Tilapia Production Research Articles

The Success of Freshwater Aquaculture Program: Nile Tilapia or “Nila” Culture In Indonesia

This paper discusses the current status of tilapia aquaculture production, historical development based on the production growth, technological advances in genetic improvement and culture system, trade and product development, strategies, and policies in maintaining and improving national production. All data and information used in this manuscript were collected from available publications relating to the past and present status of tilapia cultivation in the country. Nowadays, Indonesia is the second-largest tilapia producer in the world with the contribution of about 25.89% to tilapia global production. In Indonesia, tilapia is the largest production among other cultured species. The annual growth production of tilapia is inccread 11.61% from 2011 to 2018. West Java Provinceis the largest tilapia producer followed by West Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Central Java. In the last six years, most of tilapia production comes from pond culture followed by floating cages, net cages, paddy fields, and pen culture. The success of tilapia culture is much influenced by technological improve in grow-out and genetic improvement of the local varieties. A side of that, trading and global market oriented are also established with various acceptable products. Tilapia aquaculture in Indonesia shows the succsess story of freshwater aquaculture program from nothing before 1990 to be something at present time. To maintain and increase the future production of tilapia, it needs strategies and policies in production and trade. The tilapia program maybe used as a role model for another economic imprortant freshwater species in Indonesia.

Dietary supplementation of Patchouli oil increases the resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae infection in GIFT tilapia as revealed by transcriptome and 16s amplicon profiling

Large-scale disease outbreaks that caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (SA) infection have dramatically affected tilapia production worldwide. Patchouli oil (PO) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine in treating gastrointestinal symptoms and is considered to be a safe and efficient candidate to treat SA infection in tilapia. In this study, we first investigated the changes of intestinal microbiota and host responses in GIFT tilapia after a 28-day dietary supplementation of different concentrations of PO (basic diet, 5 μL PO/g diet, or 15 μL PO/g diet) and followed by SA infection using an integrative analysis of transcriptome and 16 S amplicon profiling. We observed that dietary supplementation of 5 μL PO/g diet improved food intake and growth in tilapia. Histopathological observation confirmed there were increased surface area of intestinal villi and generally decreased ROS as revealed by the MAD, GSH-PX, and T-SOD activities in the tilapia intestines in response to dietary PO supplementation. The intestinal microbial diversities and community structures were significantly affected, and the colonization of probiotics (e.g., Cetobacterium and clostridium_ sensu_stricto_1) in the mucosa was improved in the dietary PO groups. The relative abundance of Streptococcus (0.033%) in the 15 μL PO/g dietary group was much lower than that in the control group (basic diet; 0.86%). A large number of DEGs were enriched in the immune-related pathways, e.g., lysosomal lumen, MHC protein complex, and toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that dietary supplementation of PO enhanced intestinal physical barriers, increased the colonization of probiotic bacteria and improved intestinal immunity in tilapia. This provides novel knowledge on PO as a dietary supplement to improve intestinal health against SA invasion in tilapia.

Analysis of zootechnical and economic indicators in carp and tilapia production

Tilapia has been consolidated as a widely produced and widespread species throughout Brazil, in the south of the country, due to the low temperatures during the winter, more easily acclimatized species have been chosen, such as carp. There are still no studies comparing the economic viability of these two consolidated activities. In this context, the present study carried out an analysis of zootechnical and economic indicators of the production of Carps (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in a family property, in Rio Grande do Sul. The results showed that both activities presented satisfactory economic viability. Carp showed a profitability index per year of 16.28% and tilapia of 16.18%, values ​​higher than the Selic rate in Brazil of 13.25% per year. The cost of feeding tilapia represents 73% of production costs, followed by labor costs (9%) and fingerlings (7%). In carp production, the cost of food was 43%, followed by labor (36%) and fingerlings (5%). It is concluded that there is a possibility of increasing profitability in the next production cycles, based on the optimization of production systems.

