Ticket Inspection Research Articles

Development and application of a substation work ticket inspection tool based on big data cloud platform

In the context of the digital transformation of the power grid, based on information data mining and information fusion technology, fully utilizing big data cloud platforms to develop and apply substation work ticket inspection tools, innovating application data scenarios in the deep implementation of safety production, solving the problems of traditional work ticket inspection content and process timeliness. Through the application of substation work ticket inspection models, it is fully verified that substation work ticket inspection tools improve inspection efficiency and quality, and play a positive role in reducing personal and equipment risks during on-site operations.

Study on departure passenger movement during security check process at airport terminal based on an improved cellular automata model

Airport security check is a crucial part of air travel, and the efficiency of this process directly impacts the overall airport experience. This article presents a study on the modelling and simulation of movement of departure passengers during security check at airport terminals, with a particular emphasis on elucidating microscopic properties such as passenger flow patterns, individual movement dynamics and especially queuing phenomena. In order to solve the unreasonable path problem caused by direct application of cellular automata model, we propose an improved cellular automata model in which a new concept of horizontal restrain floor field is innovatively introduced. Considering the factors of spatial distance, number of queuing people and potential queuing people, a checkpoint selection probability model is embedded into the CA model. The results show that the queuing behavior of passengers is influenced by various factors from three aspects: (i) selection strategy of checkpoint, (ii) spatial layout of inspection area, (iii) arrival interval and verification time. The findings of this study can be used by airport operators to have better understanding of departure passengers’ movements at a micro level, improve the efficiency of the security check process and enhance the airport experience for passengers. Some measures can be taken to reduce the queue waiting time, such as personnel guidance, information signage, planning wider entrance and more queue lanes, replacing the manual verification with ticket inspection machines and so on.

Application and realization of key technologies in China railway e-ticketing system

PurposeWith the yearly increase of mileage and passenger volume in China's high-speed railway, the problems of traditional paper railway tickets have become increasingly prominent, including complexity of business handling process, low efficiency of ticket inspection and high cost of usage and management. This paper aims to make extensive references to successful experiences of electronic ticket applications both domestically and internationally. The research on key technologies and system implementation of railway electronic ticket with Chinese characteristics has been carried out.Design/methodology/approachResearch in key technologies is conducted including synchronization technique in distributed heterogeneous database system, the grid-oriented passenger service record (PSR) data storage model, efficient access to massive PSR data under high concurrency condition, the linkage between face recognition service platforms and various terminals in large scenarios, and two-factor authentication of the e-ticket identification code based on the key and the user identity information. Focusing on the key technologies and architecture the of existing ticketing system, multiple service resources are expanded and developed such as electronic ticket clusters, PSR clusters, face recognition clusters and electronic ticket identification code clusters.FindingsThe proportion of paper ticket printed has dropped to 20%, saving more than 2 billion tickets annually since the launch of the application of E-ticketing nationwide. The average time for passengers to pass through the automatic ticket gates has decreased from 3 seconds to 1.3 seconds, significantly improving the efficiency of passenger transport organization. Meanwhile, problems of paper ticket counterfeiting, reselling and loss have been generally eliminated.Originality/valueE-ticketing has laid a technical foundation for the further development of railway passenger transport services in the direction of digitalization and intelligence.

Seamless public transport ticket inspection: Exploring users’ reaction to next-generation ticket inspection

Ticket payment and inspection are the two main dimensions of public transport (PT) ticketing for users. Both research and technological advances have focused mainly on improving the former. In contrast, this study explored users' preferences for ticket inspection options and identified some factors that influenced their likelihood of accepting “seamless ticket inspection”. The dataset is part of a two-wave survey that was collected along the Stockholm – Uppsala corridor to evaluate the Movingo integrated ticketing scheme, a smartcard and mobile phone-based multiple-county commuting ticket that applies to both intercity and intracity bus and train services across the six Mälardalen regions of Sweden. McNemar's test, one-way chi-squared goodness of fit test, multinomial and nested logit models were used to analyse the samples. The findings suggest that given five ticket inspection options, many of the respondents chose “seamless ticket inspection”. Major PT user groups such as females and young people are more likely to accept “seamless ticket inspection”. Further research is recommended on particular aspects of the envisaged “seamless ticket inspection”.

