Tidal Swamp Research Articles

Growth and Yield of Two Paddy Varieties with Different Water Management Systems and Ameliorant on Tidal Swamps

Growth and Yield of Two Paddy Varieties with Different Water Management Systems and Ameliorant on Tidal Swamps

Hydraulic analysis of rainfall utilization on acid sulphate soil leaching in lowland irrigation Area of Unit Tamban Central Kalimantan

Unit Tamban is one of the tidal swamp irrigation areas located in the ex-PLG area, precisely in Block D of Central Kalimantan. The productivity of Unit Tamban is very low, with only one planting every year due to the low water quality in the canal and the unfinished land reclamation process. The volume of freshwater from the tide is only 229,788 m3, while the leaching of acidic sulphate soils requires 248,000 m3. Unit Tamban has a dominant hydro-topography of types B and C, so some agricultural land uses rainwater as an irrigation water supply. The study aimed to examine the effect of rain discharge on the existing irrigation network as an additional water supply in the leaching of acidic sulphate soils in the swamp irrigation area of Unit Tamban. This study used dependable rainfall for calculating rain discharge and one-dimensional hydraulic modelling using HEC-RAS. The water volume in rainy conditions can meet the needs of acid sulphate soil leaching, while there is a deficit of 7% in existing conditions. The availability of dependable rain can meet the need for acid sulphate soil leaching so that the reclamation process can run well.

Pemberdayaan Lahan dan Potensi Pertanian di Desa Batuah, Kecamatan Basarang, Kabupaten Kapuas, Kalimantan Tengah

Since 2021, the government has been developing a food estate program at the Desa Batuah, clearing many hectares of rice fields. The problems faced by the community are frequent flooding in the planting area, low pH, and attack of the plant by pests, disease, and weeds that reduce agricultural production. The purpose of community service in this activity is the Batuah Village community and Real Work Lecture-Nationality students who at that time served in Batuah Village were able to explain land empowerment and village agricultural potential and were skilled in carrying out land empowerment, overcoming the problem of nuisance organisms plants and recognize the agricultural potential in the village and then maximize its potential. Empowerment of agricultural land in Batuah Village needs to pay attention to the keys to successful management of tidal swamp land for sustainable agriculture, such as Water Management, Land arrangement, Adaptive and prospective commodity selection, and application of suitable cultivation technology. Few farmers (10%) still need to apply technology to overcome agricultural problems in Batuah Village. The community recognizes the superior potential plant of Batuah Village, such as rimbang Dayak (hairy-fruited eggplant, Solanum lasiocarpum), celery, and bamboo, but this potential has yet to be maximized. Rimbang still needs to be widely used as processed food and mostly only as vegetables for the community. The team and Real Work Lecture-Nationality students succeeded in maximizing the potential of rimbang by processing rimbang into syrup and jam to increase the economic income of the Batuah village community.

Growth, yield, and land use efficiency of soybean-maize relay cropping under saturated soil culture on tidal swamps

More than 75 percent of households growing maize and soybean adopts the monoculture method. The relay cropping of soybean-maize is a strategic choice to increase the planted area and productivity of these two commodities' sustainability in tidal swamps. The research aimed to study the land equivalent ratio (LER), determine the best planting spacing and soybean varieties, and the best relay cropping of maize on saturated soil culture in tidal swamps. The experiment was on mineral soils with type B tidal swamps, in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, from July to December 2022. The experiment used a three-factor randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was soybean varieties: Argomulyo, Gepak Kuning, Detap 1, and Demas 1, the second factor was soybean planting spacing: 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and 60 cm x 40 cm x 10 cm, and the third factor was the relay cropping of maize: 30 and 45 days after planting (DAP) of soybeans. Results showed that plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, filled pods, 100 seeds weight, and seed yield were influenced significantly by varieties. Demas 1 variety produced a higher seed yield, with relay cropping and monoculture, i.e., 4.2 tons ha-1 and 4.1 tons ha-1, respectively. Plant height, stem diameters, number of leaves, 100 grains weight, and grain yield in maize were significantly higher at soybean planting spacing of 78 cm x 15 cm x 12.5 cm and relay cropping at 30 DAP. The LER values > 1, indicated that relay cropping increased land productivity as compared to monoculture cultivation. The LER at relay cropping of 30 DAP was significantly highest for Argomulyo and Detap 1 varieties, i.e., 1.8 and 1.8, respectively.
 Keywords: Land equivalent ratio, planting spacing, relay cropping, saturated soil culture, tidal swamps

