Changbai Mountain Research Articles

First record of the genus Parapyroppia Pérez-Íñigo & Subías, 1979 (Acari, Oribatida, Ceratoppiidae) from China, with description of a new species

The oribatid mite genus Parapyroppia Pérez-Íñigo & Subías, 1979 (Ceratoppiidae) is reported in China for the first time. During investigation of soil biodiversity in northeast China in 2021, a new species, Parapyroppia changbaiensis sp. nov., was found from soil and litter of north slope of Changbai Mountain in Erdaobaihe Town, Jilin Province. The main purpose of study is to describe and illustrate this new species. In addition, an updated generic diagnosis, a checklist and a key to world species of Parapyroppia are presented.

Assessing eco-environmental service quality by integrating monitoring data: A case study of Northeast China

As a pressing global concern, conducting the assessment of eco-environmental service quality is being sought via several new innovative approaches. Although existing studies do propose methods for assessing the quality of the eco-environment, they generally lack an integrated consideration of resource endowment and the contamination of eco-environmental elements. Guided by previous studies, this paper constructs an integrated index of eco-environmental service quality (ESQI) based on multi-source monitoring data in four dimensions of water, land, air, and vegetation, providing a new approach to assessing eco-environmental service quality. We quantified the ESQI of 182 counties in Northeast China and revealed its associated spatial-temporal features using mathematical methods and GIS-based spatial analysis techniques. The ESQI was empirically tested and found to be comprehensive, valid, and accurate. The results show that the ESQI in Northeast China has declined slightly overall from 2005 to 2018, with a decreasing spatial trend from north to south, and higher ESQI in the northern, eastern, border, and coastal areas. The counties with high ESQI were mostly concentrated around the Lesser Khingan Range–Changbai Mountains, while those with low ESQI were almost entirely concentrated in the central and western areas, with the greatest disparity arising among the counties in Liaoning Province. In terms of sub-environments, the quality of the vegetation environment generally improved, the quality of the land environment was unchanged, while the quality of the water and air environment decreased overall. The authors argue that more attention should be paid to gradually strengthening the construction of comprehensive eco-environmental monitoring networks in cities, counties, key townships, and villages. Specific measures should be implemented targeting those areas with varying ESQI to address their practical issues of water, land, air, and vegetation, with a view towards achieving coordinated efforts for improving the quality of eco-environment services.

Integration of Phosphoproteomics and Transcriptome Studies Reveals ABA Signaling Pathways Regulate UV-B Tolerance in Rhododendron chrysanthum Leaves.

The influence of UV-B stress on the growth, development, and metabolism of alpine plants, such as the damage to DNA macromolecules, the decline in photosynthetic rate, and changes in growth, development, and morphology cannot be ignored. As an endogenous signal molecule, ABA demonstrates a wide range of responses to UV-B radiation, low temperature, drought, and other stresses. The typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce the loss of transpiration by closing the stomata, which helps plants resist abiotic and biological stress. The Changbai Mountains have a harsh environment, with low temperatures and thin air, so Rhododendron chrysanthum (R. chrysanthum) seedlings growing in the Changbai Mountains can be an important research object. In this study, a combination of physiological, phosphorylated proteomic, and transcriptomic approaches was used to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which abiotic stress leads to the phosphorylation of proteins in the ABA signaling pathway, and thereby mitigates UV-B radiation to R. chrysanthum. The experimental results show that a total of 12,289 differentially expressed genes and 109 differentially phosphorylated proteins were detected after UV-B stress in R. chrysanthum, mainly concentrated in plant hormone signaling pathways. Plants were treated with ABA prior to exposure to UV-B stress, and the results showed that ABA mitigated stomatal changes in plants, thus confirming the key role of endogenous ABA in plant adaptation to UV-B. We present a model that suggests a multifaceted R. chrysanthum response to UV-B stress, providing a theoretical basis for further elaboration of the mechanism of ABA signal transduction regulating stomata to resist UV-B radiation.

