Tillage Machines Research Articles

Obtaining functional dependence of friction coefficient of soil on steel

The development of theoretical approaches to the substantiation of the water-physical properties of soils, which determine the favorable mode of functioning of tillage machines and units, and the improvement of methods for measuring hydrophysical parameters, is an actual problem of agricultural science. The intensification of technological processes in some cases leads to irreversible changes in the soil profile. The results of the research can be substantially expanded by modeling the hydrophysical properties of the soil and studying the water and air regimes of the soils. In accordance with this, an important task is the theoretical justification of the functional dependence of the frictional force in the soil on its specific surface, porosity and moisture for determining the moisture ranges when which meliorative measures are environmentally friendly and least energy intensive. The methodological basis was the fundamental and applied foundations of soil hydrophysics. The study of the modes of operation of the tillage machines (crumbling / speed) on various types of soils allowed one to determine the most effective moisture intervals at which, with an average fuel consumption from 4.1 to 17 l/ha, it is saved from 0.16 to 0.68 l/ha. This allows one to reduce fuel consumption by 5-7 % and to provide the best mechanical effect on the soil. The application of these methods was based on the use of modern software packages for processing the results of experiments conducted in laboratory and field conditions.

Исследование методов и технических средств для измерения глубины обработки почвы при испытаниях почвообрабатывающих машин

Исследование методов и технических средств для измерения глубины обработки почвы при испытаниях почвообрабатывающих машин

The effect of the strip tillage machine parameters on the traction force, diesel consumption and CO2 emissions

Strip tillage has become increasingly more popular owing to the reduced direct impact of the soil tillage machines. Depending on the crops cultivated and strip widths, only a part of the soil is disturbed therefore the impact on soil is reduced. Strip tillage has a positive impact on soil protection and recycle of energy. Furthermore, the use of energy is influenced by the design and the operation of the strip tillage equipment. Through field investigations and empirical analyses this study allowed determining the influence of the parameters of the row cleaners and the hoe coulters – two elements of strip tillage equipment – on traction force and diesel consumption. Field experiments were carried out on soil after the harvest of spring wheat. By changing rake angle (10°, 15°, and 22.5°), depth of hoe coulter penetration (0, 100, and 200 mm), and working speed (1.3, 1.9, and 2.5 m s−1), traction force and diesel consumption were determined. Results of the field experiments and empirical analyses showed that an increase in rake angle between the row cleaner discs had no significant effect on CO2 emissions and diesel consumption while increase of driving speed and penetration depth of hoe coulter significantly influenced diesel consumption and tractor’s CO2 emissions.

Effect of Soil Moisture and Tillage Depth on Some Mechanical Properties for Tillage Machines Type (Moldboard Plow)

The effect of soil moisture and tillage depth was studied based on some mechanical properties for type tillage machine (moldboard plow) and soil physical characteristics wene tested two soil moisture levels of 10-12%and 12-14% and three levels tillage depth of 14,16 and 18 cm. The experiments were conducted in a factorial experiment under a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the soil moisture 10-12 % was significantly better than the soil moisture 12-14% as while tillage depth at range 14cm was significantly superior to the other two levels 16 and 18 cm in all studied conditions. The results showed fuel consumption of 11.348 and 10.777 L.ha-1 , slippage percentage of 9.291 and 9.111 % power losses due to slippage of 2.689 and 2.414 kW, field efficiency of 68.358 and 68.967 %, drawbar power 12.226 and 12.001kw and specific resistance 9.045 and 8.553 N.cm-2 for soil moisture 10-12% and tillage depth 14 cm , respectively.

Modeling the technological process of tillage

The purpose of the research is to develop a model of the technological process of tillage, justify the initial and boundary conditions for the functioning of the model and determine the ratio of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil and the viscosity of the medium.As a model of the soil medium, it was proposed to use the rheological model of Newtonian viscous fluid, which allows using the methods of continuous media dynamics for modeling the technological process of soil treatment, and computational fluid dynamics for numerical implementation of the model. The initial and boundary conditions for the functioning of the model are substantiated and the ratio of the physical and mechanical properties of the soil and the viscosity of the medium are found. The results of determining the traction resistance of the tool and their comparison with the results obtained during laboratory experiments on the soil channel are presented. The proposed method of modeling the soil treatment allows you to analyze the power characteristics of the working bodies and the quality of the soil at the design stage of tillage machines. The obtained characteristics make it possible to optimize the structural and technological parameters of the working bodies of machines on the computer.