Trap Culture and Colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi from Corn Roots in Tidal Swamps Using Several Host Plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are mycorrhizal from the endomycorrhizal group. The fungi live on higher plants' roots by performing symbiotic mutualism. This study aimed to identify AMF spores after trapping in corn roots and the degree of root infection by AMF in several host plants. The study was conducted using tidal swamps soil samples taken from Mulyasari Tanjung Lago Village, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra. The experiment used a randomized block design and three replicates with four host plants as a treatment: corn, soybean, sugarcane (monoculture) and sugarcane-soybean (combination). The results showed that AMF spores found on corn roots after trapping were from the <em>Acaulospora</em> sp. and <em>Glomus</em> sp. groups. Hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules and spores are AMF structures found in the roots of host plants infected by AMF. The percentage of AMF infection in host plant roots ranged from 1.11% to 77.44% where the highest was in maize host plant roots at 77.44% in the form of internal hyphae. The maize host plant has a high potential to be colonized by AMF compared to a mixture of soybean, sugarcane and sugarcane-soybean.

APPLICATION OF THE PENMAN-MONTEITH METHOD TO DETERMINE THE CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS

Agricultural production is critical to meeting Indonesia's food demands. The water catchment area of Parit Keladi 1, located in Desa Parit Keladi, Kecamatan Sungai Kakap, Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, includes tidal swamp land that has a variety of plants. The Cropwat 8.0 Software will be used in this research to assess crop water needs. This research employs primary and secondary data, including soil samples, field cropping patterns, and plant hydration levels.The type of clay soil was silty, the field cropping pattern at the study site was paddy, and the height of the water puddle on paddy was 3 mm/day/ha, according to the findings of primary data analysis on soil sampling. The maximum water need for paddy was 5.90 mm/day/ha in March period 1, while the lowest water requirement was 0 mm/day/ha in October period 1. The maximum water need for citrus was 2.62 mm/day/ha in August for period 3, while the lowest water requirement was 0 mm/day/ha from October to December and May to June for period 1. In September Period 3, the crop water required in the Cropwat 8.0 Software was 32.2 mm/day/ha for ten days; however, the water level in the field was 3 mm/ha for one day in late September. Thus, the estimate of water demands for rice plants using the Cropwat 8.0 Program is valid.

English

Indonesia lies in a tropical climate area and depends on rainfall as the main source of irrigation. Changes in rainfall patterns and air temperature directly impact the water availability for irrigation purposes, including Danda Besar Swamp Irrigation Area (DIR). DIR Danda Besar is a tidal swamp irrigation field, but the tidal power cannot reach several areas, so it needs to use rainwater to supply water demand and becomes rainfed agriculture. The observation of changes in rainfall patterns and air temperature from 2001 to 2020 was conducted using daily TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission) data split into 2 observation periods: Period I from 2001 to 2010 and period II from 2011 to 2020. The data analysis process consists of validation and correction to the TRMM data before it is used for water balance analysis, calculation of effective rainfall for rice and evapotranspiration, and analysis of water availability and demand. From the comparison of water availability discharge between Period I (2001-2010) and Period II (2011-2020), the highest increase in mid-month water availability occured on December 1 and December 2, and the highest decrease in water availability occured on November 1 and November 2. The results of the water balance analysis are based on water demand according to the cropping scenario with two cropping scenarios. Water balance 1 has a deficit in water availability for Periods I and II; water balance 2 is recommended for cropping patterns due to climate change, so the water balance is calculated based on water availability for Period II. No water deficit in Water balance 2.

Efektivitas Tiga Isolat Trichoderma Sp. Asal Pasang Surut Dalam Mengendalikan Penyakit Moler Fusarium Oxysporum F.Sp Cepae Pada Bawang Merah (Allium Ascalonicum L.)

Moler disease in red onion caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cepae is a very dangerous disease because of its fast attack, causing plant death and resulting in crop failure. Disease control itself has various ways, namely using plant-based pesticides, biological agents, and chemicals. An alternative way of controlling moler disease is using the biological agent Trichoderma sp to reduce the risk of using chemicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of three Trichoderma sp. isolates. origin of tidal swamp land in controlling moler disease in red onion. The study used a completely randomized design consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications, resulting in 24 experimental units. The treatment consisted of T0 without Trichoderma and without Fusarium inoculation, T1 without Trichoderma and Fusarium inoculation, T2a Control using Benlate and Fusarium fungicide, T3 Trichoderma from Kaladan isolate, Kab. Tapin and Fusarium, T4 Trichoderma from runway Ulin and Fusarium isolates, T5 Trichoderma from Barambai isolate, Kab. Barito Kuala and Fusarium. The results showed that Trichoderma sp. able to suppress Fusarium wilt attack on red onion plants The highest attack intensity was found in the control treatment, namely plants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum with a value of 100%, while onion red plants treated with Trichoderma sp. able to withstand F. oxysporum attack with an attack intensity of 0. Three isolates of Trichoderma sp. namely from Kaladan, Anvil Ulin and Barambai, effectively controlling onion red moler disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.

