TiC Addition Research Articles

Effect of TiC addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloy fabricated by selective laser melting

FeCoCrNiMn high entropy alloy (HEA) has attracted significant interest due to its exceptional properties at both room and cryogenic temperatures; however, its relatively low yield strength limits its practical engineering applications. In this study, FeCoCrNiMn HEA composites with various TiC contents were manufactured using selective laser melting, and the effect of TiC content on their microstructures and mechanical properties was investigated. The results indicated that an energy density of 150 J/mm3 is adequate for achieving an optimal relative density of 99.0%. The TiC particles were uniformly distributed along the cellular boundaries of the FeCoCrNiMn matrix, contributing to grain refinement and significantly enhancing strength. Notably, HEA composites with 5 wt% TiC demonstrated an impressive combination of high yield strength of 725.8 MPa and excellent notch fracture toughness of 81.0 MPa·m1/2, presenting their substantial potential for engineering applications. Both experimental analysis and theoretical predictions suggested that the additional strength provided by TiC addition is mainly attributed to grain refinement, dislocation entanglement, and dispersion strengthening.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC/WC-Reinforced AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys Prepared by Laser Cladding

By employing the technology of laser cladding, AlCoCrFeNi–TiC20−x/WCx high-entropy alloy coatings (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 is the mass fraction) were fabricated on 316L stainless steel (316Lss). The effects of changes in different mass fractions on the morphology, phase composition, microstructure, microhardness, and corrosion resistance of the composite coatings were studied. This demonstrates that the addition of TiC and WC powder produces an FCC phase in the original BCC phase, the morphology and size of the coatings from top to bottom undergo some changes with x, and the grain size evolution follows a cooling rate law. The evolution of microhardness and corrosion resistance of the coatings exhibit a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with an increase in x. The coatings exhibited their best microhardness and corrosion resistance when x = 15, and their corrosion resistance and microhardness were much better than those of the substrate.

Effects of WC–10Co4Cr and TiC additions on microstructure and tribological properties of laser cladded FeMnCoCr HEA coatings

FeMnCoCr high–entropy alloy (HEA), FeMnCoCr HEA–10%(WC–10Co4Cr) and −10%TiC coatings were fabricated by laser cladding. The effects of WC–10Co4Cr and TiC on the microstructure, phases and hardness of obtained coatings were analyzed via a super depth field microscope, X–ray diffraction, and microhardness tester, respectively. The tribological properties of obtained coatings at 500 °C were investigated using a ball–on–disc wear tester, and the wear mechanism was discussed in detail. The results show that the hardness of FeMnCoCr HEA coating is increased by the WC–10Co4Cr and TiC additions, which is attributed to the solid solution strengthening effects of WC and TiC. The wear rates of FeMnCoCr HEA–10%(WC–10Co4Cr) and −10%TiC coatings are decreased compared with the FeMnCoCr HEA coating by 65.47 % and 75.58 %, respectively, showing that the TiC has better strengthening effect than the WC. After the friction test, the worn track of FeMnCoCr HEA–10%TiC coating is composed of CoSiO4, MnFeO4 and FeCr2O4 phases, which forms the oxide film to prevent the wear loss of coating. The wear mechanism of FeMnCoCr HEA coating is adhesive wear and oxidative wear, accompanied with abrasive wear; while those of FeMnCoCr HEA–10%(WC–10Co4Cr) and −10%TiC coatings are abrasive wear, adhesive wear and oxidative wear.

Phase, Microstructure and Tensile Strength of Ultrasonically Stir Casted Al6061-TiC-Graphite Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites

This study investigates the microstructural and mechanical behavior of Al6061-TiC-Graphite hybrid metal matrix composites fabricated by the ultrasonically stir casting process. The effects of TiC and graphite on the phase, microstructure, hardness, and tensile strength of the composites are evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis techniques were used to investigate the microstructure and phase composition of the composites. The results show that the addition of TiC and graphite improves the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites. The maximum hardness and tensile strength were obtained for the composite with 2[Formula: see text]wt.% TiC and 1[Formula: see text]wt.% graphite. The study provides insight into the development of advanced metal matrix composites with improved mechanical properties for potential use in various industrial applications.