Effects of a free amino acid mixture in replacing dietary fishmeal and reducing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production costs

To encourage aquaculture sustainability and lower fish production costs, fish products need to be substituted with sustainable ingredients in aquafeeds. Toward this goal, we examined whether a natural mix of highly concentrated free amino acids could alleviate the negative effects of low–fish meal (FM) diets on Nile tilapia in terms of growth performance and nutrient utilization. In the present study, a 2 × 3 factorial design with two FM levels (5 % and 10 %) was used to prepare the experimental diets and three levels of Kera-Stim® 50 (KS), a free amino acid mixture, was supplemented (0 %, 0.25 %, and 0.5 %). Nile tilapia fish (average initial body weight of 20 g) were cultured in 18 cages and provided with one of the six diets for eight weeks. We found that dietary KS supplementation significantly increased the growth performance parameters including final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate compared with the diets without KS supplementation (P < 0.05). Moreover, KS supplementation had a substantial positive effect on the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Interestingly, not only the low-FM diets but also the diets supplemented with KS had a positive effect on the economic conversion ratio and economic profit index, suggesting increased economic efficiency. Furthermore, lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activity levels were significantly increased by supplementing low-FM diets with KS (P < 0.05). KS and low-FM diets increased the whole-body levels of ash, fat, and crude protein (P < 0.05). Moreover, KS supplementation increased the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (20:4 n6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n3). We concluded that supplementing a natural free amino acid mix to a low-FM diet can mitigate negative nutritional effects and achieve optimum fish performance without compromising growth performance or revenue-to-cost ratios.

A Review on the Current Status and Emerging Trends in the Utilization of Fish Feed Additives for Sustainable Production of Oreochromis Niloticus

Feed additives are regarded as an essential component of the fish diet during the production of fish feed. The addition of feed additives to fish food is essential for enhancing the growth and immunity of farmed fish. This study’s objective was to conduct a comprehensive review of the Current Status and Trends in the Adoption of these fish feed additives for Sustainable Tilapia production. In this study, an exploratory research design was used to review and comprehend numerous peer-reviewed papers published in national and international publications on issues related to fish feed additives currently used in Tilapia aquaculture production and the current and future prospects of essential fish feed additives. Feed additives are ingredients that are added in minor amounts to fish diets to increase nutrient content and prolong shelf life. Preservatives, binders, feeding stimulants, and food coloring are frequent feed additives. In order to optimize the production of farmed fish, it is necessary to encourage the use of additives as aquaculture expands. The purpose of feed additives in fish feed is to promote healthier and more rapid fish growth in aquaculture. As a result, fish diets must include the proper amounts of feed additives. The findings imply that fish feed without feed additives is analogous to “a vehicle without fuel” and should be regarded as poor fish feed when fed to fish in an aquaculture system. The end consequence will be a low growth rate for fish, decreased disease resistance, and consequently low productivity in an aquaculture production system.

Bioeconomic analysis of the commercial production of Nile tilapia with biofloc and green water technologies

This study presents a bioeconomic model after analyzing the commercial profitability of Nile tilapia under biofloc (BFT) and green water (GWT) technologies. Environmental stochasticity was evaluated using the parameters obtained in Yucatan's rainy (RN) and dry (DR) seasons. The productive impact was measured by analyzing the 10-year cash flow. Both systems demonstrated profitability with a positive NPV and 450 g harvest weight in the short term. The unit cost of production results for the GWT was lower than for the BFT. The long-term simulation involved an investment of $410,279 USD for 30 tanks, resulting in a positive return for GWT. BFT showed negative long-term profitability at the current selling price ($2.36 USD/kg). Profitability improved as the sales price increased by 11% and 22% for RN-BFT and DR-BFT, respectively. This bioeconomic model is pioneering in tilapia production in BFT and GWT and provides valuable data to achieve better yield and profitability.

Effects of stocking densities on tilapia seed production under high salinity biofloc system

Provision of suitable technique for saline tilapia seed is required since demand of these species increased continuously. Most saline tilapia seed rely on sourcing freshwater fingerling and further acclimatized in brackishwater ponds. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of various fry densities on seed production parameters of tilapia under high salinity-biofloc system. Three fry densities being tested and cultured under biofloc technology (BFT) at salinity level above 20 ppt, such as: A (BFT 2.5 fry L−), B (BFT 5.0 fry L−), C (BFT 7.5 fry L−) and one treatment as control, D (Non-BFT 2.5 fry L−). The experimental set-up was completely random design and triplicated replications. Animals test were fed two times a day of 32% crude protein content and it was lasted for three weeks. Results from the experiment shown that treatment A (BFT 2.5 fry L−) performed best in term of biomass (18.00±3.61g), survival (98.00±2.00%), SGR (20.72±0.20% d−), FCR (1.72±0.38) and CF (1.59±0.17). An increasing stocking density up 7.5 fry L− will reduced survival rate, final individual weight and increased FCR. It can be concluded that production of tilapia seed at a density of 2.5 fry L− under BFT conditions performed healthy seed and best production parameters even reared at higher salinity.