Evaluation of the energy parameters and agrotechnical indicators of aggregate for deep subsurface tillage

This article presents the results of experimental studies on modifications of the universal combined tillage units UCTU 2.4 with the working parts for deep loosening. The authors performed a modification that allowed to obtain new operational properties of the unit, to increase the wear resistance of working parts, to provide high quality loosening of soil. As a result of research: 1. empirical dependence of agrotechnical and energy parameters of tillage units for deep loosening of soil were found from the speed and depth of tillage; 2. a method for hardening of the working parts was developed by deposition on the base metal abrasion-resistant material by the discontinuous coating in the form of points, without further processing; it provides high wear resistance of working parts. The obtained regularities of changes in agrotechnical indicators and energy parameters can be used in the design and validation of energy-efficient tillage machines for deep loosening of soil with different traction class of a tractor.

Substantiation of parameters for the technological process of restoring machine parts by the method of plastic deformation

We have studied technological processes related to the restoration of worn-out parts of agricultural machinery (plowshares, cultivator sweeps) that operate under conditions of intensive abrasive wear. We have determined the influence of operating parameters of the technological process on the quality of the restored surface of the cutting elements of machines’ working bodies under conditions of regular and vibration deformation. It was noted that the restoration technologies based on vibratory oscillations make it possible to create new machining methods characterized by higher intensity: the physical-mechanical properties of the recovered parts’ material, their shape and dimensions, as well as machining regimes. We have performed a strain gauge study of changes in the parameters of cutting elements in the working bodies of tillage machines, which made it possible to determine the magnitude of deformation when parts are machined. We have constructed a mathematical model of the dynamics of abrasive wear of the above-specified working bodies, which allowed us to define the patterns in the wear intensity distribution of a working body’s cutting element. Based on the derived curves of density distribution of wear magnitudes for cutting elements in the specified parts, we have defined a wear law that revealed patterns of change in the strained-stressed state of the working surface in a cutting element. We have estimated the influence of basic factors on the processes occurring in the material of parts during operation. The main factors for vibration machining of the parts’ working surface have been established: the amplitude, frequency of oscillations of a machining tool, the time of hardening. The criteria for the threshold condition of parts under conditions of abrasive wear have been defined: the thickness of edge of the cutting element of parts and a change in size. We have established the positive role of compressive stresses when machining the parts’ material in their wear-resistance improvement. A dependence of the magnitude of parts’ wear on the following key factors has been established: their material, restoration technique, operation duration. It has been proven that the use of vibratory oscillations of the machining working body reduces the intensity of wear of parts in tillage machinery, which is important and relevant to improving the reliability of agricultural machines

Iskustva u radu sa rotacionim plugom na imanju OZZ Mrkšićevi salaši

The rotary plow can be used for tillage. It is understood as a basic tillage machine. After cultivation, the soil is of a suitable structure, which greatly facilitates the preparation of the soil for sowing. Surface seed bed soil preparation is sufficient in one passage. The rotary plow mixes the soil, unlike the classic plow that overturns the row. The main advantage of a rotary plow is the reduction of the negative effect of the plow pan and allowing better development of the root system, allowing the movement of capillary humidity from the depth upwards, but also facilitating the movement of precipitation to deeper layers. For dry and wet soils, the rotary plow did not turn out to be the best, although equipment for wet soils were mounted, which were sticked on the rotor and on the formwork of the machine. True, although wet soil organs were installed, special grid was not installed to change the formwork in wet conditions and prevent the soil from sticking, due to the smaller contact surface.