Temporal analysis of fare evasion in Transantiago: A socio-political view

Although fare evasion is a common problem in transport systems worldwide, the level of fare evasion experienced in Transantiago is considerably higher than the global average. This study aims to identify how social, political, and cultural components may affect levels of fare evasion experienced to complement and broaden the current research lines.A longitudinal econometric analysis is performed to determine the impacts of transport system variables (bus fare, ticket inspection, number of paid zones, and quality), macroeconomic variables (unemployment and informal employment), and socio-political variables (Transantiago and government approval, reference to scandals in the media, and general trust/confidence experimented at social level). Socio-political variables are included under the assumption that a negative perception regarding these variables may hinder the willingness of users to pay the transport fare.Results confirm existence of a positive autoregressive effect, suggesting a contagious effect in behaviour. An increase in level of inspection reduces fare evasion and an increase in bus fares increases fare evasion. New findings of this study include introduction of government approval and confidence/trust towards political and economic institutions and the ruling class as variables with a contrary effect towards fare evasion, i.e. a decrease in government approval and confidence/trust increases fare evasion.

Revisiting the foundations of fare evasion research

Abstract In 1986 the author wrote a paper about tax compliance that theorized that the output of tax inspectors would be constrained by the rate of evasion of tax payments. That paper was never subsequently cited in the literature on transit fare evasion, which presumed that ticket inspection had a simple unidirectional effect on evasion. This current paper argues that all subsequent models of the economic link between fare evasion and ticket inspection overlook the possibility of a bidirectional relationship between the two. The 1986 paper further argued that multiple equilibrium levels of evasion versus inspection might be found to exist, and that evasion could therefore possibly theoretically be tipped from one level to another. This current paper suggests that the periodic concentrated deployment of inspectors might be a novel enforcement strategy that takes advantage of this phenomenon. The paper concludes with suggestions for the deceptive manipulation of passengers’ perceptions of the probability of being detected as a fare evader.

Children and Their Debts: Current Situation in the Czech Republic Part Two: Specific Aspects of Debts of Children Arising from Contracts for Transportation of Persons

The paper deals with the issue of debts incurred by minors due to using public transport without a valid ticket. The authors subsequently analyse the particular legally significant facts, namely the conclusion of the contract, the ticket inspection, the imposition of the surcharge on top of the fare, the possibility of voluntary payment of the debt, and if not paid, its further increase related to filing a claim in court. Attention is also paid to the procedural aspects of these cases, where the authors point out the unsatisfactory representation of the minor in the proceedings, which in the end appears to be the main cause of the issue. The authors also draw attention to recent changes in the fare system for people aged under 26, which may also – albeit to a limited extent – contribute to reducing the frequency of this problem.

Effects of Ticket Inspection Levels: a Quasi-Experimental Approach

When introducing electronic ticketing it can be economically sensitive for bus transport companies also to introduce an honour-based ticketing which makes fare evasion an issue. In a quasi-experimental setting effects of increasing ticket inspection levels, changing the clothing of the inspectors from official to civil clothing, and varying sizes of inspection teams on different reported reasons for passengers without a ticket are analysed by means of Poisson regression. As expected higher ticket inspection levels have a decreasing effect on the share of passengers who are reported to have ‘no (validated) / valid ticket’ as well as passengers who have their ‘ticket forgotten’. A change from official to civilian clothing of the inspectors reveals higher shares of passengers with ‘no (validated) / valid ticket’ but seems to have a decreasing effect on the share of the group ‘ticket forgotten’, and the size of the inspection team reveals small but significant higher shares of both groups. Furthermore, this quasi-experiment shows that when combined the measures mentioned above lead to a substantially lower share of the group ‘ticket forgotten’ but reveals a higher share of the other group. Knowledge of the differences of the effects on the reported reasons is relevant for revenue effects as well as for comparisons of fare evasion between different public transport systems.

