Flood Tide Research Articles

Quantification, characterization, and source identification of macro- and mesoplastics in the water column of Rivers Sabaki and Tana.

Five sampling campaigns were conducted in the water columns of River Sabaki and Tana in Kenya, Between October 2021 and January 2023, covering a 1-year cycle, at four sites in River Sabaki (2.5km, 3.05km, 3.51km, and 4.52km) and River Tana (1.5km, 1.8km, 2.0km, and 2.5km) distant from the river mouth. The ebb and flood tides were sampled to calculate net plastic litter fluxes. Two 6350-µm seine nets were deployed in two replicates per sampling point. Factor and cluster analysis were used to investigate plastic litter sources for both rivers. The influences of rainfall on plastic abundance and mass were explored using permutational linear models. A total of 15,318 plastic litter items weighing 1.37kg were recorded in River Sabaki, and 3741 plastic litter items weighing 0.95kg in River Tana. The top ten captured plastic litter types sorted by abundance and mass were mostly plastic fragments. The annual net plastic litter flux to the ocean through River Sabaki amounted to 1,277,120.63 items year-1 by abundance and 22.30kgyear-1 by mass. For River Tana, the same fluxes were 207,550.76 items year-1, and 28.09kgyear-1, respectively. In River Sabaki, significant impacts of rainfall on plastic abundance and mass were found. River Sabaki's pollution sources included upstream reaches, fishing activities, and littering by locals and tourists. River Tana's major pollution sources were illegal dumpsites, littering, fishing, and recreational activities. This research can guide combat plastic pollution in the rivers and ultimately the ocean.

Assessing the health risks from flooding and chemical contamination: a scoping review

Abstract Flooding can increase the mobilization of hazardous chemicals in the environment. This scoping review provides an overview of the evidence on how flood events effect our health through chemical contamination and describes the exposure pathways to guide prevention and response measures. Flooding includes surface water flooding, coastal flooding, river flooding, storm surge, monsoon rainfall and high tide. We found 110 papers that looked at the association between flooding and chemicals in the environment, with most studies looking at heavy metals, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PAHs), and arsenic. There was a lack of information on rural populations and studies on mobilisation of pesticides. Very few studies mapped or modelled human exposures, including for high-risk populations (e.g., children), and this remains an important evidence gap. Studies considering climate change highlighted the likelihood of chemical contamination and health risks to be exacerbated. Our results highlighted new pathways by which flood events mobilise chemicals and pose risks to human health (i.e., urban runoff, industrial sources). Although found extensively in the environment, gaps were identified in the evidence for pesticides, microplastics and heavy metals. Limited studies reported response measures to address the chemical contamination linked to flooding despite the health risks likely to increase due to poor infrastructure and management measures despite the extent of contaminated land and landfill sites. A dual risk management strategy (i.e., the coordinated management of both flood-related and chemical release risks is required to address flooding events, chemical releases, and health impacts.

Impact of tidal fluctuations on bacterial community structure in Wuyuan Bay: A comparative analysis of waters inside and outside the tidal barrage.

The tidal barrage at Wuyuan Bay effectively mitigated the odor from the tidal flat during ebb tide, however, its effect on bacterial community structure in waters are still unclear. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the structure of the microbial community in waters inside and outside the tidal barrage during flood and ebb tides. Results showed bacterial diversity was higher in water outside the barrage during flood tide. The dominated species at phylum and genus levels were various in waters inside and outside the tidal barrage during flood and ebb tides. The water inside during ebb tide (E1) were dominated by two cyanobacterial genera, Cyanobium_PCC-6307 (42.90%) and Synechococcus_CC9902 (12.56%). The microbial function, such as porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthesis, were increased in E1. Norank_f__Nitriliruptoraceae was identified as differential microorganism in waters inside the barrage. Inorganic nitrogen and nonionic ammonia were significantly high in E1, and were negatively correlated with norank_f__Nitriliruptoraceae. These results suggest tidal barrage blocks water exchange, resulting in the accumulation of nutrients in Wuyuan Bay. Consequently, the environment became favorable for the growth of cyanobacteria, leading to the dominance of algae in the water inside the barrage and posing the risk of cyanobacterial bloom. Higher Nitriliruptoraceae inside the barrage might be a cue for the change of water quality.