Response of rice peat humic acid ameliorant. saturated,. soil. culture. (SSC) within tidal. swamps

Water management is the primary key to agricultural cultivation in the tidal swamps. Saturated soil culture (SSC) technology could decrease pyrite reduction more than conventional systems. The humic acid application will improve soil fertility by chelating Fe and Al. This study was conducted in the plastic house in Karya Bhakti Rantau Rasau Village Sub District Tanjabtim District Jambi Province, from March until June 2022. This study objective is to paddy response to the peat humic acid Saturated Soil Culture (SSC) within tidal swamps. This study used a design randomized. block complete with 2 factors and 4 replicates. The first factors. was a variety consisting. IR 64 and INPARA 4. The second factors was a peat humic acid concentration consisting of: without humic acid, 0,04 g/bucket, 0,08 g/bucket, and 0,12 g/bucket humic acid. Paddy was cultivated in the bucket with 10 kg of soil. Paddy cultivated tree plants per bucket. The research result showed that the INPARA 4 growth was better than IR 64. The lowest shoot Fe content was obtained on INPARA 4 variety with humic acid 0,12 g/bucket.

Growth and yield on four varieties of corn on different ameliorant combination and application system under culture of saturated soil on tidal swamp

There was research at Karya Bhakti Village. Rantau Rasau Sub District. Tanjung Jabung Timur District. Jambi Province from March until July 2022. This research used a randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications. The factor I is variety consisted of 1) Pioneer-27. 2) Bisi-18. 3) Bima-20-URI. and 4) NK-Sumo. Factor II is an ameliorant combination consisting of 1) without ameliorant. 2) oil palm empty fruit bunches compost. 3) oil palm empty fruit bunches compost + cow dung fertilizer. 4) oil palm empty fruit bunches compost + cow dung fertilizer + dolomite ). 5) Compost from oil palm fruit bunches that have been removed, cow manure fertilizer, dolomite, and rice husk ash. The application system for factor III consists of 1) disseminating to the bed surface. and 2) seed cover in the planting hole. The research result has shown that the ameliorant application did not affect the growth of corn. The corn grown in the complete ameliorant was better than without the ameliorant. The interaction between ameliorant combinations. ameliorant application. And variety affected on seed dry weight cob-1. The highest yield of corn was obtained on NK-Sumo and Bima-20-URI in the complete ameliorant with seed cover application.

The impact of water management systems and biofertilizers on soybean production in type B tidal swamp lands in Kapuas district, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Acid sulfate land is a land resource that can be optimized to achieve soybean selfsufficiency. Management of irrigation systems and the use of biological fertilizers play an important role in efforts to increase yields. This research aimed to determine the effect of biological fertilizer application and water management systems on soybean yields on tidal swamp land of overflow type B. The research was carried out on potential acid sulphate land of overflow type B using a Split Plot Design with the main plot, namely water management, namely the system management with trenches 20 cm deep and without trenches and subplots is the use of biological fertilizer, namely, Rhizobium sp., Mycorrhiza, Rhizobium sp. specific for acid land, Rhizobium sp. + Mycorrhiza. Management of water level without channels and without the addition of biological fertilizer for cultivating soybean plants in the dry season on type B tidal land is effective in maintaining soil pH that can be tolerated by soybean plants. There was no interaction and no significant effect of regulating the water level with ditches and adding biological fertilizer on the productivity of soybean plants due to rising water levels.

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Position of Traditional Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Landraces: A Case Study of South Kalimantan in Indonesia

Traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces provide many essential genes for improving yield, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and other parameters for future rice breeding. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and determine the phylogenetic position of the traditional rice landraces from the tidal swamp areas of South Kalimantan, Indonesia, compared to other rice germplasm, including wild relatives, obtained from the GenBank database, using a cpDNA-rbcL marker. In this case, six traditional rice landraces from this region were collected and analyzed molecularly using the rbcL marker and compared with 16 similar others and 25 wild relatives from the GenBank database. The genetic diversity of this germplasm was determined using the nucleotide diversity index (π), whereas the phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood with bootstrap for 1 000 replicates. The principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to confirm this grouping. Based on this marker, the traditional rice landraces have a genetic diversity of 0.38, lower than intra-species and inter-species levels, i.e., 0.44 and 0.83, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis shows that this germplasm has separated from most O. sativa rice cultivars and their wild relatives, except for the ‘GBVN’ and ‘NARC’ (comparison cultivars obtained from GenBank). This information has substantial implications for future rice breeding and conservation efforts, locally and globally.