Substantiation effectiveness of local strengthening cultivator paws using wear-resistant material

Purpose. Reducing the cost of technological operations for tillage due to increased resource cultivator paws. Methods. Monographic, mathematical-statistical, economic-mathematical, graphic-analytical. Results. The methodical approach to determining the economic efficiency of local hardening of cultivator paws using wear-resistant powder material with the aim of increasing the resource is substantiated. The limits of increasing the resource of cultivator paws KPE-410 and the maximum value of the cost of its hardening for the effective functioning of industrial enterprises are substantiated. Conclusions. The effectiveness of local hardening of the cultivator paw KPE-410 using wear-resistant powder material is achieved under the condition that the resource of the hardened cultivator paw is more than 18.7% of the serial sample. Provided that the resource of the strengthened cultivar's paw is 37% of the serial, in order to ensure efficiency, the cost price of hardening of one cultivar's foot KPE-410 should not exceed 112.5 UAH. It was established that with the cost of hardening of the cultivar leg Sz = 53.77 UAH and its resource 55 hectares, the economic efficiency is 109%. Keywords: efficiency, local strengthening, resource, working bodies of tillage machines, cost of hardening.

Increased durability parts of tillage machines, adapted to soils of different types

Purpose. Justification of rational parameters of hardening of the working bodies of tillage machines by the method of electro arc processing. Methods. The experimental, mathematical and statistical, monographic. Results. The technology of local hardfacing, which improves the wear resistance of the surfaces of the parts of modification with the use of electro arc processing and with additional point hardfacing with the use of variations in processing modes, various technological methods and materials for adaptation to specific operating conditions. Conclusions 1.According to the results of theoretical studies, the heat balance of the process of electrical contact processing was determined, which allows to determine the most significant factors affecting the energy performance of the process, namely, the controlled voltage U of the arc process of electrical contact processing. 2.According to the results of experimental studies, rational values of the controlled voltage U in the process of electro arc processing within 35–55 V were established, which ensures surface roughness in the range from 0.4 to 1.0 mm. Keywords: electro arc processing, hardfacing, heat balance, parts of tillage machines, regimes, roughness, wear resistance.

Researched the wear resistance of hardened plowshares by electroarc and spot welding

Purpose. The researched of the wear resistance of hardened plowshares by electroarc and abrasion-resistant electrodes, when they are used in soils of different types. Methods. Conducting and planning an experiment, mathematical statistics and analytical processing of experimental data, field tests of experimental plowshares using the basic principles of the theory of friction and abrasive wear. Results. The characteristic defects of shares operating in different types of soils are determined. According to the proposed hardening technology, the wear rate of experimental shares is reduced. Conclusions 1.It has been established that the nature of the parts of tillage machines wear is significantly different when operating on various types of soils. 2.It was found that the wear rate of hardened plowshares for sandy soils is 1.2–1.6 times less than that of serial parts; hardened plowshares for clay soils also have a wear rate of 1.2–1.3 times less than serial ones. Keywords: exploitation, hardfacing, plowshares, soils of different types, wear, wear resistance.

The study of soil crumbling when using new working bodies

Comparison of quality indicators of the results of research and testing on machine-testing stations with with their normalized values characterizes the compliance or non-compliance with the agrotechnical requirements of soil tillage machines and working bodies. According to agrotechnical requirements, one of the main indicators characterizing the quality of tillage is soil crumbling. The crumbs of the field surface depend on the quality of crumbling as with the predominance of the required size of lumps in the treated soil layer, an even field surface is observed. At a high quality of crumbling, soil particles smaller than 1 mm from the upper layer spill to the lower ones, preventing erosion. Objective: to characterize the quality of crumbling of the soil when using new working bodies in terms of compliance with agrotechnical requirements and compare it with analogues by the technological adapter. Compliance with the agrotechnical requirements of the new working bodies was determined according to the regulatory docu-mentation for soil tillage testing machines. It was found that by the quality of the layer crumbling (up to 98,5 %) and by reducing the number of erosion-hazardous particles in the upper soil layer (up to 18,13 %) new working bodies are superior to analogues by the process adapter. A positive impact on the quality of crumbling has had the use of elements of the working body, made in a curvilinear form (87,8-98,5 %) compared with a flat-cutter (65,1-76,8 %). Modernization of the flat-cut design with the possibility of self-setting the cutting angle at the angle of the natural cleavage of the soil allowed improving the quality of crumbling to 80,5-82,0 %, and the use of alternative materials - to 82,0-84,8 %. In terms of the quality of crumbling of the reservoir, new working bodies correspond to agrotechnical requirements of tillage pre-sowing. This reduces the number of technological operations for additional loosening and leveling the field surface before sowing. This reduces the number of technological operations for additional loosening and leveling the field surface before sowing. It was established that new working bodies are not inferior in terms of agrotechnical indicators to modern technical means for tillage.