A tale of two (Florida) cities: perceptions of flooding risk and adaptation in Tampa’s Hyde Park and Saint Augustine

AbstractSea level rise is not a problem for the future alone. It is already affecting many small to medium cities on the East Coast of the USA. These cities are adapting to their problems without sufficient help from the federal or state government. To escape the perils of short-term reactionary ad hoc measures to deal with such problems, there is a need to utilize longer-term visions and frameworks. One such approach, Adaptation Pathway Planning, requires the involvement of locally affected people. This study looks at the perceptions and preferred adaptation solutions of the residents of St. Augustine and the Hyde Park neighborhood in Tampa, FL, two cities that are already experiencing the worsening flooding effects caused by rising seas. The results show that those living in areas at higher risk, and which are already experiencing frequent tidal flooding, had a greater knowledge of this risk and a higher desire for increased action from multiple levels of government. Also, such people were more aware of what their municipalities were already doing to adapt. Finally, when faced with two different scenarios of the possible rise in sea levels by 2050, those presented with the higher scenarios were more likely to choose a wider range of adaptation countermeasures. All this indicates the need to carefully consider the awareness of residents regarding the effects of sea level rise and how long-term adaptation should be discussed with them.

Marsh topography reveals the signature of storm-surge-driven sedimentation

Salt marshes are valuable tidal landforms threatened by drowning due to increasing sea levels. Marsh accretion supported by sediment settling during repeated flooding potentially offsets the relative elevation loss. Although tidal flooding is commonly depicted as the main mechanism delivering the sediment to marshes, storm surges and waves may deeply affect tidal flow conditions and sediment reworking in shallow tidal systems, thus raising questions on the relative contribution of these processes to salt-marsh accretion. Here we show that storm surges substantially sustain the marsh sediment budget, locally contributing up to 90% of sedimentation, and critically influence depositional patterns by analyzing a 3-yr-long measurement record of sedimentation on the marshes in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). Surge-enhanced water levels promote wind-wave-driven sediment fluxes directly across the tidal flat-marsh transition, altering tidal sedimentation patterns and, thus, affecting marsh topographic elevation and morphology. By comparing sedimentation patterns and topographic profiles, we show that the signature of storm-surge sedimentation can be found in marsh topography, which we suggest therefore as an easily detectable indicator of the relative contribution of the different physical processes driving marsh vertical evolution. The comparison with other marshes worldwide, characterized by different tidal ranges and wave exposure, consistently supports the link between the salt-marsh topographic profile and the physical processes controlling marsh evolution.

The Role of Local Government and Environmental Management in Managing Tidal Floods in Bintan Regency

Indonesia is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, with tidal floods being a significant concern in Bintan Regency due to its exposure to sea tides and extreme weather events. The local government's role and environmental management strategies are crucial in mitigating these risks. This research seeks to evaluate these aspects by focusing on the measures implemented by Bintan Regency to manage tidal floods. The study employs a qualitative approach, relying on literature reviews to collect data from various sources such as scientific journals, books, research reports, and other relevant documents. This method provides a comprehensive understanding of the current practices and effectiveness of flood management and environmental management strategies in Bintan Regency. The research findings indicate that the Bintan Regency local government has undertaken significant initiatives to reduce tidal flood risks. These initiatives include spatial planning that integrates disaster risk considerations, the development of flood management infrastructure, and community education programs aimed at increasing preparedness. The effective implementation of environmental management practices, including the use of advanced technology for monitoring and evaluation, has been instrumental in these efforts. The local government’s approach reflects a proactive stance in addressing the challenges posed by tidal floods, emphasizing both preventative measures and responsive strategies. The study concludes that a holistic and sustainable approach is essential for effective tidal flood management. The integration of comprehensive spatial planning, infrastructure development, community engagement, and modern technology forms a robust framework for disaster mitigation.