Investigation on microstructure and reinforcement mechanism of the TiC-reinforced W-matrix composite prepared by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering

The W–TiC composite with low density and good mechanical properties was prepared by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering. The microstructure morphology and phase composition of the W–TiC composite were investigated. The characteristics of the interface between the second phases and the matrix were calculated and analyzed. The addition of TiC reinforcing phase significantly inhibited the growth of W grains. The reinforcing phase was distributed in long stripes in the W–TiC composite, and a variety of second phases existed in the W–TiC composite such as TiC, Ti, and W2C. First-principles calculations of three heterostructure interfaces (W–TiC, W–Ti, W–W2C) showed that the phases of W2C and Ti play a crucial role in improving interface stability and interfacial strength. The grain refinement effect and the second phase strengthening effect make the average microhardness of the W–TiC composite reach ∼958 HV, and the compressive strength at room temperature and high temperature (600 °C) are ∼2374 MPa and ∼1884 MPa, respectively. Although the compressive strength of the W–TiC composite at high temperature is ∼20.7 % lower than that at room temperature, it still shows certain thermal stability and sufficient mechanical properties.

Pulsed laser cladding on IN718 alloy using pre-coated CrCoNi-TiC/SiC powders for enhancing wear resistance

By employing a pulsed laser, laser cladding was performed on IN718 alloy pre-coated with CrCoNi-TiC/SiC powders and three defect-free coatings were prepared successfully. Microstructures of these coatings were subjected to dedicated characterization and well correlated with their surface performances (hardness/wear resistance). The CrCoNi coating was found to be predominantly composed of coarse grains. The addition of TiC and SiC powders will not only generate fine carbides dispersed in the coatings but also lead to the changes of grain and substructure morphologies through modifying the solidification thermodynamics in the cladding zone. The CrCoNi-TiC and the CrCoNi-SiC coatings have average grain sizes of 8.1 ± 7.9 μm and 6.6 ± 5.6 μm, respectively, much smaller than that of the CrCoNi coating (19.3 ± 19.2 μm), indicating effective grain refinement after incorporating such carbides. The average hardness values of CrCoNi-TiC and the CrCoNi-SiC coatings are measured as 315.9 ± 5.3 HV and 321.8 ± 8.6 HV, respectively, considerably higher than those of the CrCoNi coating (265.3 ± 6.9 HV) and the substrate (255.3 ± 4.5 HV). Both the composite coatings also have lower wear rates (6.6 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1 for the CrCoNi-TiC coating and 2.9 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1 for the CrCoNi-SiC coating) than the CrCoNi coating (9.3 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1) and the IN718 substrate (11.1 × 10−4 mm3·N−1·m−1). Based on dedicated microstructural analyses, the synergistic strengthening effects due to grain refinement, second phase particles, and solid solution of alloying elements are found to have contributed to the superior surface performances of both the composite coatings, with the SiC demonstrated to be a more effective additive.

Influence of TiC contents on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behavior of Mo–10Si–8B alloys

The microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behavior of Mo–10Si–8B-xTiC (at.%, x = 0,5,10,15) alloys fabricated via oscillatory pressure sintering are studied. The phase constitution of three TiC-added alloys is α-Mo + Mo3Si + Mo5SiB2 + Mo2C + TiC; in 15TiC alloy α-Mo phase no longer maintains its contiguity as in the other three alloys. With further TiC addition, the microhardness improves by 60–90 % (up to 1500 HV), Young's elastic modulus increases from 328 to 368 GPa, and the fracture toughness decreases from 14.23 to 10.8 MPa m1/2, accounting for the less-ductile phase and newly introduced brittle phases. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the addition of TiC reduces the oxidation resistance. For isothermal oxidation at 800, 1000, and 1200 °C, the serious oxidation occurs for all TiC-added alloys except for 15TiC alloy at 1200 °C because the oxidation sequence changes to TiC → Mo5SiB2 → Mo3Si → α-Mo. The anomalous phenomenon for 15TiC alloy at 1200 °C could be attributed to the rapid formation and cover of protective SiO2–TiO2 layer on alloy surface after the transient MoO3 volatilization.