U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of dikes in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic field (NE China) and their relations with the coeval Jingbohu and Longgang monogenetic volcanic fields

ABSTRACT The plain around the intraplate Changbaishan Tianchi volcano in NE China includes monogenetic cones whose shallowest plumbing system consists of dikes, and three main phases of activity are recognized since 2.8 Ma. The monogenetic volcanism mainly developed in the shield-forming phase (2.8–0.3 Ma), but the age and geochemical features of many of these vents remain poorly known. Here, we present geochemical, Sr‒Nd‒Pb isotopic and zircon trace element data from two dikes feeding monogenetic vents located north and northwest of the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano. Our aim is to constrain the emplacement age, the magma evolution processes, and the mantle source. We compare our results with those from the Jingbohu and Longgang monogenetic vents located north and west of the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano to investigate possible mantle heterogeneities in the recent NE China volcanism. The two Changbaishan dikes have 230Th disequilibrium-corrected ages of 1.27 and 1.00 Ma and show a basaltic composition with a potassic affinity. The Mg# values are 35.48–34.27 and 66.09–65.79. The whole-rock compositions, trace element compositions, and Sr‒Nd variations are consistent with fractional crystallization and minor contamination with lower crustal material, indicating an OIB-like mantle source with an EMI component possibly related to fluids released from the underlying Pacific flat slab. The melting depth determined from Na/Ti and Sm/Yb is between 140 and 180 km, i.e. the asthenospheric mantle. The dikes are characterized by (K2O+Na2O)/δEu, La/Ba, Ba/Nb, La/Sm, and La/Nb values similar to those of the Jingbohu and Longgang basaltic rocks. We conclude that the NE China volcanism at approximately 1 Ma was related to a single, relatively homogeneous OIB-like mantle source modified by ascending slab-derived fluids. According to the available geophysical data, the ascending magmas stopped at the mantle/lower crust interface and experienced limited crustal contamination.

An Individual Tree Segmentation Method That Combines LiDAR Data and Spectral Imagery

The dynamic monitoring of forest resources is an integral component of forest resource management and forest eco-system stability maintenance. In recent years, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) has been increasingly utilized in precision forest surveys due to its great penetrating ability and capacity to detect forest vertical structure information. However, the present airborne LiDAR data individual tree segmentation algorithms are not highly adaptable to forest types, particularly in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest zones, where the accuracy of individual tree extraction is low, and trees are incorrectly recognized and missed. In order to address these issues, in this study, spectral images and LiDAR data of a red pine conifer–broadleaf mixed forest in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve in Jilin Province were chosen, and the normalized point cloud was segmented iteratively using the distance-threshold-based individual tree segmentation method to obtain the initial segmented individual tree vertices. For individual trees with deviations in the initial vertex identification position, and unidentified individual trees, identification anchor points of real tree vertices are added within the canopy of the trees. These identification anchor points have strong position directivity in LiDAR data, which can mark the individual trees whose vertices were misidentified or missed during the initial individual tree segmentation process and identify these two tuples. The tree vertices may be inserted precisely based on the 3D shape of the individual tree point cloud, and the seed-point-based individual tree segmentation method is used to segment the normalized point cloud and finish the extraction of individual trees in red pine mixed conifer forests. The results indicate that, compared to the previous individual tree segmentation approach based on the relative spacing between individual trees, this study enhances the accuracy of individual tree segmentation from 83% to 96%. The extremely high segmentation accuracy indicates that the proposed method can accurately identify individual trees based on remote sensing techniques to segment forest individual trees, can provide a data basis for subsequent individual tree information extraction, and has great potential in practical applications.

Assessing the impacts of future urban expansion on multiple ecosystem services in the transnational area of Changbai Mountain

Introduction: An assessment of the potential impacts of future urban expansion on multiple ecosystem services (ESs) represents an essential contribution to the sustainable development of the transnational area of Changbai Mountain (TACM). However, the potential ES losses attributed to future urban expansion have been assessed in few studies.Methods: In this study, we evaluated the potential ES losses attributable to urban expansion in the TACM over the period from 2015 to 2050. To achieve this objective, we initially quantified multiple ESs (namely, food production (FP), carbon storage (CS), water retention (WR), and air purification (AP)) based on 1992 data, and subsequently simulated urban expansion from 2015 to 2050 by coupling Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios (SSPs) with the zoned Land Use Scenario Dynamics-urban model. Finally, the potential impacts of future urban expansion on ESs were evaluated on multiple scales.Results: The results indicated that during the period from 2015 to 2050, the extent of urban land will grow by between 157.59 and 517.77 km2, resulting in FP, CS, WR, and AP losses of 193.76–684.39 thousand tons, 1.47–5.24 million tons, 8.74–30.00 million tons, and 0.34–1.18 thousand tons, respectively.Discussion: The subregion falling within the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) will experience the most severe future losses of ESs, with losses of FP, CS, WR, and AP being 1.06–3.77-fold, 1.15–3.46-fold, 1.10–3.54-fold, and 1.08–3.21-fold higher, respectively than those that occurred in this subregion the period of 1992–2015. Specifically, the encroachment of new urban land onto cropland and woodland will be the main contributing factor in these future declines in ESs. Furthermore, the reductions in ESs attributable to urban expansion in this subregion will have serious effects on human wellbeing. By 2050, the loss of FP will affect approximately 9.58%–30.00% of the population. Moreover, among the residents of this subregion, the loss of AP will contribute to the need for additional expenditures of 6.63–19.81 million euros on air purification measures. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that effective policies and regulations should be implemented to promote the sustainable development of the TACM.