The effect of abrasion on resilience of fishermen/ Fish farmer livelihoods on the North coast of central Java

Fishermen on the North Coast (Pantura) of Central Java are affected by abrasion and have decreased economically and environmentally. In this context, tidal flooding damaging ponds, mangroves, public facilities, roads, and settlements allow people in coastal area to immediately adapt to livelihoods. Therefore, this research aimed to identify resilience of fishermen/ fish farmer on Pantura coast affected by abrasion. Qualitative data analysis was carried out with a constructivist-interpretivist method to produce social realities from social construction. This research was conducted in 3 regencies between April - June 2024 in Central Java with the largest abrasion areas, namely Brebes Regency, Semarang City, and Demak Regency. The selected regencies and the 3 villages had the largest abrasion area. Snowball sampling was used to obtain 20 fishermen from each village; hence, the total number of respondents was 180. The results showed that there were 10 coping strategies applied by fishermen/ fish farmer in livelihoods to analyze with the effect of abrasion. Most fishermen/ fish farmer only apply coping strategies in relation to limited resources, skills, education and ability to take advantage of opportunities. A total of 39% respondents applied the strategy of adding other jobs outside fisheries sector. Respondents obtained additional income with a relatively low business risk compared to fisheries or marine sector. There were only 5 coping strategies used to increase livelihoods by adding other jobs outside and in fisheries sector, raising houses, installing nets and making embankments.

Morphological and geological responses of barrier estuaries to dam-opening systems

River discharge depending on the dam gate operation method is an important factor underlying changes in estuarine sedimentation dynamics, but comprehensive studies are limited by data collection constraints. The hydrological operation of Nakdong Dam, designed to prevent seawater intrusion by opening during ebb tides and heavy rains and closing during flood tides, presents an ideal setting for such investigations. This study focused on the Nakdong River Estuary (NRE), utilizing aerial photography, bathymetry data, and sedimentation rate data to determine alterations in sediment transport and deposition patterns within the two tributary estuaries. Spatial discrepancies in sedimentation patterns across the eastern and western regions of the NRE were particularly evident in the spatial variations of textural characteristics and sedimentation rates. An enhanced ebb tidal prism resulting from dam gate opening in the eastern region caused the development of erosional topography and a rough depositional environment, forming a landward migrating (transgressive) barrier island system. Conversely, the predominantly closed dam gates in the western region maintained a consistent deposition pattern due to a regular tidal prism, facilitating the formation of sedimentary topography and fine sediment deposition. Consequently, barrier islands followed a seaward building (prograding) system. Therefore, the results suggested a role of modern dam gate operation as a major sedimentation mechanism, providing valuable insights for the sustainable management of estuarine sediment environments.

Assessing the spatial variability of cage movement and velocity attenuation of an off-bottom oyster farm and its influence on eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) growth performance

The global shellfish aquaculture industry has expanded over the last seven decades. Similarly, the size of individual shellfish farming operations has grown in some states. Circulation processes in natural water bodies are dynamic and vary across multiple temporal and spatial scales. How gear installation affects the circulation of currents and waves, and subsequent phytoplankton delivery to crops within farms, is largely unknown. Documenting and understanding variability in wave and current energy within an individual farm could help optimize production. Our study sought to understand the variability in oyster growth attributable to hydrodynamic and atmospheric forcing across an active commercial shellfish aquaculture lease in the Patuxent River, Maryland. We observed a 17 % reduction in water flow downstream of the farm (rho = −0.673, p = 0.002, Spearman rank test), suggesting the bottom cages attenuated downstream current velocity during flood tides. Differences in flow speed and the movement of cages and oysters throughout the farm correlated with variances in oyster shell morphology and oyster survival while in bottom cages. Our results demonstrate the occurrence of variability in production within an individual farm location. Further, our findings suggest that insight into the spatial growth patterns across a lease can be practical for forecasting growth and quality of cultured oysters and may enable growers to strategically place oysters within their farm to improve yield and product consistency.

