Ti Plate Research Articles

Large‐Scale Synthesis of Nanostructured Nitride Layer on Ti Plate Using Mechanical Shot Peening and Low‐Temperature Nitriding

A nanostructured nitride layer is produced on a large titanium plate using mechanical shot peening (MSP) followed by a low‐temperature gaseous nitriding method. The combined effect of the MSP and low‐temperature nitriding on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties is investigated using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, as well as hardness, wear resistance, and toughness tests. The results of the characterization are compared to a coarse‐grained specimen produced by a standard nitriding process. The results show that a nitride layer with a thickness of 10–15 µm is produced on the MSP‐treated Ti plate after nitriding at 550 °C for 5 h. The nitride layer is composed of nanostructured ϵ‐TiN and γ‐Ti2N phases with a high supersaturation of nitrogen. The nitriding kinetics is significantly enhanced by the nanocrystalline structure. The surface hardness, thickness of the hardened layer, and wear resistance of the nitrided MSP Ti plate are all enhanced relative to the coarse‐grained nitrided sample. The toughness of the nanostructured nitrides is greatly improved compared with the conventional nitrided specimen.

3D Microspheres Organized from Ni-Mo-S Nanoparticles in situ Synthesized on Porous Ti for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis

3D microspheres from the in situ synthesis, growth and organization of Ni-Mo-S nanoparticles (NPs) on porous Ti plate were obtained through a typical hydrothermal method. The Ni-Mo-S/Ti electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in strong acid electrolyte. HER occurs at the relatively low onset potential of −4mV with high current of 10mA/cm2 at low overpotential of 30mV in 0.5M H2SO4. Furthermore, the Ni-Mo-S/Ti exhibited excellent electrocatalytic stability over an extended period of 60000s without obvious current decrease observed. The multinary composition, 3D microsphere-like structure from nanoparticles, porous supporting substrate, the good conductivity of Ti and good electron transfer between electrode and catalysts, all of them are combined to contribute to the high HER electrocatalytic activity of the Ni-Mo-S/Ti. The good stability comes from the stability of catalysts and Ti themselves, and the tight contact between catalysts and supporting electrode.

Synthesis of carbon modified TiO2 nanotubes composite films by gas thermal penetration as symmetrical and binder-free electrochemical supercapacitor

In this work, we develop a novel carbon-modification method to improve the electronic conductivity and the electrochemical performances of TiO2 nanotubes electrodes for binder-free supercapacitor. The carbon modified TiO2 nanotubes (denoted as C-TNTs) is prepared by two-step process of anodic oxidation and gas thermal penetration method on a Ti plate. The structure and composition of C-TNTs was characterized by SEM, XRD, EDS, RAMAN, XPS and XANS, respectively. The electrochemical performances of C-TNTs were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charging/discharging (GCD) tests. The C-TNTs film presents almost the same morphology as TNTs film and C is successfully deposited on the film in different forms. The largest areal capacitance of C-TNTs film is 38.2 mF/cm2 at the scan rate of 10 mV/s in CV curves, and 12.10 mF/cm2 at the current density of 0.125 mA/cm2 in GCD measurements, 21.1 times than that of TNTs film. The great improvement of the capacitance can be attributed to the increase of conductivity and the pseudocapacitance effect, which corresponds to the C deposition and Ti4+ reduction into Ti3+, and the chemisorbed CO and OH on the film surface, respectively. The galvanostatic charging/discharging cycle test indicates the good stability and reversibility of C-TNTs film as the electrode material in the application of supercapacitor.

