Ocean Tides Research Articles

On the Role of Anthropogenic Activity and Sea‐Level‐Rise in Tidal Distortion on the Open Coast of the Yellow Sea Shelf

AbstractThis study investigates how varied coastline strategies and rising mean‐sea‐level influence tidal distortion along the open coast of the Yellow Sea shelf. The major contributors to tidal distortion were first identified. Then, the primary tidal constituents causing changes in tidal propagation and distortion in response to shoreline reconstruction management and near‐future sea‐level‐rise (SLR) were determined. The intrinsic mechanisms causing tidal duration asymmetry (TDA) were investigated and found to differ in various types of coastal systems. Specifically, the nonlinear tidal interaction between M2/M4, M2/S2/MS4 and K1/O1/M2 are the top three dominant contributors to TDA. The interactions between M2/M4 and M2/S2/MS4 are most sensitive to different coastline configurations and produce the largest evolution in tidal distortion. Two primary factors are (i) the location of the amphidromic point of the semidiurnal tides in the deep ocean, which controls the M2 and S2 energy fluxes into embayment, and (ii) the nondimensional amplitude (A/h), which importantly indicates tidal nonlinearity and determines shallow tide generation. For the coast with a progressive tidal system, tidal distortion and shallow‐water tide genesis depend mainly on the influx of semidiurnal tides from offshore, which is controlled by the position of the M2 amphidrome. For a coast with quasistanding tidal behavior, however, the scales and positions of tidal flats and shoals play vital roles in tidal distortion and the genesis of shallow‐water tides. Model simulations suggest that hardened shoreline or SLR could dampen the advection and bottom dissipation, thus reducing tidal distortion.

Not all Icequakes are Created Equal: Basal Icequakes Suggest Diverse Bed Deformation Mechanisms at Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica

AbstractMicroseismicity, induced by the sliding of a glacier over its bed, can be used to characterize frictional properties of the ice‐bed interface, which are a key parameter controlling ice stream flow. We use naturally occurring seismicity to monitor spatiotemporally varying bed properties at Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica. We locate 230,000 micro‐earthquakes with local magnitudes from −2.0 to −0.3 using 90 days of recordings from a 35‐station seismic network located ∼40 km upstream of the grounding line. Events exclusively occur near the ice‐bed interface and indicate predominantly flow‐parallel stick‐slip. They mostly lie within a region of interpreted stiff till and along the likely stiffer part of mega‐scale glacial lineations. Within these regions, micro‐earthquakes occur in spatially (<100 m radius) and temporally (mostly 1–5 days activity) restricted event‐clusters (up to 4,000 events), which exhibit an increase, followed by a decrease, in event magnitude with time. This may indicate event triggering once activity is initiated. Although ocean tides modulate the surface ice flow velocity, we observe little periodic variation in overall event frequency over time and conclude that water content, bed topography and stiffness are the major factors controlling microseismicity. Based on variable rupture mechanisms and spatiotemporal characteristics, we suggest the event‐clusters relate to three end‐member types of bed deformation: (1) continuous creation and seismogenic destruction of small‐scale bed‐roughness, (2) ploughed clasts, and (3) flow‐oblique deformation during landform formation or along bedrock outcrops. This indicates that multiple processes, simultaneously active during glacial sliding, can accommodate stick‐slip behavior and that the bed continuously reorganizes.

The Design of an Arduino Based Low-Cost Ultrasonic Tide Gauge With the Internet of Things (Iot) System

Ocean tides play essential roles in the field of hydrography and navigation. The conventional method to measure tides is by observing the vertical variation of sea surface using a tide staff. However, this method has several disadvantages. It consumes more human resources and time to observe and record the take. Moreover, the recorded data tends to be subjective, depending on the observer. To overcome these disadvantages is by using an automatic tide gauge. This instrument can also provide almost continuous and near real-time tide data. The price of automatic tide gauge in the Indonesia market is costly. This research attempted to build a low-cost ultrasonic tide gauge by utilizing an Arduino microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, GPS module, which is embedded with the Internet of Things (IoT) so that the real-time data can be uploaded and monitored on a webserver. The quality of the data collected from the instrument is controlled using the 3 σ rule to detect and remove outliers. Moving Average and Moving Median filtering methods are applied in the system to eliminate the noise. The data accuracy-test was performed using a relative error and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) methods. The test compares the data collected with the ultrasonic tide gauge and the direct observation method. The result shows the relative error, and RMSE values 0.226% and 6.629mm for raw data, 0.636% and 18.542mm for moving average data, 0.437% and 13.242mm for the moving median data, with the best filtering method is moving median. The instrument accuracy test results show that this instrument has excellent accuracy, with a 2,240,000 IDR instrument production budget or 7.5% of the lowest tide gauge prices.