Effects of TiC on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Behavior of E690 Steel Prepared by Laser Cladding

For this study, E690 steel claddings with different contents of TiC were prepared by laser cladding for revealing effects of TiC on microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behavior of the cladded steel. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the cladded alloys were observed and measured. The wear resistance of the cladded alloys was tested using a ball-on-disc tribometer. The experimental results showed that TiC refined the grain of the cladded alloy obviously. However, excessive TiC could lead to the network-like distribution of submicro TiC particles in the claddings. The microhardness of the cladded alloy with 1% TiC increased to 418.5 ± 10.7 HV500, and yield strength and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased by 11% and 7% compared with those of the cladded alloy without TiC. Excessive TiC decreased the tensile properties to an obvious degree. The addition of TiC improved the wear resistance of the cladded alloy significantly. When normal loads were 5 N and 10 N, the cladded alloy with 5% TiC exhibited high wear resistance, and the wear rates decreased by 59% and 78% compared with those of the cladded alloy without TiC. However, when normal load was 20 N, the cladded alloy with 1% TiC possessed superior wear resistance, and its wear rate decreased by 81% compared with that of the cladded alloy without TiC. The main wear mechanism of the cladded alloys was abrasion wear when normal load was low, but serious plastic deformation played a role in the wear process when normal load was high.

Effect of TiC Content on Microstructure and Wear Performance of 17-4PH Stainless Steel Composites Manufactured by Indirect Metal 3D Printing.

In order to improve the performance of 17-4PH under wear conditions (e.g., gears, etc.) and reduce the cost of metal additive manufacturing, TiC needs to be added to 17-4PH to improve its wear resistance. Micron-sized TiC-reinforced 17-4PH stainless steel composites with different contents (0-15 wt%) have been prepared by fused filament fabrication 3D printing for the first time. The effects of TiC content on the structure and properties of composites were studied by XRD, SEM, and sliding wear. The obtained results show that the microstructure of TiC-reinforced 17-4PH stainless steel composites mainly consists of austenite. With the increase in TiC content, the grain size is obviously refined, and the average grain size decreases from 65.58 μm to 19.41 μm. The relative densities of the composites are maintained above 95% with the addition of TiC. The interfaces between TiC particles and the 17-4PH matrix are metallurgical bonds. The hardness of the composites increases and then decreases with increasing TiC content, and the maximum hardness (434 HV) is obtained after adding 10 wt.% of TiC content. The wear rate of the composites was reduced from 2.191 × 10-5 mm3 /(N‧m) to 0.509 × 10-5 mm3 /(N‧m), which is a 3.3-fold increase in wear resistance. The COF value declines with the addition of TiC. The reasons for the significant improvement in the composites' performance are fine grain strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and second phase strengthening. The wear mechanisms are mainly abrasive and adhesive wear. Compared to the 10 wt% TiC composites, the 15 wt% TiC composites show limited improvement in wear resistance due to more microcracks and TiC agglomeration.

Fabrication of multi‐scale TiC and stainless steel composite coatings via circular oscillating laser towards superior wear and corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy

The poor wear and corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys has led to the easy failure of surface performance. In this work, composite coatings of TiC/martensitic stainless steel (TiC/MSS) on aluminum alloy are fabricated by a novel approach of circular oscillating laser for enhanced surface performance of aluminum alloys. The oscillation of laser leads to dense microstructure, and nano/micro scale TiC particles are formed simultaneously. The structure of coatings transforms from dendritic to ring-like with the addition of TiC, and the hardness of the substrate is increased by 4.5–7.8 times. The main wear form of coatings is adhesive wear. The refinement of microstructure and formation of multi-scale TiC have given rise to an increase in the resistance of the coating to plastic deformation, which reduces the degree of adhesion and improves wear resistance. Besides, the barrier effect of TiC particles to the electrolyte solution in the passive film gives rise to the drop in corrosion current density. The Cr-rich stacking faults can provide nucleation sites for the formation and growth of passive films with high continuity and stability, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the coatings. The superior anticorrosion and wear resistance properties of the composite coatings in this work have emphasized the merits of oscillating laser in fabricating high-performance coatings and would enlighten the design of more advanced composite coatings.