Evaluation of strategically-designed bifunctional peptide coating by QCM-D and osteoblast behaviors on titanium

Arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide is the most widely employed motif as biomimetic coating on titanium (Ti) surface to accelerate osseointegration between Ti implants and bone tissue. Ti binding motif (TBP) has the ability of specifically recognizing and binding onto Ti surface via electrostatically interaction with TiO2 layer. Here, TBP was introduced to connect RGD with different design strategies to form three chimeric dual-targeting peptides. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to monitor the real-time absorbance of these peptides on Ti plates in molecular level as well as to estimate the properties of peptide films. In addition, MC3T3-E1 cell behaviors on Ti plates coated with these peptides were evaluated in adhesion, spreading and proliferation under mechanical loading condition which simulated the Ti implants load carrying in oral cavity.

Dependence of laser ablation produced TiO2 nanoparticles on the ablation environment temperature

Effect of the temperature of water as the ablation environment on the characteristics of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by laser ablation process in water has been investigated experimentally. The fundamental wavelength of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was employed to irradiate a high purity Ti plate in distilled water at different temperatures of 0, 20, 35, 50 and 65 °C. Produced nanoparticles were diagnose by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction method, TEM, and SEM micrographs. Results show that with increasing the water temperature from 20 °C, size of nanoparticles was increased and their bandgap energy was decreased. Minimum ablation rate occured at the highest temperature. Crystalinity of produced nanoparticles also increased with increasing the temperature of water .

Mechanistic insight into oxygen evolution electrocatalysis of surface phosphate modified cobalt phosphide nanorod bundles and their superior performance for overall water splitting

We here design and fabricate a catalytic electrode by direct growth of cobalt phosphide nanorod bundles with simultaneous surface phosphate (denoted Pi) modification on Ti plate through a simple one-step low-temperature phosphorization process. When the resultant electrodes act as an electrocatalyst for alkaline water splitting, the Co-Pi/CoP/Ti exhibits the superior activity for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Co-Pi/CoP/Ti requires only 310mV to deliver a current density of 10mAcm−2 for OER catalysis, which is competitive with state-of-the-art RuO2 and superior to most of cobalt-based phosphides. Mechanistic study suggests that the Co-Pi/CoP undergoes composition and structure conversion during OER catalysis, which endows this electrode with the synergetically improved electrocatalytic OER activity. Serving as a robust bifunctional electrode in a two-electrode configuration for alkaline water electrolyzer, the Co-Pi/CoP/Ti affords current density of 10mAcm−2 by a cell voltage of only about 1.60V and maintains its stable performance for at least 24h. Even the overall water-splitting device based on Co-Pi/CoP/Ti electrodes can be powered by a 1.5V AAA battery. The present finding offers an attractive electrode for cost-effective and energy-efficient water electrolysis.

The influence of a powerful stream of deuterium ions and deuterium plasma on the structural state of the surface layer of titanium

The effect of a high-power pulsed flow of deuterium ions and deuterium plasma generated in a plasma focus setup on the surface structure of a Ti plate was investigated. It was established that, depending on the radiation-thermal conditions on the surface, three zones with different surface morphology, structure, and defects were formed in the surface layer irradiated. The peculiarities of the surface damage in the center of the irradiated region of the Ti target exposed to the most severe radiation (power density of the ion and plasma flows of q i ≈ 1011–1012 and q p ≈ 109–1010 W/cm2, respectively) were studied, as well as those for the peripheral region exposed to softer radiation.

The effect of reduced graphene oxide on MoS2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic solution

The pure MoS2 and MoS2@reduced graphene oxide were synthesized on commercially available Ti plate by one-step hydrothermal method. The hole microspheres were successfully synthesized. The resulting MoS2@reduced graphene oxide electrode on Ti plate exhibited higher catalytic activity than pure MoS2 electrode on Ti plate for hydrogen evolution reaction. In addition, the excellent cycling stability was also obtained in MoS2@reduced graphene oxide electrode on Ti plate. Such enhanced catalytic activity and excellent cycling stability occurred due to the abundance of catalytic edge sites, high specific surface area and the unique synergic effects between the MoS2 and reduced graphene oxide.