The Sensitivity of British Weather to Ocean Tides

AbstractTides in shelf seas greatly impact ocean mixing and temperature structure. Using a regional‐coupled ocean–atmosphere prediction system, at ocean coastal process and atmosphere convection permitting scales, we assess the influence of tides on British weather by comparing simulations with and without tides. In summer, when seasonal stratification is particularly sensitive to tides, the sea‐surface temperature is up to 6 K cooler in simulations with tidal mixing. Tides cool the air temperature over the sea by up to 3 K, and nearby land by up to 1.4 K. The mean air temperature across Great Britain land areas cools by 0.3 K with tides. Changes in near‐surface stability result in decreases in summer mean wind speeds over the ocean. A 6% reduction in summer precipitation is found with tides, consistent with cooler temperatures. This study has implications for climate projections since global‐coupled models typically do not include tides.

Architecture in between: connecting between traditional Acehnese house and the current condition of modern Acehnese community

The formation of traditional architecture cannot be separated from the local wisdom of the community which is very friendly to environment. In this regard, the notion of ‘locality’ (such as local material, technology and culture) and ‘climate’ are used as a guide to the construction of buildings. The traditional Aceh house, the so-called Acehnese house (rumoh Aceh), that referred to as a type of stilted house is earthquake resistant. The house was also designed to anticipate flood and ocean tide and could provide comfort to the dwellers and be friendly to the local environment. The existence of Acehnese houses, however, has been extinguished. Houses owners prefer to demolish or sell the houses and to reconstruct new buildings with different styles. This study, thus, aims to explore the development of traditional architectural concept that suit to present context. It assesses three representative traditional houses found in Lambenot village. In order to accomplish the study, primary data collection was carried out through field observation, documentation and interviews with several informants including house owners. In additions, literature review is needed to support primary data. In doing this study, the paper shows the form of conservation efforts carried out by the Lambenot village community in order to maintain their collective memory of life journey. The benefit of this study is to give alternative toward preservation effort on how Acehnese houses can be used as an adaptive housing model for contemporary needs both architectural and structural aspects.

The Movement Track of the Ocean Current in Jiaozhou Bay

According to the data on the investigation of Jiaozhou Bay in May, August and October, 1992, the Pb content and the horizontal distribution in the surface of Jiaozhou Bay were studied. The results show that in May, the open ocean current with a high content of Pb entered Jiaozhou Bay surrounding the nearshore waters of the bay. In August, in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay, there was only one high Pb content source - open ocean current transportation. The open ocean current entered Jiaozhou Bay with a high content of Pb. The ocean current passed from the outside of the bay to the inside through the bay mouth with 37.53 μg/L Pb content. Then the ocean current made a circle around the inshore waters of Jiaozhou Bay, bringing a high Pb content zone of 11.30 - 27.44 μg/L. At this point, a low Pb content area of 5.53 μg/L appeared in the central waters of Jiaozhou Bay. So, in August, the open ocean current with a high content of Pb moved into Jiaozhou Bay. Then it surrounded the nearshore waters of the bay. By the authors’ Dongfang Yang’s migration law of material content, it is obtained that the open ocean current with high Pb content moves into Jiaozhou Bay. And with the continuous decrease of Pb content, the flow path of the open ocean current in the bay, illustrated by a model block diagram, is left. Furthermore, the migration law reveals that the unit water body with the ocean current returns to the inlet water in a counterclockwise direction along the inshore water in the bay. Thus, under the combined action of ocean current and tide, this unit of water body shows zigzag movement from east to north and to west along the eastern, northern and western coastal waters of Jiaozhou Bay, leaving the center of the bay barely affected by the unit water. The unit body of water has a circular center in the center of the bay and a zigzag motion along the edges. Moreover, the topography and geomorphology of the bottom of Jiaozhou Bay also confirm the movement track of the ocean current in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay proposed by the authors.

