller posture will affect the whole timber utilization efficiency. This study was carried out at two timber estates in East Kalimantan and intended to see the effect of two felling techniques and feller postures on felling productivity, fellingcost, as well as timber utilization efficiency. Primary data collected in this research included : felling time, volume of felled timber, productivity, felling efficiency, stump height and felling cost. The data was analyzed using split-plot design with factorial pattern. The result showed that the implementation of lowest possible felling technique (LPFI) increased log production from 14.4 to 17.7%. The lowest stump height left was of the one using LPFf with particular bowed posture in PT. Sumalindo Lestari Jaya I (SLJ I) (4.82 cm).