Enhancing brackish water tilapia seed production with biofloc technology

Aim of this study was to observe the effect of biofloc technology application to enhance brackish water tilapia production. This research was conducted by using two different stocking densities at 3000 seeds.m-3 (D-3000) and 6000 seeds.m-3 (D-6000). It was performed on concrete tanks of 5.5 x 1.8 x 0.8 m in dimension (active volume 5 m3) located under semi-indoor building. Biofloc formation were stimulated by adding molasses as carbon source by adjusting C:N ratio to around 10:1. The water salinity increased gradually after 8th day and reached up to 15 ppt during harvest. The result showed that brackish water tilapia seed survival rate of D-3000 and D-6000 was in range 77-79 %, biomass were 0.60 - 0.85 kg.m−3, and seed uniformity was 77-82%. Biofloc or floc volume of D-3000 was higher than D-6000 at 10 ml.l−1 and 3 ml.l−1 respectively. At the beginning, microalgae population was dominated by Bacillariophyceae while Chlorophyceae dominated at the end of rearing periods, and Rotifer density around 64-191 ind.ml−1. Total bacteria observed was in range of 3x103-14x104 cfu.ml−1. For both treatment nitrite (N-NO2) was 0.000-0.029 ppm, nitrate (N-NO3) was 0.000-0.445 ppm or less than 0.5 ppm, dissolved oxygen (DO) range was in optimal conditions (5.8-6.2 ppm) for tilapia rearing.

Tilapia aquaculture systems in Egypt: Characteristics, sustainability outcomes and entry points for sustainable aquatic food systems

The future demand for fish and other aquatic foods requires the sustainable intensification of related production systems. However, policy and investment decisions for the sustainable intensification of aquaculture systems are usually hindered by the lack of benchmarking data about their actual sustainability performance, often resulting in poorly developed and implemented interventions that ignore potential sustainability trade-offs. This is a reality in many of the leading aquaculture producers in the developing world like Egypt. In this study we analyzed farm-level data from 402 aquaculture producers in the Kafr El Sheikh governorate in Egypt, to characterize and benchmark the performance of tilapia production systems against key sustainability outcomes. For the analysis we used a combination of statistical tools such as ordinary least square regressions, simultaneous quantile regressions and propensity score matching. We focussed on how the production characteristics and practices of different tilapia production systems intersect with economic, food security, and environmental outcomes that cover multiple dimensions of sustainability. We found that differences in these production characteristics and practices were significantly associated with the sustainability performance of tilapia production systems. In particular, our results show that yields in monocultural systems (10,460.5 ton/ha) were significantly higher than in polyculture systems (8404.7 ton/ha). Furthermore, despite the generally positive economic, food security, and environmental outcomes of several of the studied systems, some trade-offs emerge both between and within these sustainability dimensions.

Impact of selection for growth and stocking density on Nile tilapia production in the biofloc system