Active metal brazing of SiO2–BN ceramic and Ti plate with Ag–Cu–Ti + BN composite filler

SiO2–BN ceramic and Ti plate were joined by active brazing in vacuum with Ag–Cu–Ti+BN composite filler. The effect of BN content, brazing temperature and time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the brazed joints was investigated. The results showed that a continuous TiN–TiB2 reaction layer formed adjacent to the SiO2–BN ceramic, whose thickness played a key role in the bonding properties. Four Ti–Cu compound layers, Ti2Cu, Ti3Cu4, TiCu2 and TiCu4, were observed to border Ti substrate due to the strong affinity of Ti and Cu compared with Ag. The central part of the joint was composed of Ag matrix, over which some fine-grains distributed. The added BN particles reacted with Ti in the liquid filler to form fine TiB whiskers and TiN particles with low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), leading to the reduction of detrimental residual stress in the joint, and thus improving the joint strength. The maximum shear strength of 31MPa was obtained when 3wt% BN was added in the composite filler, which was 158% higher than that brazed with single Ag–Cu–Ti filler metal. The morphology and thickness of the reaction layer adjacent to the parent materials changed correspondingly with the increase of BN content, brazing temperature and holding time. Based on the correlation between the microstructural evolution and brazing parameters, the bonding mechanism of SiO2–BN and Ti was discussed.

Cabbage-like α-Ni(OH)2 with a good long-term cycling stability and high electrochemical performances for supercapacitor applications

Nanostructured Ni(OH)2 is a promising candidate to be used as an extrinsic pseudocapacitors material. Here, nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) was grown on the surface of a Ti plate, galvanostatically via electrodeposition method. In the electrodeposited films a stable α-Ni(OH)2 phase with particles in cabbage form and average crystallite size of 20nm is obtained. The α-Ni(OH)2 sample exhibits excellent electrochemical performance at different current densities and good cycling stability. A maximum specific capacitance of 1903Fg−1 is achieved at a current density of 1mAcm−2. The energy and power density values found are 42.31Whkg−1 and 430Wkg−1.

4-3-2 陽極酸化により作製したチタニアナノチューブ光電極触媒のSolar Hydrogen生成能(4-3 光触媒,Session 4 新エネルギー,研究発表)

4-3-2 陽極酸化により作製したチタニアナノチューブ光電極触媒のSolar Hydrogen生成能(4-3 光触媒,Session 4 新エネルギー,研究発表)

A Photocatalytic Rotating Disc Reactor with TiO₂ Nanowire Arrays Deposited for Industrial Wastewater Treatment.

A photocatalytic rotating disc reactor (PRD-reactor) with TiO2 nanowire arrays deposited on a thin Ti plate is fabricated and tested for industrial wastewater treatment. Results indicate that the PRD-reactor shows excellent decolorization capability when tested with methyl orange (>97.5%). Advanced oxidation processes (AOP), including photocatalytic oxidation and photolytic reaction, occurred during the processing. Efficiency of the AOP increases with reduction in light absorption pathlength, which enhanced the photocatalytic reaction, as well as by increasing oxygen exposure of the wastewater thin film due to the rotating disc design. It is found that, with a small dosage of hydrogen peroxide, the mineralization efficiency of industrial biodegraded wastewater can be enhanced, with a superior mineralization of >75% total organic carbon (TOC) removal. This is due to the fact that the TiO2 photocatalysis and hydrogen peroxide processes generate powerful oxidants (hydroxyl radicals) that can strongly improve photocatalytic oxidation efficiency. Application of this industrial wastewater treatment system is benefited from the TiO2 nanowire arrays, which can be fabricated by a mild solvothermal method at 80 °C and under atmospheric pressure. Similar morphologies and microstructures are found for the TiO2 nanowire arrays deposited on a large metal Ti disc, which makes the wastewater treatment process more practical and economical.