TOLERANCE OF IRRIGATED LOWLAND RICE VARIETIES TO IRON TOXICITY UNDER NUTRIENT SOLUTION AS MEASURED BY A DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

<p class="abstrakinggris"><span lang="EN-US">Some improved irrigated lowland rice varieties are quite adaptive to tidal swamp areas where iron stress is the limiting factor of productivity. Information on irrigated rice tolerance to iron toxicity is inadequate and digital image processing for determining the level of tolerance is not available. The study aimed to evaluate tolerance of irrigated rice to iron toxicity. Ten irrigated rice varieties were used, namely Inpari 3, Inpari 19, Inpari 22, Inpari 24, Inpari 32, Inpari 42, Inpari 47, Inpari IR Nutri Zinc, Cakrabuana Agritan and Inpago 13 Fortiz. Mahsuri is tolerant and IR 64 is a sensitive check. The seedlings were planted on Yoshida agar solution using a randomized completely block design with four replications. Leaf bronzing symptoms showed that Inpari 47 was tolerant (score 2), Inpari 3 and Inpari 42 were moderately tolerant (score 4), Inpari 19 and Inpari 22 were also moderately tolerant (score 5). The bronzing symptom based on image processing has a strong correlation with visual observation, leading to propose that image processing is an alternative method to determine the bronzing symptom. Inpari 47 absorbed quite a lot of Fe with few bronzing symptoms. Inpari IR Nutri Zinc absorbed less Fe, but had more symptoms than Inpari 47. Inpari 19 had a longer shoot, while Inpari 42 and Inpari 47 had longer roots. Based on this study, Inpari 47 can be recommended for moderate iron stress-prone areas, meanwhile, Inpari 3, Inpari 42, Inpari IR Nutri Zinc, and Inpari 32 HDB for low iron stress-prone areas.</span></p>

Responses of red rice paddy under low nutrient supply in type B tidal swamp

Low soil fertility can constrain the paddy red rice yield. One of the efforts to increase paddy red rice production at the Tidal swamp area is using iron toxicity tolerant varieties. The objectives of this research were (i) to evaluate the agronomic responses of red paddy rice to low nutrient supply to determine the sensitive character and (ii) to identify the tolerant and nutrient-efficient variety under low nutrient supply in a tidal swamp area. The experiment was conducted at Tidal Swamp Area Type B, Telang Sari Village, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra Province. The experimental design was Split Plot with five replications. Nutrient supply was the main plot, and the Varieties (Inpara 7; Inpago 7, Aek Sibundong, and Telang Sari) were the subplot. The nutrient supply treatments were H1: standard fertilizer rate and H2: low nutrient supply, which is 30% of the standard rate. The results showed that Inpago 7 and Inpara 7 were potential varieties at low nutrient supply. The sensitive characteristics of the varieties evaluated were chlorophyll content, number of tillers, grain weight, and percentage of empty grain for growth and production characters.

Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk Evaluation Associated with Toxic Metals in an Impacted Mangrove Swamp in Niger Delta, Nigeria.

Anthropogenic activities along coastal areas have contributed to the unwarranted discharge of toxic metals into mangrove swamps, posing risks to marine deposits and ecological environments. In this research, we studied the Isaka−Bundu tidal swamp area in the Niger Delta, which is an impacted mangrove creek located along the Bonny river, exposed to pollution pressures. The ecological risks (Er) of toxic metals in the sediments and water of the Isaka−Bundu tidal mangrove swamp followed a decreasing order (Cu > Zn > Cd > Cu > Pb > As), according to our results, while the potential ecological risk index (PERI) of the toxic metals in the sediments and water of the Isaka−Bundu tidal mangrove swamp can be said to have a very high ecological risk (PERI ≥ 600). The sediment pollution load index (PLI) was higher than 1 in all three analyzed stations, suggesting extremely toxic pollution. The enrichment evaluation shows that the studied stations have a moderate potential ecological risk of Cd, with the enrichment value for Pb showing low potential ecological risk. Our study shows that the Isaka−Bundu tidal mangrove swamp has a significant level of toxic metal pollution, which is evidence of the illegal activities performed in the Niger Delta.