Environmentally friendly aquaculture systems such as the biofloc technology (BFT) are gaining prominence, as well as the use of genetically superior fish and better adapted strains. However, sustainable systems must be economically efficient as well. According to literature, Nile tilapia takes a longer time to reach commercial weight in BFT if compared to traditional systems, reducing profitability. A better adapted strain, with faster growth, feed efficiency and tolerance to the intensive conditions of the BFT, should be an alternative to improve the profitability of the system. This study evaluated the economic and growth performance of Nile tilapia populations from two distinct generations, the base generation (G0) and generation 5 (G5), from a genetic improvement program based on genetic selection for body weight in BFT and recirculating aquaculture system, under two different stocking densities (12.5 and 37.5 ind. ‧ m−3) in BFT. A total of 320 male fingerlings (160 from G0 and 160 from G5) were randomly distributed in a factorial arrangement (2 × 2, four treatments) with four replicates (800 L tanks) for each treatment (16 sample units in total). The means were compared using two-way ANOVA and SNK's test (p < .05) and the confidence interval (95%) of the differences between them. The water management measures were enough to keep the water indicators within the acceptable ranges for tilapias. Survival rate was high (> 90%) for all treatments. The daily weight gain (DWG) was greater for G5 compared to G0 and resulted in a reduction of >57 days in slaughter time (750 g of harvested weight) for G5 compared to G0 and a 0.22 reduction in feed conversion ratio. The G5 promoted an average reduction of US$ 246.38 ‧ 100 m−3 for total operating cost and added US$ 275.97 ‧ 100 m−3 in operating profit compared to G0. Considering the economic analysis in relation to one ton of tilapia produced, G5 reduced the total operating cost and increased the operating profit only in the lowest stocking density. The increase in stocking density reduced the DWG for both generational groups, resulting in an increase of average time to slaughter of 43.61 days, however, 37.5 tilapia ‧ m−3 promoted a larger operating profit per 100 m−3 (+ US$ 832.60) and per ton of tilapia produced (+ US$ 338.90 for G0 and + US$ 148.39 for G5). This study demonstrates the importance of using genetically improved tilapia together with an adequate stocking density management to achieve better productivity and to make economically more viable an environmentally friendly system.

Development of a bivalent mucoadhesive nanovaccine to prevent francisellosis and columnaris diseases in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

The occurrence of francisellosis caused by Francisella orientalis sp. nov. (Fo) and columnaris disease caused by Flavobacterium oreochromis (For) is negatively impacting Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production, especially when high stocking densities are used. A new and innovative bivalent mucoadhesive nanovaccine was developed in this study for immersion vaccination of tilapia against francisellosis and columnaris disease. It was shown to have the potential to improve both innate and adaptive immunity in vaccinated Nile tilapia. It increased innate immune parameters, such as lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, phagocytosis, phagocytic index, and total serum IgM antibody levels. Additionally, the vaccine was effective in elevating specific adaptive immune responses, including IgM antibody levels against Fo and For vaccine antigens and upregulating immune-related genes IgM, IgT, CD4+, MHCIIα, and TCRβ in the head kidney, spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes, and gills of vaccinated fish. Furthermore, fish vaccinated with the mucoadhesive nanovaccine showed higher survival rates and relative percent survival after being challenged with either single or combined infections of Fo and For. This vaccine is anticipated to be beneficial for large-scale immersion vaccination of tilapia and may be a strategy for shortening vaccination times and increasing immune protection against francisellosis and columnaris diseases in tilapia aquaculture.

Acute hyperthermia and hypoxia tolerance of two improved strains of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Tilapia production in Ghana has been hit with episodes of stress and pathogen-induced mass fish kills which have anecdotally been linked to the culture of illegally imported Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. This study was thus set up to comprehensively assess the stress tolerance of the GIFT strain and a native strain of Nile tilapia (the Akosombo strain) following exposures to hyperthermic and hypoxic stressors. In a series of experiments, oxygen consumption (MO2), aquatic surface respiration (ASR), thermal limits and hypoxia tolerance were assessed. The effects of these stressors on haematological parameters were also assessed. The GIFT strain was less tolerant of hypoxia and performed ASR at higher O2 levels than the Akosombo strain. Under progressive hypoxia, the GIFT strain exhibited higher gill ventilations frequencies (fV) than the Akosombo strain. The thermal tolerance trial indicated that the Akosombo strain of O. niloticus has higher thermotolerance than the GIFT strain and this was reflective in the higher LT50 (45.1℃) and LTmax (48℃), compared to LT50 and LTmax of 41.5℃ and 46℃ respectively. These results imply that it is crucial to consider how the GIFT strain performs under various environmental conditions and changes during culture. Particularly, raising the GIFT strain of Nile tilapia in earthen ponds rich in phytoplankton and subject to protracted episodes of extreme hypoxia may have a detrimental physiological impact on its growth and welfare.