Study on the Source of Debris Flow in the Northern Scenic Spot of Changbai Mountain Based on Multi-Source Data

The northern scenic area of Changbai Mountain is a high-incidence area of debris flow disasters, which seriously threaten the safety of tourist’s lives and property. Monitoring debris flow and providing early warning is critical for timely avoidance. Monitoring the change of debris flow source is an effective way to predict debris flow, and the change of source can be reflected in the settlement deformation of the study area. The offset tracking technique (OT) is insensitive to the coherence of SAR images and can resist the decoherence of D-InSAR and SBSA-InSAR to a certain extent. It is a technical means for monitoring large gradient deformation. It has been widely used in the field of seismic activity, glaciers and landslides in recent years, but few scholars have applied this technique in the field of debris flow. In this paper, we use OT techniques in combination with field surveys, Google imagery and Sentinel-1 data to monitor surface deformation in the northern scenic area of Changbai Mountain in 2017 and use D-InSAR techniques to compare and complement the OT monitoring results. The results of this study show that for monitoring surface deformation in the study area after a mudslide, it is better to use both methods to determine the surface deformation in the study area rather than one, and that both methods have their own advantages and disadvantages and yet can complement each other. Finally, we have predicted the development trend of mudflows in the study area by combining the calculated single mudflow solids washout, which will help to improve the long-term monitoring and warning capability of mudflows in the study area. The study also enriches the application of offset-tracking technology and D-InSAR in the field of geohazard monitoring and provides new ideas and methods for the study of mudflow material source changes.

Patterns and drivers of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida diversity along an altitudinal gradient on the Changbai Mountain, China.

Distribution patterns of biodiversity and environmental interactions are dominant themes in ecology. In montane ecosystems, biodiversity is closely associated with altitudinal gradients. However, studies of biodiversity in montane ecosystems are focused on plants and vertebrates, with relatively less on invertebrates. Here, the present study used a Vortis arthropod suction sampler to explore the biodiversity patterns of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida and their drivers along an altitudinal gradient (600, 800, 1600, 2000, and 2300 m) from typical temperate forests, evergreen coniferous forests, subalpine birch forests to alpine tundra on the north slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. Trichoribates berlesei, Platynothrus peltifer, and Oribatula tibialis were the dominant soil surface-dwelling species on Changbai Mountain. Generally, alpha diversity and beta diversity of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida decreased with the rising altitude, with a peaking density value at 2000 m. The result of beta diversity showed that the structures of community were more influenced by the species turnover component than the nestedness component. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination showed that the community structure of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida varied significantly along the altitudinal gradient. The variance partitioning showed that the elevation and climatic conditions determined the soil surface-dwelling Oribatida community. Spatial filtering represented by geographic and elevation distances was particularly associated with soil surface-dwelling Oribatida community variation between altitudes on Changbai Mountain. However, the variation of the Oribatida community between adjacent altitudes was only associated with geographic distance. Our study provides supportive evidence for the biodiversity analyzing of soil surface-dwelling Oribatida in montane ecosystems along an altitudinal gradient.

Potential distribution of the spring ephemeral plant Adonis amurensis in Northeast China under future climate change

AbstractAdonis amurensis Regel et Radde is an early spring plant in northeastern China that has great ornamental value because it blooms before other plants have sprouted. It has not been used to its full potential due to environmental restrictions on its growth. It will be extremely important for its application to comprehend the possible habitat of A. amurensis and the critical environmental factors controlling its distribution under current and future climatic scenarios. In this work, two climate change scenarios of 2041–2060 and 2081–2100 were utilized to predict the suitable habitat of A. amurensis. The results showed that the suitable habitat was mainly distributed along the Changbai Mountains, with a total area of 303,090 km2, and the potential and high‐potential habitat area were 141,218 and 161,872 km2, respectively. In the future climate scenarios, the suitable habitat of A. amurensis was still distributed along the Changbai Mountains, but the area was reduced. In ssp126 and ssp585 scenarios of 2041–2060 and 2081–2100, the area was reduced by 7.13% and 22.34% and 18.66% and 8.09%, respectively. The reduced suitable habitat was mainly located in central Heilongjiang (southeastern Xiao Xing'an Ling), central Jilin, and northeastern Liaoning. The suitable habitat was significantly influenced by precipitation, mainly affected by annual precipitation, followed by precipitation seasonality, soil surface pH, and slope. The results of this study can serve as empirical support for the artificial cultivation, ecological restoration, and long‐term use of A. amurensis.