Rigorous Calibration of a Spring Gravimeter for Accurate Earth Tide Parameters at San Juan (Argentina)

In the Province of San Juan, Argentina, high precision geodetic instruments are operated whose observations must be corrected to compensate for the effects of the Earth's tides. Currently, this can be done using the parameters predicted either by theoretical models or local parameters determined by in situ observations. This work reports the results of the analysis of San Juan's tide records acquired with a spring vertical gravimeter (Scintrex CG5). The success of the use of spring relative gravity data in tidal analysis depends on accurate calibration and the proper removal of the instrumental drift from the gravimeter. The instrumental drift of the different registry segments was modeled by polynomial functions. The amplitude calibration factor of the gravimeter was determined by simultaneous gravity measurements with an SG038 superconductor gravimeter, then analyzed in the time and frequency domains. The tidal parameters of the harmonics K1 and M2 derived from tidal analysis are consistent (better than ± 0.05%) with the theoretical parameters for different models of the Earth's interior. The difference between the tested ocean tide models is negligible.

Direct measurements reveal instabilities and turbulence within large amplitude internal solitary waves beneath the ocean

Internal solitary waves are ubiquitous in coastal regions and marginal seas of the world’s oceans. As the waves shoal shoreward, they lose the energy obtained from ocean tides through globally significant turbulent mixing and dissipation and consequently pump nutrient-rich water to nourish coastal ecosystem. Here we present fine-scale, direct measurements of shoaling internal solitary waves in the South China Sea, which allow for an examination of the physical processes triggering the intensive turbulent mixing in their interior. These are convective breaking in the wave core and the collapse of Kelvin–Helmholtz billows in the wave rear and lower periphery of the core, often occurring simultaneously. The former takes place when the particle velocity exceeds the wave’s propagating velocity. The latter is caused by the instability induced by the strong velocity shear overcoming the stratification. The instabilities generate turbulence levels four orders of magnitude larger than that in the open ocean.

Accuracy assessment of global internal-tide models using satellite altimetry

Abstract. Altimeter measurements are corrected for several geophysical parameters in order to access ocean signals of interest, like mesoscale or sub-mesoscale variability. The ocean tide is one of the most critical corrections due to the amplitude of the tidal elevations and to the aliasing phenomena of high-frequency signals into the lower-frequency band, but the internal-tide signatures at the ocean surface are not yet corrected globally. Internal tides can have a signature of several centimeters at the surface with wavelengths of about 50–250 km for the first mode and even smaller scales for higher-order modes. The goals of the upcoming Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission and other high-resolution ocean measurements make the correction of these small-scale signals a challenge, as the correction of all tidal variability becomes mandatory to access accurate measurements of other oceanic signals. In this context, several scientific teams are working on the development of new internal-tide models, taking advantage of the very long altimeter time series now available, which represent an unprecedented and valuable global ocean database. The internal-tide models presented here focus on the coherent internal-tide signal and they are of three types: empirical models based upon analysis of existing altimeter missions, an assimilative model and a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. A detailed comparison and validation of these internal-tide models is proposed using existing satellite altimeter databases. The analysis focuses on the four main tidal constituents: M2, K1, O1 and S2. The validation process is based on a statistical analysis of multi-mission altimetry including Jason-2 and Cryosphere Satellite-2 data. The results show a significant altimeter variance reduction when using internal-tide corrections in all ocean regions where internal tides are generating or propagating. A complementary spectral analysis also gives some estimation of the performance of each model as a function of wavelength and some insight into the residual non-stationary part of internal tides in the different regions of interest. This work led to the implementation of a new internal-tide correction (ZARON'one) in the next geophysical data records version-F (GDR-F) standards.

Application of Singular Spectrum Analysis in Deep-Ocean Tide Reconstruction and Prediction

This study utilized the Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) approach to perform time series orthogonalization and demonstrated its use by analyzing vertical tidal acceleration and sea level time series from different deep-ocean locations. This method quantifies astronomical variations by using decomposed vertical tidal acceleration to reconstruct and predict deep-ocean tide. The results show that each decomposed vertical tidal acceleration can be associated with the decomposed sea level having at least 5 astronomical variations. Their associated energies can also be used to diagnose the change of the oceanic tide response to tidal acceleration. Performance evaluation also shows that this method can give comparable reconstruction accuracy and slightly better prediction accuracy compared to the harmonic analysis-based method. It is indicated that the proposed method is accurate enough to be applied in a tsunami detection algorithm. The results also indicate that the proposed method is stable enough to provide unpropagated prediction residuals.