Influence of tidal asymmetry on local scour near the offshore platform

An in-situ mooring measurement was conducted using a profiling sound of navigation and ranging (SONAR) system to reveal the influence of tidal asymmetry on the local scour near an artificial offshore platform, Southwest Offshore Windfarm Complex, Korea. During the mooring period, the flood tide was significantly dominated by positive tidal duration asymmetry and skewness. The lengths of scour hole were 9.8m and 5.1m along the flood and ebb directions, respectively. Flood-dominated currents intensified the horseshoe vortex, resulting in an approximately 10% deeper scour hole on the flood face than the ebb face. The periodic occurrence of bidirectional currents generated vortices that facilitated the mixing and redistribution of seabed sediments, forming a gentle slope within the scour hole. The average slope angles ranged from 14° to 16° on the flood face and 6° to 8° on the ebb face. Despite the strong influence of local scour, variations in scour depth (Ds) consistently remained around −2.15m, suggesting the exposure of the underlying consolidated sediment layer. During the intermediate period from spring to neap tide, the Ds on the lower slope of scour hole increased by 0.12m, while it decreased by 0.11m from neap to spring tide, suggesting that the net Ds gradually approached zero over the tidal cycle. These findings underscore the importance of understanding tidal impacts on the local scour morphology to enhance the stability and design of offshore wind turbine foundations.

Study on the Characteristics of Tidal Current Velocity in Estuarine and Bay Areas

Abstract In estuarine and bay regions, reciprocating tidal currents frequently constitute the predominant hydrodynamic forces. Nonetheless, there exists a paucity of research concerning the hydrodynamic characteristics under intricate tidal conditions. This study employs tidal current data collected from nine sites within the Yellow River Estuary and Hangzhou Bay to examine the periodic characteristics of tidal currents, the vertical velocity distribution, and the attributes of ebb and flood peak velocities. The study revealed that the Yellow River Estuary and Hangzhou Bay predominantly exhibit nearly symmetrical reciprocating tidal currents. Nevertheless, certain regions within Hangzhou Bay also demonstrate asymmetrical tidal currents. The vertical velocity distribution throughout various phases of a single tidal cycle generally adheres to the characteristics described by the SOULSBY distribution. The peak velocities of ebb and flood tides are correlated with the rate of change in water depth (hm/tm), and an equation for calculating these peak velocities has been derived through fitting data.

Home Location Preferences in Prone Areas (Coastal Case Study of Bandar Lampung City: Bumi Waras District)

Cities are facing increasing challenges as a result of the effects of climate change. Climate change is causing changes in rainfall patterns, rising sea levels, and rising temperatures in Indonesia, resulting in tidal flooding in inundated coastal areas as well as urban infrastructure. Coastal communities in Bumi Waras district Bandar Lampung City choose to live in inappropriate informal arrangements in disaster-prone areas such as those affected by abrasion, tidal waves, and tsunamis. The population of this disaster-prone area is estimated to be 3000 people, and this number is growing every year. This research aims to discover the factors and history behind why this population continues to live in disaster-prone coastal areas. The structure equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the data in this study, with five factors and 21 variables tested. There were a total of 169 samples collected. Humans (M), with variables of biological needs (M1), perceptions and feelings (M2), emotional connections (M3), and social factors (S), with sub-variables of economy (Economics; S4), and community (S2), are the most influential factors in choosing a place to live on the coast of Bandarlampung City. In 1940, the Bumi Waras district began to develop its housing system. People live in slums due to a lack of housing, economic constraints, and the fact that immigrants do not have enough money to buy or inherit land. Keywords: Home Location preferences, Prone Areas, Structure Equation Model (SEM)

Using a multiphysics coupling-oriented flood modelling approach to assess urban flooding under various regulation scenarios combined with rainstorms and tidal effects

Climate change and rapid urbanisation have intensified urban flooding. Flood models constructed using hydrological and hydrodynamic approaches are crucial tools for simulating and regulating urban flooding processes. Urban flooding arises from the interplay of various physical processes in urban water systems, influenced by heterogeneous urban surfaces, underground structures, and intricate river networks influencing surface flow, which must be considered in flood models. For coastal cities with intricate drainage systems, the disasters of combined rainstorms and tidal flooding can be mitigated through river scheduling and real-time control of hydraulic structures. However, a lack of research on the effectiveness of flood regulations limits the application of flood models. This study proposes a flood modelling approach oriented towards the coupling of multiphysics processes, achieving a comprehensive simulation and regulation of the flood process. A surface flood control model was created by coupling hydrological and hydrodynamic processes using the Storm Water Management Model and the orthogonal storage cell model, enabled by data exchange synchronisation technology. Subsequently, the model’s accuracy was validated using observed rainstorm events, identifying drainage system overflows and land surface inundation. Finally, the developed model was applied to analyse the enhancing effect of tides on rainstorm-induced flooding and the impact of various control scenarios. This study offers theoretical direction for large-scale urban flood modelling and model development, offering significant references for revisiting urban planning and formulating flood prevention strategies under the joint impact of rainstorms and tides.