Interlaminar fracture properties of surface treated Ti-CFRP hybrid composites under long-term hygrothermal conditions

The interfaces between the composite and metal in fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are vulnerable to the attacks of moisture and heat. Two surface treatment methods are introduced to improve the interlaminar performance of the FML made of titanium alloy (Ti) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). The FML prepared using the anodized Ti plate and CF sheets grafted with multiwalled carbon nanotubes shows significantly increased interlaminar fracture toughness (1382%), compared with the FML fabricated with sandblasted Ti plate and untreated CF sheets. The exposure to long-term hygrothermal environment, i.e. 60-day immersion in simulated seawater at room temperature, reduces the performance of both treated and untreated FMLs. However, the treated maintains the improvement of interlaminar performance, and shows much higher interlaminar fracture toughness (25.5 times) than the untreated. This study provides a feasible solution to tune the interlaminar properties of the FMLs based on titanium alloy and carbon fibers for industrial applications.

Nanoporous FeP nanorods grown on Ti plate as an enhanced binder-free hydrogen evolution cathode

A porous and interconnected nanorod-like FeP structure on titanium plate has been fabricated by a simple hydrothermal method and followed by a calcination process. The nanorod is assembled by many paralleled FeP nanowires with a porous structure. With the porous surface structure of FeP nanorods and the synergetic effect from the electronic conductive Ti support, this binder-free FeP electrode brings about a desirable electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), showing a low onset overpotential of 23 mV and a small Tafel slope of 39 mV dec−1. Meanwhile, its catalytic activity could be maintained almost unchanged for at least 12 h in an acidic solution. This work provides us an effective HER electrocatalyst which can be easily produced on a large scale and at low cost.

Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Methanol with TiO2 Photoanode and Metal Cathode

This work focuses on the photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction at TiO2 photoanode and metal cathode in methanol-based electrolyte. The TiO2 nanotube photoanodes were obtained by anodization of Ti plate (30 × 20 mm) and calcination. The emphasis is placed on evaluating and comparing the current density and Faradaic efficiencies at different calcination temperatures, calcination times and cathodes (Pb and Ag). A result for calcination condition suggested that the optimum program of TiO2 photoelectrode was the calcination at 700 oC during 2 hours. The formation of carbon monoxide and methyl formate was monitored during UV radiation (365 nm) at an applied potential of 2.0 V vs. Ag QRE. The main product by photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 with Pb cathode was methyl formate whereas it with Ag cathode was carbon monoxide.

In Silico Analysis of the Biomechanical Stability of Commercially Pure Ti and Ti-15Mo Plates for the Treatment of Mandibular Angle Fracture

To investigate the influence of different materials and fixation methods on maximum principal stress (MPS) and displacement in reconstruction plates using in silico 3-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA). Computer-assisted designed (CAD) models of the mandible and teeth were constructed. Champy and AO/ASIF plates and fixation screws were designed with CAD software. 3D-FEA was performed by image-based CAE software. Maximum and minimum values of biomechanical stability, MPS, and displacement distribution were compared in Champy and AO/ASIF plates made from commercially pure titanium grade 2 (cp-Ti) and a titanium-and-molybdenum (14.47% wt) alloy (Ti-15Mo). For plates fixed on a model of a fractured left angle of the mandible, the maximum and minimum values of MPS in the cp-Ti-constructed Champy plate, upper AO/ASIF plate, and lower AO/ASIF plate were 19.5 and 20.3%, 15.2 and 25.3%, and 21.4 and 4.6% lower, respectively, than those for plates made from Ti-15Mo. In the same model, the maximum and minimum values of displacement in the cp-Ti-constructed Champy plate, upper AO/ASIF plate, and lower AO/ASIF plate were 1.6 and 3.8%, 3.1 and 2.7%, and 5.4 and 10.4% higher, respectively, than those for plates made from Ti-15Mo. This in silico 3D-FEA shows that Ti-15Mo plates have greater load-bearing capability.