The decadal sea level variability observed in the Indian Ocean tide gauge records and its association with global climate modes

Decadal sea level variability of the Indian Ocean is studied using long-term tide gauge observations of 17 stations. The existence of close association between Indian Ocean sea level and the global decadal climate modes, such as Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and/or Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is revealed in most of the tide gauge data sets. An anti-phase sea level evolution with PDO index is identified in the regions such as west coast of India, east coast of India and the western coast of Australia. Moreover, the PDO related sea level variability is found to be stronger at the tide gauge stations along the west coast of India compared to that along the east coast of India, ruling out the remote forcing from the equatorial Indian Ocean. On the other hand, the tide gauge station at Mumbai with more than 100 years of data shows an in-phase relationship with AMO index on the decadal timescales, whereas such relationship is very weak at the tide gauge station Fremantle where similar long-term data is available. The analysis of sea level pressure (SLP), rainfall and winds over the tropical Indian Ocean indicates existence of strong relationship with AMO especially over the Arabian Sea region, strongly suggesting that the variability observed at the tide gauge station Mumbai may have larger spatial signatures. During the positive phase of AMO, the Arabian Sea region is characterized by large fall in SLP and a strong cross equatorial flow towards the Indian land mass, which are primarily responsible for the positive sea level anomalies (SLAs) at the Mumbai tide gauge station and the adjacent regions and positive rainfall over India.

Seasonal Variation of GPS-Derived the Principal Ocean Tidal Constituents’ Loading Displacement Parameters Based on Moving Harmonic Analysis in Hong Kong

The classical harmonic analysis (CHA) method only can be used to obtain the harmonic constants (amplitude and phase) of ocean tide loading displacement (OTLD). In fact, there are significant seasonal variations in the harmonic constants of OTLD. A moving harmonic analysis (MHA) method is proposed, which can effectively capture the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters. Based on 5 years of kinematic coordinate time series in direction U of six Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in Hong Kong, the MHA method is used to explore the seasonal variation of the OTLD parameters of the 6 principal tidal constituents (M2, S2, N2, K1, O1, Q1). The influence of mass loading on the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters is analyzed. The results show that there are obviously seasonal variations in OTLD parameters of the 6 principal tidal constituents in Hong Kong. The OTLD’s amplitude’s changes of the 6 principal tidal constituents are around 4–25.1% and the oscillation ranges of OTLD’s phase parameters vary from 8.8° to 20.4°. Among the seasonal variations of OTLD parameters, the annual signal, the semi-annual signal, and the ter-annual signal are the most significant. By analyzing the influence of atmospheric loading on the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters, it is found that atmospheric loading has certain contribution to the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters. Hydrological loading and non-tidal ocean loading have little influence on the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters.

Changes in Homogeneous degree Caused by Marine Oil Spill

Based on the survey data of Jiaozhou Bay waters in May, September and October 1993, this paper studies the surface horizontal distribution of PHC content in Jiaozhou Bay waters. According to the definition, model and classification of Yang Dongfang homogeneity theory of matter content in waters proposed by the author, the calculation results show that in May, in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay, the non-homogeneous column of PHC content was 46.86μg/L, and the homogeneity of PHC content was 8.15%. At this time, the PHC content had non-homogeneity; in September, the non-homogeneous column of PHC content was 6.53μg/L, and the homogeneous was 48.58%, on which the PHC content had a low degree of homogeneity; in October, the non-homogeneous column of PHC content was 0.40μg/L, and the homogeneity was 96.61%, on which the PHC content had a high degree of homogeneity. This shows that in May, in the entire waters of Jiaozhou Bay, there was the only source of marine oil spill transportation, and the PHC content transported was 51.00μg/L, which was relatively high, resulting that the PHC content was unevenly distributed in the entire water body in the bay. In September, in the entire waters of Jiaozhou Bay, there was only the source of marine oil spill transportation, and its PHC content was 12.70μg/L, which was relatively low. In this way, the distribution of PHC content in the entire water body was lowly homogeneous. In October, there was no source of PHC content in the bay, and the PHC content was relatively low. In this way, the distribution of PHC content in the entire water body was highly homogeneous. From May to September, the monthly decline rate of the PHC content from marine oil spill was 9.57μg/L, the monthly decline rate of the non-homogeneous column of PHC content was 10.08μg/L, and the monthly increase rate of the homogeneity of PHC content was 10.10%. From September to October, the monthly decline rate of the PHC content of marine oil spill was 12.70μg/L, the monthly decline rate of the non-homogeneous column of PHC content was 6.13μg/L, and the monthly increase rate of the homogeneity of PHC content was 48.03%. This fully reveals that the PHC content of marine oil spill is the driving force of its non-homogeneity in the water area, while the ocean tides and currents are the driving force of its homogeneity in the water area. Based on this, the author puts forward the theory of homogeneous distribution of material content: under the action of ocean tides and currents, the ocean has the characteristics of homogeneity, and the distribution of material content in the ocean water body shows homogeneity.