Effect of nano-TiC/TiB2 on recrystallization, texture and mechanical properties of Al–Cu–Li alloy during solid-solution treatment

The evolution of the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the Al–Cu–Li alloy sheets by nanoscale TiC + TiB2 ceramic particles during solid solution treatment was systematically investigated by characterization, texture measurements and mechanical performance tests. The yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of the A1 alloy with the addition of nanoscale TiC + TiB2 ceramic particles under T4P conditions were 312 MPa, 420 MPa, and 21.9%, respectively, which were 35.6%, 27.6%, and 2.8% higher than those of the A0 alloy, respectively. The recrystallization mechanism of both alloys was mainly the particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) mechanism, but the nanoscale TiC + TiB2 in the A1 alloy led to a stronger Zener dragging effect, which hindered the growth of CubeND nuclei, and P-oriented grains dominated. Thus, the A0 alloy sheet was dominated by CubeND components, while the A1 alloy sheet was dominated by P recrystallized grains, which led to the two alloy sheets showing opposite variation trends of the deep drawing properties with increasing solid solution treatment time. The short-time solid-solution process is more likely to provide better properties to the alloy with TiC + TiB2 added particles better properties in terms of various aspects, such as microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity.

Microstructural and wear characteristics of Ti6Al4V/5%TiB2 + 5%TiC composites with different sintering temperature fabricated through powder metallurgy route

The purpose of this research is to investigate the microstructural behaviour and wear resistance behaviour of hybrid composites based on Ti6Al4V and reinforced with TiB2(5%) + TiC (5%) and produced using the powder metallurgy process at various sintering temperatures. A study was done on the dry sliding behaviour of the Ti6Al4V alloy and the powder metallurgy-fabricated Ti6Al4V/5%TiB2-5%TiC composite. A pin-on-disk wear tester is used to analyse the wear and friction behaviour of TMCs under several sliding circumstances. The outcome demonstrates that titanium alloy has a significant wear rate at superior sliding speeds. With the aid of SEM morphology, EDS analysis changes in microstructural parameters as well as the wear characteristics were examined. The investigation revealed that the addition of reinforcements TiB2 and TiC with high sintering temperatures augmented the wear characteristics of the Ti6Al4V matrix.

Effects of submicron-sized TiC particles on the microstructure modification and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg alloy

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Al-7Si-0.35Mg alloy with varied amounts of submicron-sized TiC particles addition were investigated. The results indicated that the TiC addition decreased the critical undercooling for α-Al nucleation and refined secondary dendritic arms and grain sizes, meanwhile the flaky eutectic phases were modified into fibrous morphology. With increasing TiC addition, the mechanical properties of aged composites were firstly increased and decreased with further addition. The composite with 0.3 wt% TiCP exhibited the optimal combination of mechanical properties, with simultaneously enhancements in ultimate tensile strength, 0.2 % yield strength, and elongation from 293 MPa, 220 MPa, and 7.7 % to 315 MPa, 240 MPa, and 16.3 %, respectively. These improvement in mechanical properties are mainly attributed to microstructure refinement and Si phase modification due to proper TiC addition. While a high content of TiC addition caused aggregation and resulted in the formation of coarsen undissolved Al-Mg-Si-Fe phase and needle-like Al-Si-Ti intermetallic compounds, as a result, the ductility and strength were decreased.