Formation of TiO2 nanostructure by plasma electrolytic oxidation for Cr(VI) reduction

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is an environmentally friendly technique that allows the growth of ceramic coatings without organic solvents and non-toxic residues. This method was applied to ASME SB-265 titanium (Ti) plates (2×2×0.1cm) using voltage pulses from a switching power supply (340V) for 10 minutes at frequency of 1000Hz changing duty cycle at 10, 60 and 90% and the electrolytes were Na3PO4 and NaOH. The treated sheets surfaces were analysed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. According to the diffractograms, the duty cycle increase produces amorphous TiO2 coating on Ti sheets and the thickness increases. After sintering at 900°C during 1 hour, the 10% duty cycle generated a combination of anatase and rutile phases at the sample surface with weight percentages of 13.3 and 86.6% and particle sizes of 32.461±0.009nm and 141.14±0.03 nm, respectively. With this sample, the total reduction of hexavalent chromium was reached at 50 minutes for 1ppm solution. This photocatalytic activity was measured following the colorimetric method ASTM-3500-Cr B.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis and Hardness of Diffusion Bonded Titanium-Titanium and Titanium-Copper Plates with Static Force and without Interlayers

In the present research, commercially pure Ti (grade-2) has been diffusion bonded with Ti and Cu plate under static force without any interlayers. The diffusion bonded samples were tested for micro hardness and micro structural analysis through optical microscopy and SEM. It is found from the present investigation that the bonded zone is affected by the processing variables such as bonding time (1 - 2 h), bonding force (250 N), bonding temperature (973 - 1073 K) and surface roughness. Results of the investigation revealed that temperature range of ?973 - 1073 K along with time duration of 1 - 2 hours in vacuum has resulted in a joint having high hardness with minimum pores. Hardness of the bond depends on the grain boundary diffusion at the interface and maximum hardness was achieved in the case of Ti-Cu joints. When Ti-Cu plates were used for bonding at 973 K for 2 hours, Cu-Ti solid solution along with a zone of different intermetallics was formed in the bonded zone. However, at higher temperatures, no continuous zone of intermetallics was found in the bonded region but instead Ti-Cu solid solution appeared.

Fabrication and Water Treatment Application of High Efficient PbO<sub>2</sub> Electrode

A novel and high efficient PbO2 electrode has been fabricated in the present study for refractory wastewater treatment. The traditional Ti plate is made into honeycomb by electronic corrosion to be used as electrode basement. The novel surface topography improves the specific surface area of the electrode material and enhances the adhesion of surface coating. SnO2-Sb layer is deposited between basement and PbO2 layer which reduces the thermal stress and improve electrode life. Rare earth element La is doping into PbO2 layer to improve the lattice structure and the catalytic performance. Finally, F ion is adding into the catalytic layer to improve the smoothness of the material surface. Characterized by SEM and XRD, results showed that the electrode prepared has novel surface morphology. Pollutants degradation results and electrode life test showed that the PbO2 electrode investigated in the present study has great advantage compared with traditional electrodes and has good application prospect.

The HCF behavior and life variability of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy with transverse texture

In this study, the microtexture effect on HCF behavior of a hot-rolled Ti-64 plate was investigated. The fatigue life scatter was relatively small and the life variability exhibited a single distribution mode due to microstructural and textural effects. All samples exhibited the Stroth-type crack initiation and the number of pile-up locations between the initiation facet and surrounding propagation facets was related to the life variability. Cracks tended to initiate at the boundary of two microtextured regions (MTRs) located in sample surface area and this is likely caused by the preferred dislocation pile-up between “hard” and “soft” α grains at MTR boundary. During early facet propagation period, crack front was deflected when crossing MTR boundaries. There was no crack front deflection when striation propagation mode became dominant in the high ΔK regime. The closely orientated grains within MTRs provided an easy path for microcracks to propagate and caused the overall deterioration of fatigue properties.