Lead Accumulation in Tidal Swamps: Case Study at Transmigration Area of South Sumatra Indonesia after 40 Years Cultivation

Lead Accumulation in Tidal Swamps: Case Study at Transmigration Area of South Sumatra Indonesia after 40 Years Cultivation

Analysis of Suspension Control Strategy of Wheel-track Composite Amphibious Vehicle Based on AMESim-Simulink

Amphibious vehicles are an important unit in amphibious transportation. However, the problem of vertical load control of amphibious vehicles on soft roads such as tidal flats and swamps still needs to be solved urgently. Based on a new configuration of wheel-track composite amphibious vehicle (W-TCAV), the coupling relationship between suspension control and vertical load on soft roads is analyzed, and its 1/8 hydraulic system of hydro-pneumatic suspensions is established; Under the condition of known vertical load distribution range, based on the AMESim-Simulink co-simulation platform, the control and tracking effects of two different control strategies are compared and analyzed. The simulation results show that compared with the PID control strategy, the effect of fuzzy PID control on the suspension hydraulic system is more desired, the control response speed to the desired vertical load is faster, and the tracking accuracy is higher. It provides a better control scheme for the suspension system and vertical load control of the W-TCAV.

Study of peat-mangrove ecosystem in East Kalimantan Province

Indonesia's peatland cover is about 11 million ha of land in tidal swamp areas and 3.9 million hectares in swamp and coastal areas. Based on these data, there are possibility interconnection between peat and mangrove ecosystems in the one landscape. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of interconnection between the peat and mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia, specifically in East Kalimantan. Vegetation characteristics such as structure and species composition will be measured, as well as soil physical characteristics including analysis of water content, bulk density, particle density and porosity. characteristics of soil chemical properties include analysis of pH, EC, ash content, bases (K, Na, Ca, Mg), micro elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn), C-total, N-total and S-total. The results obtained are East Kalimantan is located in the coastline area which is still influenced by high salinity tides. The level of species diversity and community stability in the transition area is in the low to moderate limit with a Shannon index value of 2.24. Species with high salinity tolerance dominate the transition area (true mangrove vegetation species).

Trends in vegetation and height of the topographic surface in a tidal freshwater swamp experiencing rooting zone saltwater intrusion

A decrease in the ground surface height of coastal wetlands is of worldwide concern because of its relationship to peat loss, coastal carbon, and biodiversity in freshwater wetlands. We asked if it is possible to determine indicators of impending transitions of freshwater swamps to other coastal types by examining long-term changes in the environment and vegetation. In a tidal Taxodium distichum swamp in Hickory Point State Forest, Maryland, the topographic surface height (ground surface height) decreased by as much as 25.6 ± 2.2 to 50.8 ± 3.8 cm at two Surface Elevation Tables from 2015 to 2021 following salinity intrusion events related to hurricanes and offshore storms (e.g., Hurricane Melissa). In 2019, rooting zone salinity exceeded 5 ppt for >24.9 % of the time, with a maximum salinity level of 12.5 ppt. Tree growth of T. distichum trees declined and 60 % of these trees died along a 4 m wide × 125 m transect in 2014–2016. Root biomass and ground surface height decreased roughly in conjunction with a salinity pulse in the rooting zone during Hurricane Melissa in 2019. Saplings survived but T. distichum seedlings were uncommon and did not survive in the study area. Typha × glauca increased in cover (0.2 to 5.6 % cover plot−1) from 2014 to 2016 so a vegetation shift toward T. × glauca was apparent by 2021. This work captures a multi-year trend of decreasing ground surface height, tree growth and health, and freshwater status in the rooting zone that may be an indicator of impending vegetation transition.

One-way flow system for improvement of the acid sulfate soil reclamation process in the Belanti II tidal swamp irrigation network, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Belanti II tidal irrigation network was developed in 1980 on acid sulphate soil with an area of approximately 3976 ha. Belanti II has one primary channel and several secondary channels, without any water structures that regulate the direction of flow. Two-way flow occurs in the channel, supplying fresh water from the river at high tide and flowing back into the river at low tide. This two-way flow system inhibits the leaching process of acid sulphate soil. Up to now, acid sulfate soils are still found at a depth of 50-75 cm with a pH of 2.5 ~ 3.5. A one-way flow system is expected to improve water circulation, assisted by channel rehabilitation, collector channels and water control structures. The spillway structure at the secondary channel regulates the freshwater supply at high tide and the flap gate at the end regulates the flow of water to the collector channel at low tide. Hydraulic analysis was carried out using HEC-RAS modelling. The results showed the ability of the system to supply fresh water, flushing/leaching acid sulfate water and drainage the toxic water. The effectiveness of the system is evaluated regarding the direction and the volume of freshwater flowing into the secondary channel.