The Other (Hi)Stories: Diasporic Tides of the (Lusophone) Indian Ocean in Skin and O Outro Pé da Sereia

The 2001 novel Skin by Margaret Mascarenhas tells a story of a young US-born and raised journalist of Goan descent who returns to her paternal homeland to overcome a personal trauma. The 2006 novel O Outro Pé da Sereia by Mia Couto also presents a female protagonist who returns to her hometown after years of living in almost complete solitude in a nearby village in the Zambezi region of Mozambique. In both novels, the protagonists Pagan and Mwadia need to delve into the history of the Indian Ocean slave trade to understand the tensions and fractures within their own families and the communities they belong to. By listening, reading, and narrating the two characters engage in tracing and reconstructing the silent — and silenced — history of their families and of the free and forced migrations traversing the region for centuries. Symmetrically, O Outro Pé offers an intergenerational literary account of Indian Mozambicans while Skin portrays the virtually invisible black community in Goa. This article explores how and in what ways storytelling is a tool for remembering, re-enacting and rewriting traumatic waves of displacement, in a cathartic process in which both victims and perpetrators can be given a voice. By analysing the two novels in a mirrorlike perspective within the framework of Indian Ocean Studies and Critical Archival Studies, this article addresses transnational identity building in postimperial and postcolonial contexts in which the past seems like a haunting presence.

Food Security: Impact of European Settlement and Infrastructure on Columbia River Salmon Migration

The 2000 km Columbia River is the longest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It starts in British Columbia, Canada and flows through the states of Oregon and Washington before discharging into Pacific Ocean near Cape Disappointment. The mouth of the Columbia River is a deep water harbor and 180 km of the river can be accessed by navigation. Based on flow volume, the river is the 4th largest river in the United States. The headwaters and approximately 800 km of the Columbia River lie in Canada. Columbia Lake and the Columbia Wetlands are located in British Columbia and are the headwaters of the Columbia River. The lake has an elevation of 820 m above sea level and drains to the Pacific Ocean near Astoria, Oregon. The Ocean tides flow up river to Portland, Oregon. This paper highlights how the geological and landscape resources of the Columbia River and tributaries watershed contributed to the economic development of this historically rich region of North America. The Columbia River is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United States. The Columbia River system with trails and cruise ships was designed to increase use of the Columbia River, to promote recreational tourism, and to create a generation of people who are willing to protect and provide environmental stewardship of the river basin resources.

CHARACTERISING COASTAL SHELF WAVES ALONG THE NSW COAST

New South Wales (NSW) often experiences periods of coastal inundation and estuarine flooding. One of the causal mechanisms of these episodes are coastal shelf waves (CSW), generated by synoptic disturbances (Church et al., 2006). CSWs in Australia often result from wind stress, mostly along mid-latitudes (e.g., the Great Australian Bight) and propagate anticlockwise (Woodham et al., 2013). However, there are no tools available for identifying and characterising CSWs and as such there is very little information on the magnitude, frequency, duration, and spatiotemporal variability. This paper aims to: (1) develop a method to identify and track CSWs using the existing ocean tide gauge network, (2) identify patterns in the frequency, duration, and magnitude of CSW, and (3) assess the factors that affect the frequency, duration, and magnitude of CSWs along the NSW coast.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/oigzYIKFBmA

Establishment of Seamless Chart Datum and Vertical Datum Transformation for Hydrography with a Combining Geoid, Sea Surface Topography, and Ocean Tide Model in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