Increase of durability of working bodies of tillage machines by applying metal-ceramic coatings

Currently, the most promising to increase the durability of the working bodies of tillage machines are metal-ceramic materials that are applied to the cutting surfaces in the form of coatings. A promising way to create metal-ceramic coatings is carbovibar hardening (CVH). When using CVH, a multicomponent paste containing a metal matrix, ceramic components and an activator of the arc burning process (cryolite) is applied onto the hardened surface, which, after drying, is melted by a vibrating carbon electrode to form a metal-ceramic coating. The aim of the work is to substantiate the feasibility of using a matrix powder on an iron basis in the composition of multicomponent pastes for CVH in order to improve the structure and physicomechanical properties of metal-ceramic coatings and increase the durability of the working bodies of tillage machines. When conducting research, iron-based powders and nickel-based powders were used as the matrix material of multicomponent pastes for the CVH, and boron and silicon carbides were used as ceramic components of the pastes. The greatest microhardness (1354 HV) are metal-ceramic coatings obtained on pastes containing matrix powder and boron carbide. The microstructure of the obtained coatings is dense and practically non-porous, and their wear is 3,6 times less than the wear of 30 GR steel adopted as the reference standard. The use of the matrix powder in the paste leads to a significant reduction in the microhardness of metal-ceramic coatings (1033 HV using boron carbide and 942 HV - silicon carbide), they contain a significant number of pores of various sizes. The obtained data confirm the feasibility of using iron-based powder as a matrix material of multicomponent pastes for CVH. According to the results of the research, the paste should contain 60 % of powder, 30 % of boron carbide and 10 % of cryolite. Its use will significantly increase the durability of the working bodies of tillage machines, reinforced with metal-ceramic coatings obtained at CVH.

Research on friction influence on the working process of agricultural machines for soil tillage

The results presented in this article, refer to a more precise qualitative and quantitative estimation of the friction phenomenon, in the working process of agricultural machines, for soil processing. The positive role of the friction has been taken into consideration, namely to help drive the machinery and to properly disintegrate the soil, as well as the negative role of friction, which generate wear of working tools, high energy consumption and pollution [1, 2]. It is proposed to give a more accurate estimate of the weight of terms expressing the friction, implicitly producing wear, in the formula of the traction force required to pull the agricultural machine. Starting from this information, it is proposed a description of the evolution of wear depending of time, or function of the amount of work performed, as well as criteria for the decision to replace the working tools as worn out. Since 1960, a series of mathematical formulas describing the wear phenomenon have appeared in the literature [1]. The authors [1] identified 182 equations describing the wear phenomenon in its various forms. In this paper we have proposed a mathematical model that is specific to ploughing tools and we attempts to estimate a possible duration of exploitation.The detailed calculation of the possibility of identifying some mathematical models’ constants, using experimental data, shows that structural changes are sometimes required. The structural changes of some formulas, made in accordance with other research results in this field, can highlight components of the traction resistance forces useful in detail calculations of some phenomena that accompany the general process being pursued. The fact that the model for estimating the wear of the working tools of the soil processing machinery can well estimate experimental facts encourages the further development of the model by introducing more parameters defining the geometry of the working tools. This opens the way of optimizing the work tools of the machines that work in and with the soil in general. The mathematical model of plough chisel wear proposed also provides a useful tool for determining the end use at which the work tool must be changed. This value can be, for example, that distance xlim, at which the pointed side of the chisels is completely worn out. For the concrete case under consideration, for example, this value is: xlim = 863 km, working distance.