Building sustainable mitigation through adaptive green open space on tanjung mas sub district

Abstract Mitigation is a step to reduce the risk of disasters in a particular area. Tanjung Mas sub-district is an area that has a high potential for land subsidence and tidal flooding because it is located on the North Coast of Java. Temporary evacuation points are urgently needed to protect residents from the dangers of tidal floods and distribute logistics from volunteers. Based on community preferences, the Green Open Space in Tambak Lorok are used as an evacuation point for flood disasters. The green open space, which was initially used for sustainable water absorption, was converted into an evacuation point as a flood disaster mitigation measure. This research aims to measure the suitability of green open space as a temporary evacuation site. The research method used is a Space Syntax approach and qualitative description analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, almost all the requirements for evacuation places by the green open space location. It is easily accessible because it is on the primary residential route, easily accessible by vehicles, and has building structures higher than the road. However, the area of green open space still needs to be increased for the minimum standard capacity per person. Apart from that, the infrastructure to support evacuation, such as electricity, communication equipment, or rubber boats, needs to be improved. The construction of green open space as a temporary evacuation site needs to be adjusted to minimum standards and the needs of the population. It is also hoped that the development of green open space will be the responsibility of not only the government but also cooperation between stakeholders. Green open space isn’t just for environment impacts, but can also increase the community resilience.

The Integration of Structural and Non-Structural Mitigation Based on Collaborative Governance Process at Tanjung Mas Sub-District

Abstract Subsidence of land levels and rising sea levels are two impacts of climate change that influence human activities, causing tidal floods. 12th and 16th RW (neighbourhood) of Tanjung Mas Subdistrict is a coastal area with a high population density that experiences tidal floods yearly. Structural mitigation programs receive more attention than non-structural programs. The mitigation process requires collaboration between stakeholders to obtain optimal results. This research aims to develop a disaster collaborative governance framework that integrates structural and non-structural mitigation. The research method used is a mixed method with a quantitative primary approach. The results show that collaborative governance in disaster mitigation involves various stages, such as collaborative initiatives, commitment to the process, collaborative processes, and monitoring evaluation. Non-structural mitigation is the primary basis for the success of the disaster management stage, while structural mitigation plays a significant role in the recovery stage. Emphasizing the balance of the role of the hexa helix is needed to create a sustainable mitigation process.

Numerical investigation for the influence of suspended sediment on salinity distribution in the Qiantang Estuary, China

Numerous studies have demonstrated that high suspended sediment concentration (SSC) can change density distribution and affect water mixing, but few scholars have investigated this impact on numerical simulations of estuarian salinity distribution. The Qiantang Estuary is a macro-tidal estuary with high SSC, which has a more significant influence on water density than that of salinity. Therefore, this paper established a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model coupling flow, salinity and SSC based on Delft3D and first analyzes the impact of SSC on salinity distribution under different runoff and tidal conditions in the Qiantang Estuary. The results indicated that simulated salinity generally decreases when considering the impact of SSC, suggesting a weakening effect on saltwater intrusion. The distribution of salinity difference (ΔS) and SSC show a strong spatial and temporal correlation, and ΔS peak increases and shifts upstream as the tidal range increases or runoff discharge decreases. The mechanism of SSC influencing saltwater intrusion can be summarized as follows: On the one hand, SSC increases the water density, which weakens the driving force for saltwater to move upstream, causing a decrease in flood current velocity and water level, and thereby diminishing the advective transport of salinity. On the other hand, SSC enhances density stratification, which weakens vertical turbulence and reduces the dispersive transport of salinity. These combined effects reduce both the advective and diffusive salinity fluxes during the flood tide, ultimately leading to a decrease in upstream salinity. Therefore, neglecting this effect in estuaries with high SSC can cause significant deviations in salinity simulation results, especially under low-flow and high-tide conditions.