Plastic deformation behavior and strengthening mechanism of SLM 316L reinforced by micro-TiC particles

In this work, the integrated study on the microstructure evolution, plastic deformation behavior, and strengthening mechanism of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) 316L austenitic stainless steel (ASS) reinforced with micro-TiC particles was investigated. The results indicated that there were lots of small angle grain boundaries in SLM 316L ASS, and the high dislocation density and component segregation of the cellular dislocation structure resulted in a good combination of high strength and good elongation in performance. The tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of SLM 316L ASS were 682 MPa, 571 MPa, and 49.9%, respectively. The addition of TiC reinforced particles induced microstructure evolution, including grain refinement, reduction of epitaxial columnar dendrites, reduction of low angle grain boundary (LAGB) ratio and increase of Σ3 (60°/<111>) twin boundaries. Through the effects of grain refinement strengthening, Orowan strengthening, and dislocation strengthening, SLM 316L-2TiC showed a higher tensile strength of 1021 MPa and higher yield strength of 809 MPa, while maintaining an elongation of 30.8% due to the suppression of plasticity by twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. Although nano-reinforced particles were commonly used to improve mechanical properties, in our work, we chose to add micrometer-sized TiC particles, and the strength of the SLM 316L-2TiC metallic matrix composites (MMCs) exceeded the previous reports of adding nanoparticles. The reason was that the small contact angle between TiC and 316L provides good wettability between the particles and the melt, and the selection of laser processing parameters ensures good bonding between TiC particles and the substrate.

The effect of in-situ TiB2 segregated network structure on the thermoelectric properties of spark plasma sintered B4C ceramics

Different amounts of TiC particles between 1 and 7.5 vol% were coated on spray-dried B4C granules with a simple dry particle coating method, then spark plasma sintered at 2200 °C under vacuum, forming 3D-segregated network structures (SNS) of in-situ TiB2 between 1 and 9 vol%, to improve the thermoelectric (TE) performance of B4C. With the in-situ TiB2-SNS, a maximum ZT of 8.02×10−2 was achieved with 2 vol% TiB2-SNS at 923 K by simultaneous improvement of electrical conductivity due to the electrically conductive network of TiB2 and reduction of thermal conductivity due to the increased phonon scattering, improving the ZT of monolithic B4C by an impressive ≈ 120%. Higher quantities of TiC addition proved inefficient in improving the TE performance; by forming 9 vol% TiB2, ≈ 945% increase in electrical conductivity was achieved; however, the Seebeck coefficient was affected negatively, causing a drastic decrease in the ZT value.

Corrosion and cavitation erosion behaviors of laser clad FeNiCoCr high-entropy alloy coatings with different types of TiC reinforcement

By using laser cladding (LC), high entropy alloy coatings (HEACs) with FeNiCoCr as the base material and TiC added directly (D-TiC) and in-situ (I-TiC) were created. The phase composition, microstructure, mechanical characteristics, electrochemical corrosion, and cavitation erosion behavior of HEACs were examined in relation to two TiC addition methods, and a thorough investigation of the effects of mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance on cavitation erosion behavior was conducted. Large clusters of TiC were visible in the D-TiC HEAC, in contrast to the sparse and scattered distribution of them in the I-TiC HEAC. The average grain size of the composite coating substantially fell from 25.7 μm for FeNiCoCr coating to 11.8 μm for D-TiC coating and 9.4 μm for I-TiC coating when TiC were included in the skeleton. The I-TiC composite coating precipitated by nucleation and growth with the maximum average microhardness of 440 ± 6 HV under the combined action of solid solution strengthening, fine crystal strengthening, and second phase strengthening. In 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the galvanic corrosion between TiC particles and the FCC matrix significantly weakened the corrosion resistance of the D-TiC HEAC, with the Icorr reaching 3.47 × 10−2 ± 0.8 μA/cm2. The I-TiC HEAC exhibited approximately equal corrosion resistance to FeNiCoCr with an Icorr of merely 5.92 × 10−3 ± 0.3 μA/cm2. Varying cavitation incubation periods (IPs) existed in 316 SS and HEACs at the beginning of the cavitation experiment. The mean depth of erosion rate (MDER) of FeNiCoCr, D-TiC and I-TiC coatings was 0.19 ± 0.09, 0.42 ± 0.04, and 0.15 ± 0.02 μm h−1, respectively, which was only 1/5, 1/2, and 1/6 of that of substrate (0.90 ± 0.13 μm h−1). The cavitation surface of 316 SS was full of craters and cracks without any original surface. Meanwhile, due to the weak interfacial bonding strength between TiC/HEA, the cavitation erosion morphologies of D-TiC HEAC contained spallation of large TiC particles. Attributed to its ideal mechanical and corrosion resistance, the I-TiC composite coating demonstrated the best resistance to cavitation erosion.