Design and Build an Automatic Train Passenger Ticket Inspection Management System Using RFID

Currently, public transportation is needed by Indonesian people to meet human needs for increased movement or mobility. Along with the increasing public interest in trains demanding an increase in services such as the checking system for passenger tickets still using manual system by officers by approaching passengers in each car. This is'nt efficient, so an automatic passenger ticket inspection system using RFID is required. Passenger RFID is scanned when check-in at station then the data is sent to server via nodeMCU ESP8266, the officer only checks passengers through the data display on the monitor. This system also has a Flex sensor in each seat which functions to detect seats that aren't purchased but are occupied by other passengers.The test results concluded that the reading of the RFID card against RFID reader reached distance and barrier with a thickness of 3cm, the DHT11 temperature sensor showed reading accuracy up to 96.6%, and the voltage on the flex sensor on seat 1 had average load of 2.6V, seat 2 average 2.82V, seat 3 averaged 2.84V, seat 4 averaged 2.67V, while the voltage on the flex sensor in seat 1 had an average load of 2.38V, seat 2 averaged 2.29V , seat 3 averages 2.65V, seat 4 averages 2.60V. The value of the flex sensor tension in each condition isn't the same for each seat because the surface shape and thickness of each chair are different. All systems can run properly, starting from sensor readings, transmitting data and displaying data on web.

Why do people fare evade? A global shift in fare evasion research

ABSTRACTFare evasion is a significant concern for most transit authorities. The traditional approach to fare compliance has focussed on modifying the physical control of ticketing or ticket inspection rates. Yet recently the perspective on fare evasion has begun to shift toward profiling the fare evader or understanding the customer motivations to fare evade. This paper uses a literature review method to document the characteristics of these three perspectives on fare evasion: the conventional transit system perspective, the customer profiling perspective and the customer motivations perspective. We find that the conventional transit system perspective, although straightforward to measure and control, has its limits particularly in “open” transit systems. The customer profiling perspective attempts to identify, based on demographics, which customers are more likely to fare evade. However this perspective has little use beyond profiling and is ethically questionable. The customer motivations perspective provides a richer understanding of how customers define fare evasion and what attitudes, social norms and circumstances motivates them to fare evade. Considering that between 20% and 40% of a city’s residents admit to fare evading at some point, understanding these complex motivations can help improve revenue compliance at a time when most governments heavily subsidise their transit systems.

The effects of a higher ticket inspection rate in a medium-size public transportation system

Abstract When introducing electronic ticketing it can be economically sensitive for bus transport companies to introduce an honour-based ticketing which makes fare evasion an issue. Reported reasons for passengers travelling without a ticket in a bus transport system in a city in Germany are analysed. The many different reported reasons are classified to passengers travelling with ‘no ticket’, ‘no valid ticket’, and ‘ticket forgotten’. The latter category can be linked to holders of season tickets and is not relevant for revenue effects. The effects of an increase of the ticket inspection rate which was subsequently reduced to the initial level on the rate of passengers travelling with ‘no (valid) ticket’ and ‘ticket forgotten’ was analysed by means of Poisson regression. There is a substantial decrease of passengers who were reported to have their ‘ticket forgotten’ which was not found for passengers travelling with ‘no (valid) ticket’. Further, the decrease of passengers who forgot their tickets lasted even when the ticket inspection level decreased back to the former level. Knowledge of the differences of the effects on the reported reasons are relevant for revenue effects as well as for comparisons of fare evasion between different public transport systems.

Checks and Balances: The Semiotics of Ticketing on Victorian Railways, During the 1930s and 1940s

As well as transforming the way terrestrial space was traversed, railways spearheaded texts that enabled passenger traversal of such spaces to be regulated and monitored. Among the most important of these texts was the railway ticket, which as a pre-electronic information storage device, was capable of encoding through semiotic inscription, details of a passenger’s spatial entitlements, both on and off a train. Yet curiously these facets of the ticket have not hitherto been the subjects of analysis. Through analysing the railway ticketing system of Australia’s Victorian Railways during the 1930s and 1940s and the manuals that regulated the choreography of ticket inspection and the associated performances of passengers, this article redresses this oversight. Using Foucaultian and semiotic concepts, it argues that the railways tickets of the past, like their contemporary counterparts, provide convenient and portable mechanisms for gate-keeping and calibrating mobile populations.

Decreasing fare evasion without fines? A microeconomic analysis

Fare evasion is a problem in many public transport systems around the world. Policies to reduce this problem are generally aimed at improving control systems and increasing fines for offenders. In this paper, we attempt to identify the joint impact of different variables explaining fare evasion using an econometric study. The variables found to be statistically significant are the level of inspection, the proximity to a Metro or intermodal station, the bus occupancy level, the period of the day, the geographic location and number of passengers boarding and alighting at each bus stop, among others. We propose a novel approach to perform cost-benefit evaluation in order to help authorities increase the cost-effectiveness of ticket inspection strategies on a given time horizon. We obtain new evidence that indicates that inspection strategies can be cost-effective even when evaders are not given a fine.