Ethnographic and functional perspectives of tilapia names among the Ewe of Ghana

Modern methods of rearing tilapia in recent years and the importation of same may have contributed to the increase in the consumption of tilapia in Ghana as a whole, particularly among the Eʋe. Most organisms, including animals and fish, are named but they may not respond to their names as humans do. Observation also shows that consumers of tilapia are mostly conversant with the generic name of the fish and less interested in particularising the different species with their names. This paper seeks to investigate the essence of animal names with particular reference to tilapia among the Eʋe of Ghana. The research questions that are germane to the study are the following: Does the composition of names of tilapia derive from their physical characteristics? What knowledge do the Eʋe have about the names of tilapia and how does their knowledge influence the production, marketing and consumption of tilapia. The paper adopts a descriptive design approach in data collection and analysis. It establishes that the idiosyncrasies and general physical features of tilapia reflect in their naming system. Analysis also reveals that the names are both free and bound morphemes. The data further shows that geographical location, vocation, sex and age dynamics affect knowledge on the names of tilapia. These, to some extent, influence the production, marketing and consumption of the fish. The paper, therefore, concludes that even though organisms may not respond to their names, the names of those organisms such as tilapia are relevant to the people who ascribe these names to them.

Efficiency of intensive tilapia culture in earthen ponds applied biofloc technology (BFT), probiotics and off-flavor control methods

The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of Nile and red tilapia cultured in intensive systems applied a combination of biofloc technology (BFT) and probiotics in earthen ponds with different methods to control the off-flavor problem. A growing-out experiment was conducted for 150 days in which both Nile tilapia (5.88 ± 0.59 g) and red tilapia (9.72 ± 0.72 g) fingerlings were randomly allotted into three replicates of earthen ponds which were subdivided into four treatment groups, including: off-flavor controlled by algae management in Nile tilapia ponds (NT - AM) and red tilapia ponds (RT - AM), and off-flavor controlled by active water exchange in Nile tilapia ponds (NT - WE) and red tilapia ponds (RT - WE). The results showed that water quality was maintained in suitable ranges for fish growth. There were no significant differences in growth performance (final weight, daily weight gain and specific growth rate) among all treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Feed conversion ratio of Nile tilapia (1.28 - 1.31) was significantly lower than that of red tilapia (1.35 - 1.37) (P &lt; 0.05). The survival ratio (about 80%) and extrapolated yield (21.50 tons/ha in 150 days) of fish was similar and high for both Nile and red tilapia. The quality of the harvested fish in term of condition factor, size even and off-flavor intensity was also excellent. The economic efficiency of red tilapia farming in this system was higher as compared to cage systems. This study clearly demonstrated that the technique of combined BFT and probiotic application in earthen ponds could contribute to the sustainable development of tilapia production in Vietnam by reducing production cost, saving water resource and avoiding environmental pollution.

SCIENCE BEHIND THE COLOR CHANGES IN TILAPIA DURING STRESS

Tilapia is the common name applied to three genera of fish in the family Cichlidae. the genera include Oreochromis, Sarotherodon and Tilapia. Tilapia has become the third most important fish in aquaculture after carp and salmon. The nature’s aim in imparting versatile colours to the fishes is to facilitate their survival and as a mode of communication. Colouration in fishes are highly correlated to their behaviour and habitat as morphological patterns always indicate the physiological functions. Some fishes may change its colour due to environmental conditions. Due to the growth of Tilapia production in aquaculture field, indicates how tilapia is important for world’s total production and economy.

The influence of napier grass biomass mixed feed on the biorefinery indicator for Nile tilapia production.

Aquaculture is vital for feeding a growing population as aquatic creatures require more protein. Utilizing protein-rich biomass for feeding animals is a possible solution. Biorefinery technology can extract protein and non-protein components from biomass, creating an economically feasible value chain. This study replaced fish feed with napier grass and used a compensatory response to reduce the cost of feeding Nile tilapia. The trial involved dividing mono-sex male Nile tilapia, initially weighing between 11.10 and 13.60 g/f, into four groups with three replications based on their feeding regime. Therefore, in the study, four groups of Nile tilapia were fed different diets for 90 days. The control group (T1) received a commercial floating pellet diet throughout the trial. Group T2 and T3 received a mix of commercial floating pellet diet and napier grass in varying proportions, and group T4 was fed with only napier grass throughout the trial. The study found that groups T2 and T3 had remarkable fish growth performance, high digestibility of napier grass, and lower feed prices with the highest benefit-cost ratios. The percentage of edible flesh and Hepatosomatic Index (PT2) were higher in group T2 than T3. Cellulase activity decreased with the frequency of napier grass intake, and the amylase activity was higher in T2 than T3, which also had the highest growth performance and feed utilization. Therefore, the study suggests that the optimal feeding regimen for Nile tilapia is T2 or T3, which promotes growth and is cost-effective.