Temporal and spatial variations and influencing factors of gross primary productivity in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, China.

Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CNR) is a typical temperate forest ecosystem, and gross primary production (GPP) of which is closely related to topography and climate change. Research on the spatio-temporal variations and influencing factors of GPP in the CNR is of great significance for assessing growth status of vegetation and the quality of ecological environment. We calculated GPP in CNR using the vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM), and analyzed the influences of slope, altitude, temperature, precipitation, and total radiation. The results showed that the range of annual average GPP in CNR was 63-1706 g C·m-2·a-1 from 2000 to 2020 and that GPP decreased with the increases of altitude. Temperature played the most important role in driving the spatial varia-tion of GPP, with a significant positive correlation with GPP. During the study period, the overall annual GPP showed a significant increase trend in CNR, with an average annual increase of 13 g C·m-2·a-1. The areas with increase of annual GPP accounted for 79.9% of the total area, and the area proportion of annual GPP increase differed in each plant functional type. Annual precipitation was significantly negatively correlated with GPP in 43.2% of CNR, while annual mean temperature and annual total radiation were significantly positively correlated with GPP in 47.2% and 82.4% of CNR. GPP would increase continuously in CNR under the scenario of future global warming.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Northeast Asian Rove Beetle, Lordithon arcuatus (Solsky, 1871) and Performance of Site-Specific Mixture Models in Building the Mitogenomic Phylogeny of Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera)

Lordithon species are typically mushroom-dwelling rove beetles that devour maggots. This study presents the mitogenome of a Lordithon arcuatus specimen that was procured from Changbai Mountain in the Jilin Province of China. The mitogenome is 18,290 bp long and comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. The base composition of the mitogenome is as follows: A = 38.80%, T = 37.93%, G = 8.94%, and C = 14.32%. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees were constructed using 68 representative staphylinid species, which showed that Lordithon, Bolitobius, and Ischnosoma form a stable and fully supported Mycetoporinae clade, whereas there was no consensus regarding the relationships among Tachyporinae taxa. Additionally, the performance of site-specific mixture models for inferring the phylogeny of staphylinids using mitogenomic data was assessed. The results suggest that heterotachy models should be used with caution, as they may result in incorrect topology with delusive precedence in AIC- or BIC-based model selection.

Effect of elevation on composition and diversity of fungi in the rhizosphere of a population of Deyeuxia angustifolia on Changbai Mountain, northeastern China.

Soil fungi are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems and play a major role in soil biogeochemical cycling. Although the diversity and composition of fungal communities are regulated by many abiotic and biotic factors, the effect of elevation on soil fungal community diversity and composition remains largely unknown. In this study, the soil fungal composition and diversity in Deyeuxia angustifolia populations along an elevational gradient (1,690 m to 2020 m a.s.l.) were assessed, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, on the north-facing slope of the Changbai Mountain, northeastern China. Our results showed that soil physicochemical parameters changed significantly along with the elevational gradients. The Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most dominant phyla along with the gradient. Alpha diversity of soil fungi decreased significantly with elevation. Soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) was positively correlated with fungal richness and phylogenetic diversity (PD), indicating that soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) is a key soil property determining fungal community diversity. In addition to soil nitrate content, soil pH and soil moisture were the most important environmental properties determining the soil fungal diversity. Our results suggest that the elevational changes in soil physicochemical properties play a key role in shaping the community composition and diversity of soil fungi. This study will allow us to better understand the biodiversity distribution patterns of soil microorganisms in mountain ecosystems.