Combined tillage machine for protective afforestation

The main preparation of the soil for protective forest plantations on agricultural fields and tractor pass of gully slopes with the steepness up to 12° in the regions of insufficient and unstable moistening is characterized by a low degree of crumbling of the soil layer, when using plows , high energy and material intensity, multi-operation (plowing, deep loosening, destruction of soil blocks). Plowing across slopes with a steepness of more than 4-6° is made only under a slope, i.e. each working stroke is idle, and this reduces the productivity. The design of a combined tillage machine is offered, it is the hinged ripper plow PRN-40, replacing plows of general purpose PLN-4-35 and the plant PPN-40, the hinged ripper RN-80, the cultivator KRT-3 or the heavy disc harrow BDNT-3, which produces a deep layered cultivation of the soil (plowing to a depth of 25...27 cm and loosening the subsoil layer by 25...40 cm) and active circulation of the soil layer both downward and upward along the slope to 12...15 °; excluding additional treatment for the purpose of destroying soil blocks. In the plow-ripper PRN-40, the working parts of the passive (the body with the shortened blade and the deep cutter) and the active (rotary ripper) operation are used. They use power of the tractor engine through its propulsors and PTO separating the plowing process into separate operations performed at different rates of impact and subject to a layer of various non-energy-intensive types of deformation.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТЬ РАСТЕНИЕВОДСТВА ПОЧВООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ТЕХНИКОЙ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

In Russia for the last 20 years the park of farm vehicles was repeatedly reduced and security of crop production with the soil-cultivating equipment and tractors has significantly worsened. Despite reduction of arable land more than on 40 million hectares, the number of cars on 1000 hectares during the present period are many times lower, than at the countries with the developed agriculture, including in Belarus. The main reasons for reduction of the area of the cultivated arable land, need of their elimination, including due to multiple increase and high-quality improvement of the machine park are specified. The analysis of current trends of development of tillage machines is carried out and the factors influencing this process are shown. The major requirements are increase in productivity due to increase in width of hijacking of cars and power of tractors, ensuring adaptability of cars to agrotechnical requirements due to use of replaceable working bodies and adapters, means of the automated control of quality of work and, in the long term, aggregation with the pilotless power means equipped with GLONASS systems. Types and the predicted need for priority tillage machines taking into account broader performance of pochvovlagosberegayushchy technologies, increases in arable land due to development of 20 million hectares of deposits and updating of the tractor park with his saturation by powerful enegosredstvo are given.

Qualitative Performance Indicators of a Ripping-and-Separating Machine for Soil Cultivation

Pre-­sowing soil cultivation aims at forming such a soil structure, which will allow increasing the yield.(Research purpose)To determine the qualitative indicators of an experimental soil­cultivating ripping­-and-­separating rotary machine for optimizing the ploughed soil layer, modifying the structure and density of the cultivated soil layer in accordance with the agronomic requirements.(Materials and methods)The author has studied physical and mechanical properties of the soil after its spring cultivation in the conditions of bare (black) fallow. Soil structure and aggregate composition depending on the type of cultivation, the density of soil layers at different times, the dynamics of soil moisture changes in the layers for two months after its spring cultivation have been analyzed as well.(Results and discussion)The author has studied the operation of a soil tillage ripping-­and-­separating machine on the soil layer, which is separated after processing into four sublayers: over­-seed, seed, under-­seed and subsurface ones. Soil fragments (lumps) of a size larger than 20 mm have been completely removed from the over-­seed sublayer. The most valuable soil structure in agronomic terms is formed in the seed sublayer, where the size of individual components does not exceed three times the size of seeds, the density of the under-­seed sublayer is up to 1.25 grams per cubic centimeter. The subsurface sublayer has a density of not more than 1.3 grams per cubic centimeter and a hardness of more than 3 MPa in the plow sole, which is provided by the main tillage operations. The information for the study has been obtained as a result of the analysis of literary sources.(Conclusion)The experimental machine for optimizing the agrophysical properties of the ploughed soil layer allows increasing the structural coefficient by about 2.5 times as compared with traditional cultivators. It has been found that soil cultivation with a ripping-­and-­separating tillage machine allows to improve the methods of pre-­sowing cultivation to improve its agrotechnical characteristics, skip pre­-sowing harrowing and cultivation and prepare the soil for sowing in one run.