Ke, H.; Wang, A.; Lei, J.; Wu, J.; Wang, Z., and Zhang, S., 2020. Establishment of seamless chart datum and vertical datum transformation for hydrography with a combining geoid, sea surface topography, and ocean tide model in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 204–209. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The establishment of a seamless chart datum and a transformation model with other vertical datums are the key to unifying sea–land measurement achievements. Since construction of the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan scientific research station, nearby Prydz Bay has become a significant investigation area. However, it is still difficult to unify bathymetric measurements in Prydz Bay and topographic measurements in the station to the same vertical datum. In response to this problem, the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 geoid model, the Indian Ocean 2010 tide model, and sea surface topography model product of a satellite altimeter were used to establish a seamless chart datum and a transformation model between the WGS84 ellipsoidal reference and the chart datum through the fusion method, with a scope of –69°48′ to –66°24′ S and 70°00′ to 82°00′ E. The accuracy of the transformation model had been evaluated to be 10.7 cm on the basis of the error of each model and the law of error propagation. Meanwhile, the difference between the transformation model estimation and the field-measured value derived from a GPS tide was 8.8 cm. To some extent, this comparison result can reflect the accuracy of the model, but more field-measured data still needed to verify it.

Aftershock Rate Changes at Different Ocean Tide Heights

The differential probability gain approach is used to estimate quantitatively the change in aftershock rate at various levels of ocean tides relative to the average rate model. An aftershock sequences are analyzed from two regions with high ocean tides, Kamchatka and New Zealand. The Omori-Utsu law is used to model the decay over time, hypothesizing an invariable spatial distribution. Ocean tide heights are considered rather than phases. A total of 16 sequences of M ≥6 aftershocks off Kamchatka and 15 sequences of M ≥6 aftershocks off New Zealand are examined. The heights of the ocean tides at various locations were modeled using FES 2004. Vertical stress changes due to ocean tides are here about 10–20 kPa, that is, at least several times greater than the effect due to Earth tides. An increase in aftershock rate is observed by more than two times at high water after main M ≥6 shocks in Kamchatka, with slightly less pronounced effect for the earthquakes of M = 7.8, December 15, 1971 and M = 7.8, December 5, 1997. For those two earthquakes, the maximum of the differential probability gain function is also observed at low water. For New Zealand, we also observed an increase in aftershock rate at high water after thrust type main shocks with M ≥6. After normal-faulting main shocks there was the tendency of the rate increasing at low water. For the aftershocks of the strike-slip main shocks we observed a less evident impact of the ocean tides on their rate. This suggests two main mechanisms of the impact of ocean tides on seismicity rate, an increase in pore pressure at high water, or a decrease in normal stress at low water, both resulting in a decrease of the effective friction in the fault zone.

Latinx Boys and Juvenile Delinquency

This study examines Latinx boys in the juvenile justice system and addresses acculturation theory to assess whether or not adjudicated foreign-born Latinx boys are more delinquent than others before adjudication, and whether or not these boys are a bigger burden on the juvenile justice system than others. The present study addresses data and methodological issues that plague the current research using the Ocean Tides Database containing multi-year (1975–2019) cross sectional data for 1,083 adjudicated boys. Multivariate analyses confirm that Latinx immigrant youth who are delinquent pose no greater threats to the American public either before or after adjudication than US-born citizens or other immigrants do. There is minimal support for acculturation theory in explaining behavioral differences between first and second-generation Latinx immigrants.

Oceanic Tide Model FES2014b: Comparison with Gravity Measurements

The oceanic gravimetric effect is calculated by expanding the cotidal maps of the FES2014 oceanic tide model into spherical functions with the use of load Love numbers from the work (Spiridonov and Vinogradova, 2017). The calculation results for the amplitudes and phases of the oceanic gravimetric effect for eight main tidal waves (Q1, O1, P1, K1, N2, M2, S2, and K2) at nine European gravity observation stations of the Global Geodynamic Project (GGP) network are presented. The amplitude delta factors and phase shifts of these tidal waves for the Earth with the ocean are predicted and compared with observations. The difference vectors (prediction minus observations) are analyzed in detail with the use of both different theoretical tide models and oceanic-effect calculation versions. The FES2014 model is included in the ATLANTIDA3.1 tidal prediction software. The results of the work show, first, that the FES2014 is one of the best oceanic models today. The amplitude delta factors and phase shifts of tidal waves calculated with its help for the Earth with the ocean are generally in better agreement with observations when analyzed separately than the FES2012 model results. This is especially evident at Strasbourg and Vienna sites. The analysis of difference vectors implies that FES2014 is slightly inferior to FES2012 in terms of proximity to observations. This fact still requires an explanation. However, the amplitudes of the difference vectors calculated with the FES2012 and FES2014 models usually differ by no more than a few hundredths of a percent of the tidal wave amplitudes. Such small differences can be due to a number of factors unrelated to the oceanic effect.