Hydrogeochemistry and genesis of metasilicate spring water in the Changbai Mountain volcanic area, NE China

Hydrogeochemistry and genesis of metasilicate spring water in the Changbai Mountain volcanic area, NE China

Changes in oribatid mite community structure along two altitudinal gradients in Asia and Europe as related to environmental factors

Changes in biodiversity patterns along environmental gradients are receiving increased interest in context of climate change. Altitudinal changes in the diversity of plants and above ground animals are well studied, whereas soil animals received little attention. Here, we analyzed the patterns of diversity, community structure and reproductive mode of soil-living oribatid mites along an altitudinal gradient at two mountain ranges in Eurasia (Changbai Mountain in China and the Alps in Europe) at similar latitudes and their potentially driving factors. We hypothesized that oribatid mite species richness, abundance and the frequency of parthenogenesis decrease with altitude, i.e. with abiotic conditions becoming more adverse. In addition, we hypothesized oribatid mite community composition to change with increasing altitude with the communities at high altitudes becoming more similar between the two mountain ranges. Moreover, we hypothesized that at the community level parthenogenetic reproduction is becoming less important at higher altitudes. Species abundance and richness on Changbai Mountain were generally lower than in the Alps. Abundance as well as species richness in the Alps decreased with altitude, whereas it did not change significantly on Changbai Mountain. Oribatid mite community composition differed between the two mountains, but remained more similar across altitudes on Changbai Mountain than in the Alps. The percentage of parthenogenetic individuals and species was higher on Changbai Mountain than in the Alps, but did not change with altitude at both mountains. Almost all species that overlapped between the two mountains reproduced via parthenogenesis. The observed differences were mainly due to larger temperature fluctuations and more severe frost on Changbai Mountain compared with the Alps. High frequency of parthenogenetic reproduction in species overlapping between the two mountains suggests that parthenogenetic taxa, typically characterized by generalistic genotypes, tend to have broader distribution ranges than sexual taxa.

Geographical and climate‐dependent patterns in spatial distributions of snail (Mollusca: Gastropoda) assemblages in freshwater wetlands across Northeast China

Abstract A central goal of community ecology and biogeography involves understanding the spatial patterns of organisms and their underlying mechanisms. Understanding how the structure of wetland biomes vary throughout geographical or climatic gradients has critical implications for the ecological restoration and management of wetlands. However, the geographical patterns of snails in freshwater wetlands and the relative contributions of climatic and local environment variables remain poorly elucidated. We investigated 126 freshwater wetlands across four ecoregions (Da Xing'an Mountains, Songnen Plain, Sanjiang Plain and Changbai Mountains) in Northeast China, and collected 105578 individual snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) belonging to 17 families, 34 genera and 64 species. Overall, snail richness and functional alpha diversity was higher in the wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain than the other three regions. Multivariate analyses results revealed that the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic structures of snail assemblages differed significantly across the four regions. Higher taxonomic dissimilarities, as well as functional and phylogenetic dissimilarities existed between the wetlands of the Songnen Plain and the other three regions. The variations in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic structures of snail assemblages were predominantly explained by climatic variables rather than by local environmental variables. For taxonomic structure, salinity explained the greatest variation among all variables, whereas precipitation seasonality explained the greatest variation for functional and phylogenetic structure. Considering extant patterns in assemblage structure and its predictors, aggravated salinization and seasonality of precipitation are expected to act as powerful factors shaping future assemblages. Also, climate‐related factors cause changes and spatial distribution of invertebrate assemblages of freshwater wetlands should be considered to formulate differentiated strategy for biodiversity conservation.

A novel fine-resolution snow depth retrieval model to reveal detailed spatiotemporal patterns of snow cover in Northeast China

ABSTRACT Seasonal snow cover is a key component of the global climate and hydrological system, it has drawn considerable attention under global warming conditions. Although several passive microwave (PMW) snow depth (SD) products have been developed since the 1970s, they inherit noticeable errors and uncertainties when representing spatial distributions and temporal changes of SD, especially in complex mountainous regions. In this paper, we developed a fine-resolution SD retrieval model (FSDM) using machine learning to improve SD estimation quality for Northeast China and produced a long-term, fine-resolution, daily SD dataset. The accuracies of the FSDM dataset were evaluated against in-situ SD data along with existing SD products. The results showed the FSDM dataset provided satisfactory inversion accuracy in spatiotemporal evaluation, with the root-mean-square error (RMSE), bias, and correlation coefficient (R) of 7.10 cm, −0.13 cm, and 0.60. Additionally, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations of SD in Northeast China and found that snow cover was mainly distributed in the Greater Khingan Range, Lesser Khingan Mountains, and Changbai Mountain regions. The SD exhibited high-low distribution patterns with the increased latitude. The annual mean SD slightly increased at the rate of 0.029 cm/year during 1987-2018.