Current Status and Trend on the Adoption of Fish Feed Additives for Sustainable Tilapia Aquaculture Production: A Review

During fish feed production, feed additives are regarded as an essential component of the fish diet. The use of feed additives in fish feed is essential for boosting the growth and immunity of cultured fish. The aim of this study was therefore to make a comprehensive review of the Current Status and Trend in the Adoption of these fish feed additives for Sustainable tilapia production. An exploratory research design was used in the study to review and comprehend various peer-reviewed papers published in national and international publications on issues surrounding fish feed additives currently used in tilapia aquaculture production and the current and future prospect of essential fish feed additives in use. Feed additives are ingredients that are added in small quantities to fish diets to enhance nutrients and preserve the feed. Preservatives, binders, feeding stimulants, and food colourants constitute common feed additives. With increased growth in aquaculture, the use of additives must be promoted in order to optimize the production of farmed fish. The aim of feed additives in fish feed is to promote healthier and faster fish growth in cultured fish. As a result, fish diets should incorporate the right quantities of feed additives. The conclusions drawn succinctly suggest that fish feed with no feed additives is comparable to "a vehicle without fuel" and should be regarded as poor feed when fed to fish in a culture system. And the end result will be a poor fish growth rate, less resistance to diseases, and hence low productivity in an aquaculture production system.

Phytochemical test of ketapang leaf (Terminalia catappa) with age variation and its application with EM4 on the growth of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Tilapia is a much-loved source of animal protein. The success of tilapia production is characterized by optimal fish growth. The process of growing tilapia has several problems including water quality. Fluctuating water quality causes fish to be easily stressed and susceptible to attack by pathogenic bacteria. Ketapang leaves have antibacterial properties because they contain metabolites. This research was conducted to determine the content of active compounds from variations in the age of ketapang leaves including young, old, and dry ages and their effect with EM4 on the growth and survival of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. Phytochemical tests on three types of ketapang leaves showed that dried ketapang leaves contained more metabolites, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenols. Based on the statistic analysis (ANOVA) showed that variations in each control treatment, young, old, and dry ketapang leaves had a significant effect on the absolute length growth and growth rate (SGR), but had no significant effect on the absolute weight and survival (SR) of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). However, from the three age variations of ketapang leaves, it was found that dry ketapang leaves were the best species for growing tilapia.

Rhizofiltration potential of floating aquatic macrophytes (FAMs) in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) tanks

Currently additional sustainable ways to mitigate the degradation of water quality are being researched all over the world. Phytoremediation is one of the serious efforts towards sustainability. The main objective of this study was to assess the rhizofiltration potential of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), common duckweed (Lemna minor) and mosquito fern (Azolla pinnata) on the removal of total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) in circular outdoor tanks. Physico-chemical water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature and pH were also monitored. It was observed that the mean initial TAN concentration in all treatments were statistically comparable. In the final TAN concentration, tank with L. minor had the highest TAN concentration which was significantly different to tanks with P. stratiotes and A. pinnata. Likewise, tanks with L. minor had the lowest removal efficiency. For the DO concentration, it was observed that DO in all treatments was depleted in the first one week of the study. However, on the ninth day of the study, DO started to rise. Tanks with P. stratiotes had shown the highest trend among treatments. Mean temperature and pH in all treatments were statistically comparable. For the relationship of root length and TAN removal efficiency of floating aquatic macrophytes, it was observed that there was a strong positive correlation. These results show that the utilization of these floating aquatic macrophytes as bioremediator in small-scale tilapia production are feasible. In addition, other physico-chemical water quality parameters such as phosphorus, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, and nitrite can be conducted.

Relationship between Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of IGF-1 Gene in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Weight Gain

Production and consumption of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) have been growing. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that affects animal weight. Traditional breeding combined with molecular marker technology-assisted selective breeding has long been used to cultivate new fish strains and produce high-quality Nile tilapia. Moreover, molecular markers or genes related to important economic traits can be identified with the help of molecular-assisted selection breeding. A total of 152 Nile tilapia fish fin samples were collected from Janghang fish farm and classified according to their weight and sex. A total of 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the Nile tilapia IGF-1 gene in this study. One SNP was located in the promoter region, three in the 5