PARTICLE MOTION ON THE SURFACE OF A CONCAVE SOIL-TILLING DISK

Relative particle motion on the internal rough surface of a concave soil-tilling disk, which rotates around horizontal axis under a soil reaction force, has been considered. A disk blade is positioned in a vertical plane, which makes an incidence angle with the direction of the machine movement. This angle has its acceptable limit and when it exceeds the limit, it causes disk dragging. In the paper, it has been assumed that dragging was non-existent, the rotational rate of a disk is stable and it depends on stabilized velocity of the machine movement and on an incidence angle. When a machine is operated, soil particles get onto an internal disk surface and perform a relative motion, which determines the slipping trajectory of a particle on a disk surface. The trajectory of the absolute particle motion relative to a fixed coordinate system allows tracing the rise height of a particle after its gets onto a disk surface. Differential equations of particle motion have been developed and solved using numerical methods. A particle gets onto a disk with specified initial criteria, namely the direction of its entering on a disk and its initial velocity. Two models of particle motion on a disk have been considered. According to the first model, we assume that further particle motion after its getting onto a disk surface is performed due to the kinetic energy of a particle at the moment of its getting onto a disk surface. According to the second model, the backup force of other particles, which breaks the force of particle friction on a surface, is taken into account. Differential equations of particle motion have been developed in projections onto a fixed solid system of axes. Thus, the system includes three differential equations in three unknown functions. One of the unknown functions is the surface reaction force and the dependences, which describe relative particle motion on a disk surface. For the purpose of the quality of soil loosening, we conducted multivariate experiment to determine the area of the soil dissipation. On the basis of field experiments, it has been determined that the production process quality of tillage machine meets agrotechnical requirements.

Material Wear Resistace Increase of Tillage Machine Working Tools with Electro-Sparkling Application o Coating Layer

The paper presents the method of metal wear resistance increasing of working surface of heavy loaded working tools of agricultural implements with white unalloyed cast iron by electro-sparkling application of coating layer. Considering experiment of scientist we proposed some ways to solve this problem in the conditions of the Russian Federation, conducted some research and experimental work to perform the data.

Parametric optimization of the curvilinear working element for layerwise soil-free tillage

For effective functioning in conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening of the south of Russia, tillage machines are developed on the basis of the block-modular construction principle with various working elements with replaceable elements. The possibility of a combination of replaceable elements is incorporated in the design of the working element for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage. This working body is equipped with curved, planar rippers or plastic elements. Qualitative indices of the technological process of layer-by-layer soil-free tillage of the working body with a curvilinear ripper, in comparison with others, reach a higher level: 97,4...98,5 % of fractions up to 50 mm, a sharp decrease in the content of erosion-hazardous particles in the surface layer to 15,12...18,13 %. The energy consumption for the functioning of the working element with plastic elements is 6 % less than with the curved ripper. The purpose of the research шы еру reduction of energy costs due to optimization of the parameters of the working body with a curved ripper while maintaining the quality of the technological process of layered soil-free tillage. Experimental studies on the three-factor Box plan for determining the parameters of the working body with a curvilinear ripper have been carried out, which ensures a reduction in energy costs for layer-by-layer soil-free tillage. The criterion for evaluation is the traction resistance of the working body, on which the energy costs directly depend on the performance of the technological process of layer-by-layer soil-free tillage. The greatest influence on the growth of traction resistance is due to an increase in the crumbling bit angle of the barpoint. With increasing speed, a reduction in traction resistance with a lower intensity is observed. This is explained by the less significant effect of the speed of movement of the working member on its traction resistance in comparison with the propagation velocity of the stress wave. With an increase in the depth of cultivation of the soil, the traction resistance increases. When fixing the speed of moving the working element at a level of 2,5 m/s, the optimal value of the depth of tillage is 28...29 cm, the angle of crumbling of the bit is 31...31,5 degrees.