Stand Structure Management and Tree Diversity Conservation Based on Using Stand Factors: A Case Study in the Longwan National Nature Reserve

The management of stand structure and the protection of species diversity are crucial to forest ecosystem service functions. Changbai Mountain is one of the three major forest regions in Northeast China, and understanding the characteristics of stand structure and the allometric relationship between stand structure variables and the correlation between stand factors and species diversity is the basis for achieving effective forest management and ecological function improvement. In this study, the typical deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of the Longwan Nature Reserve in the Changbai Mountain were taken as the research objects, and the stand structure and diversity were investigated in detail. Allometric growth equations were established using the breast height diameter (DBH), tree height, and crown width of the main dominant species. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted on the stand structure and diversity of the forest community. The experimental results showed that young forests with small diameters and small individuals were the main part of the stands. Optimal allometric growth models of the main tree species (Acer mandshuricum, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica, Juglans mandshurica, Acer mono, and Tilia amurensis) were 0.807D0.646, 0608D0.381H0.390, 0.502D0.533H0.295, 0.795D0.540H0.157, and 0.541D0.484H0.301, respectively, with R2 values ranging between 0.6 and 0.8, indicating a good fit for the models. Furthermore, tree density, crown width, and DBH were the main factors affecting tree diversity. The research results will provide theoretical support for the efficient management of forest stand structure and diversity conservation in the Longwan Reserve.

Chemical stability of carbon pool in peatlands dominated by different plant types in Jilin province (China) and its potential influencing factors

IntroductionThe peat carbon pool stores 30% of the total global soil carbon accounting for 3–4% of the global land surface. The stability of the peatland carbon pool is a key factor affecting global carbon cycling that is seriously disturbed by climate change and regional human activities. However, the impact of these factors on carbon pool stability remains poorly understood.MethodsBased on the physicochemical properties and carbon compounds of 973 peat samples from Jilin Province (China), which are widely distributed in different altitude regions of the Changbai Mountains, we investigated the stability of the carbon pool in different dominant plants and degradation types of peatlands and assessed the effects of regional environmental factors on the peatland carbon pool.Results and DiscussionOur results showed that the carbohydrate content of peat soils in different peatland types ranged from 33.2 ± 6.9% to 40.5 ± 4.8%, and the aromatic content ranged from 19.8 ± 1.2% to 22.7 ± 2.3%. Bulk density is the most important physicochemical factor, and annual average temperature is the most important environmental factor that influences carbon stability. The effects of selected environmental factors on the peatland carbon pool covered by different plants were different, and the carbon stability in shrub peatlands is more sensitive to climate characteristics than in peatlands dominated by the other two plant types. Peatland degradation decreases the carbon stability in herb and herb/shrub peatlands and increases the carbon stability in shrub peatlands, leading the peatland carbon pool to be more easily influenced by regional human activities than natural peatlands.

Application development method of sci-tech journals based on cloud platforms: Taking Changbai Mountain Academic Exchange as an example

Background: To provide an autonomous and rapid application (App) development method for science and technology (sci-tech) journals. Methods: As an example, the selection basis and technical requirements of the App cloud platform are given, and the development process of the sci-tech journal App based on the cloud platform is introduced in detail. Result: Based on the cloud platform, mobile Apps can be developed quickly without writing programs. Conclusion: The App cloud platform can break through the technical bottleneck of App development of sci-tech journals and provide a new way for the integration of sci-tech journals and new media.

A Quantitative Study on Carbon Sequestration - An Analysis of Changbai Mountain Forest Example

Climate change presents a massive threat to life as we know it. To mitigate the effects of climate change, we need to take drastic action to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere [1]. Most informed analysts now believe that the climate is warming. First, we engineer an ideal model, which the forest in the theory is a healthy, expanding forest free of fire and other natural calamities, and the plant biome remains intact. The carbon sequestration of the forest per unit area is considered to be A, implying that the total carbon sequestration of the forest is C1=A*S without any tree removal. we divide into two parts, one is exceeding cut of forests, and the other is cutting half of the forests. Then, we can calculate the total of the carbon storage. In addition, we design two specific models——the age of trees and types in Changbai Mountain forest. By using existing data, we can make several line charts, and we can know the concrete ranges, which could find the best forests' managemant. Through this way and our model, we can know what is the spectrum of management plans that your decision model may suggest? Are there any conditions which would result in a forest that should be left uncut. Are there transition points between management plans that apply to all forests? How are characteristics about a specific forest and its location used to determine transition points between management plans.