Enhancing the Capacity of Tourism Awareness Groups in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation at the Tanjung Batu Mangrove Ecotourism, Sekotong Tengah Village, West Lombok Regency

Mangrove Ecotourism in Tanjung Batu is one of the unique tourist attractions on Lombok Island, featuring a scenic 11-hectare mangrove area with dense vegetation coverage. The site is equipped with several facilities, including a 417-meter wooden bridge, several gazebos, selfie spots, a homestay, and a café. The ecotourism management is handled by the Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) of Sekotong Tengah Village. This destination is quite popular, with no fewer than 300 tourists visiting each month. However, this area is prone to climate-related disaster risks such as tidal floods, strong winds, high waves, floods, and droughts. Additionally, the ecotourism management has mainly focused on physical aspects and lacks sufficient managerial skills for implementing a sustainable governance system. The proposed solution is to strengthen the Pokdarwis management to improve ecotourism governance, optimizing its potential to deliver greater social, economic, and environmental value while contributing to climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. The conclusion from the community service activity is that to address these challenges, the community is committed to preserving the mangrove ecosystem, preventing disturbances from both internal and external factors, and managing ecotourism in a way that benefits the surrounding community by reducing climate-related disaster risks. Priority activities include mangrove rehabilitation and enrichment, beach cleanup, monthly management meetings, semi-annual evaluations, and promptly developing plans to strengthen the fishermen's economy through involvement in marine tourism packages

The tidal flood implications for territorial resilience in the coastal area of Sayung, Demak Indonesia

Tidal floods have transformed into a serious threat in the coastal area of Sayung, Demak, Indonesia. The disasters, which afflict recurrently and in the long term, will have an adverse effect on the territorial resilience of the impacted areas. Disasters constitute disruptive phenomena in the national resilience system in a broad scope. Territorial resilience is a micro form of national resilience, and hence, the study of territorial resilience is emphasized at local government levels, e.g., provincial and regency, and on all systems which become subsystems within a region. This research is aimed at analyzing tidal flood implications for territorial resilience using a qualitative method with a case-study approach. Results demonstrated that tidal floods had an implication for gatras (aspects) of national resilience. Several aspects with significant effects in the static aspect were geographic, demographic, and natural resources, while in the dynamic aspect, tidal floods impacted economic and socio cultural aspects.

Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion in Miami

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the sea level rise and coastal erosion in Miami. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Sea level rise and coastal erosion in Miami are growing environmental concerns due to the city's low elevation and proximity to the ocean. Studies have shown that rising sea levels, driven by climate change, are accelerating the erosion of Miami's coastline, threatening infrastructure, homes, and ecosystems. The increased frequency of tidal flooding and storm surges exacerbates the problem, making coastal areas more vulnerable. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resilience theory, social vulnerability theory, ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) Theory may be used to anchor future studies on sea level rise and coastal erosion in Miami. Implement local ICZM strategies that involve stakeholders in decision-making processes, ensuring that community needs are met while enhancing coastal resilience. Advocate for policies that support adaptive management practices and funding for local ICZM initiatives.

A Low-Impact Development-Based Modeling Framework for Flood Mitigation in a Coastal Community

Urbanization is known to increase the volume of stormwater runoff and peak flow rates, which leads to changes in the natural flow regime and increases the likelihood of flooding. Low-impact development (LID) practices seek to reduce runoff volume and peak flow and are generally considered to be a more sustainable solution for urban stormwater management. In this study, we present a systematic approach to address nuisance flooding issues in small cities and communities. As an application, the effectiveness of two LID practices, rain barrels and permeable pavements, were explored in mitigating the urban flooding problem of a highly urbanized small coastal watershed in Alabama, USA. The EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was first calibrated for water depth using data collected at multiple sites within the watershed during the 2014–2015 period. The calibrated model was then used to first identify the areas prone to flooding using design storms with 1, 2, 5-, 10-, 50-, and 100-year return periods. Floodplain maps were generated for those design storms with HEC-RAS. Next, LID options upstream of those flood-prone areas were assessed to potentially minimize the flooding risks. The results indicate that LID controls can have considerable benefits for stormwater management by reducing runoff volume (1–24%), peak flow rates (18–25%), and water depth (5–15%), potentially returning watersheds to their natural flow regimes, thereby minimizing the flooding risk in urbanized areas. However, the effectiveness of LIDs, especially for the runoff volume, quickly diminishes as the return periods of the storms increase. Rain barrels were identified as the most economical and effective LID within the drainage system.