Passenger Journey Destination Estimation From Automated Fare Collection System Data Using Spatial Validation

A methodology for estimating the destination of passenger journeys from automated fare collection (AFC) system data is described. It proposes new spatial validation features to increase the accuracy of destination inference results and to verify key assumptions present in previous origin–destination estimation literature. The methodology applies to entry-only system configurations combined with distance-based fare structures, and it aims to enhance raw AFC system data with the destination of individual journeys. This paper describes an algorithm developed to implement the methodology and the results from its application to bus service data from Porto. The data relate to an AFC system integrated with an automatic vehicle location system that records a transaction for each passenger boarding a bus, containing attributes regarding the route, the vehicle, and the travel card used, along with the time and the location where the journey began. Some of these are recorded for the purpose of allowing onboard ticket inspection but additionally enable innovative spatial validation features introduced by the methodology. The results led to the conclusion that the methodology is effective for estimating journey destinations at the disaggregate level and identifies false positives reliably.

Analysis on E-Ticket Image Recognition Technology Based on Mobile QR Code

<p>Currently, most urban rail transits have adopted IC card technology, yet a huge amount of passengers has to wait and buy tickets in the railway stations or stations located in large-scale shopping malls. As a result, there exists potential safety hazard to the operation department. This paper proposes the electronic ticket system based on mobile 2D barcode; the ticket inspection system is able to swiftly recognize 2D barcode ticket, which is a key technology; it mainly analyzes and researches the recognition of QR Code. QR Code image is recognized and analyzed to effectively reduce recognition time and upgrade recognition rate. With the development of the technology, it is able to realize swift ticket procurement and inspection in the rail transit field. </p>

Collective public-transport tickets and anticipated majority choice: A model of student tickets

In Germany, many universities have student tickets that are bargained for between student representatives and public transport companies, approved by referendum, and mandatory for all students. They allow the use of public transport at no additional cost. I analyze such a scenario in a theoretical model as an example of a flat-rate ticket for public transport which is implemented by majority decision. The mandatory character of the ticket reduces transaction costs like marketing and ticket inspection, reducing the ticket price and thus the students’ commuting expenses. However, there is a countervailing effect. Students face and rationally expect zero marginal monetary commuting costs, so that new students choose a place of residence which is relatively far from the university. This in turn raises the equilibrium ticket price. It may even be the case that students would be better off if such a ticket had never existed. Nonetheless, they always vote for it in referenda, because accepting the high price is optimal given their place of residence. After laying out the model, I analyze an optimal policy, which consists, for example, of subsidizing student dorms at an efficient distance to the city center.

A modified model to curb fare evasion and enforce compliance: Empirical evidence and implications

Fare evasion is a major problem for transit companies due to lost fare revenues and damage to their corporate images. Therefore, the establishment and proper management of ticket inspection teams deployed to tackle fare dodgers is highly important and represents a severe challenge. In this paper, an existent profit maximization model for estimating the optimum level of inspection has been extended, calibrated, and tested in a real case, using data available from an Italian transit operator, resulting from 98days of checks and 3659 completed on-board interviews. Given the current network-wide inspection level per single verifier, and considering the level of fines currently applied, the optimal value of the total inspection rate is found to amount to 4.5%. The model provides empirical evidence towards understanding the fare evasion problem, besides highlighting the need for collaboration with the managers of the transit company. An overview of the manipulation of some control variables related to risk perception and the main implications of the findings are presented to transport companies using “honour” ticketing systems.

Unethical behavior in the field: Demographic characteristics and beliefs of the cheater

What are the individual demographic characteristics that correlate with unethical behavior? To answer this question we randomly interviewed 541 passengers who used the bus in Reggio Emilia (Italy). Exploiting the high level of fare evasion (43% without a valid ticket) we find that young individuals, males and non-European immigrants in our sample are more likely to travel without a ticket. Interestingly, traveling with other people correlates with the probability of holding a valid ticket but its effect depends on who the passenger and the others are. Finally, we find that all passengers’ beliefs on fine costs, ticket inspection frequency, and percentage of passengers without a ticket are surprisingly close to actual figures. However, cheaters perceive inspections as more frequent than those traveling with a valid ticket.

国鉄の自動出改札機器の開発

国鉄の自動出改札機器の開発