Trapped Fields of Hot-Pressed MgB2 for Applications in Liquid Hydrogen

The development of hydrogen energy and, in particular, high-performance submersible liquid hydrogen (LH) pumps requires superconducting bearings which can trap magnetic fields up to 1 T at 20 K. MgB <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is hence a promising candidate for this application. The superconducting properties and microstructure of differently prepared MgB <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> were compared and the ability of different composite materials to trap magnetic fields was studied. Hollow cylinders of the same geometry were manufactured from hot pressed (under 30 MPa) blocks prepared from Mg:2B with Ti, TiC and Ti-O additives as well as from melt-textured YBCO ceramics. The high critical current densities and critical magnetic fields should ensure high trapped fields in all these materials. Indeed all materials demonstrated the required performance; however, flux jumps are a serious issue in MgB <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> even in crack free cylinders and impeded higher trapped fields.

Effect of TiC Particle Size on Processing, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Inconel 718/TiC Composite Material Made by Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing

In this paper, the effect of TiC particle size on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Inconel 718/TiC composite material fabricated using binder jetting additive manufacturing was investigated. Vacuum sintering, hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment as post-processing were applied to the samples. The addition of 1 wt% micron-sized TiC to the Inconel 718 matrix resulted in a significant increase in strength and relative elongation during tensile tests at both room temperature and 700 °C. The distribution of micron-sized TiC particles in the matrix was uniform, and the MC phase precipitated after HT was located along the grain boundaries and near the micron-sized TiC particles, which contributed to the strengthening. The hardness increased insignificantly with the addition of micron-sized TiC. The nano-sized TiC particles added to the matrix were located on the surfaces of the Inconel 718 particles of the initial powders, which obstructed sintering and resulted in a porous structure and, consequently, low mechanical properties.

Influence of TiC addition on high‐temperature oxidation in rich pO2 atmosphere on Cr‐rich stainless steel

AbstractIn this study, the effect of TiC on the oxidation resistance of 304 stainless steel (304SS) at 650°C in air was investigated by examining oxidation kinetics and surface and cross‐sectional scale microstructures, in comparison with TiC‐free alloy. It was found that TiC addition deteriorated the oxidation resistance of 304SS at 650°C, in contrast with its improving effect on oxidation resistance at 850°C reported before. The variation of the TiC effect on the oxidation resistance of 304SS at different temperatures was attributed to the dual effect of TiC where the final results depended on if protective or nonprotective oxide scale formation occurred in TiC‐free 304SS materials.

Effects of TiC addition on the hot corrosion behavior of IN718 fabricated by laser direct metal deposition

The hot corrosion behavior and mechanism of the IN718 nickel-chromium alloy (Sample D1) and 1 wt % TiC-reinforced IN718 (Sample D2) fabricated by laser direct metal deposition (DMD) in a 75 wt % Na2SO4 + 25 wt % NaCl saturated mixed molten salt at 700 °C were studied. After a 100-h test, the weight loss ratio of Sample D1 was 2.4 times that of Sample D2, and the corrosion rate of Sample D1 was 1.5 times that of Sample D2. Chlorination, sulphidation, and oxidation, as well as a change in the acidity at the molten salt interface of the alloy, led to serious spalling of Sample D1. However, the addition of TiC refined the grains, resulting in rapid diffusion of Cr to the alloy surface and formation of a Cr2O3 protective layer at high temperatures. In addition, the diffusion of Ni, Fe, etc., was hindered by TiC particles inside the superalloy, which reduced the thickness of the hot corrosion product layer by about 26% and improved the hot corrosion resistance of Sample D2.