Ti Band Research Articles

Genesis of Fe–Ti Oxide-Bearing Ultramafic Intrusions in the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA

Abstract The Duluth Complex is a large mafic intrusive system located in northeastern Minnesota emplaced as part of the 1.1-Ga Midcontinent Rift. Several Fe–Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions are hosted along the Western Margin of the Duluth Complex, and are discordant bodies present in a variety of geometries, hosted in multiple rock types, and dominated by peridotite, pyroxenite, and semi-massive to massive Fe–Ti oxide rock types. Their origin has been debated, and here we present geochemical evidence and modeling that supports a purely magmatic origin for the Titac and Longnose Fe–Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions. Ilmenite and titanomagnetite textures indicate a protracted cooling process, and δ34S values of sulfides reveal little assimilation of the footwall Virginia Formation, a fine-grained pelitic unit that contains sulfide-rich bands. We model the crystallization of a hypothetical parental magma composition to the host intrusion of Longnose using Rhyolite-MELTS and demonstrate that the accumulation of Fe–Ti oxides in the discordant intrusions cannot be explained by density-driven segregation of crystallized Fe–Ti oxides. Instead, we show that the development of silicate liquid immiscibility, occurring by the unmixing of the silicate melt into conjugate Si- and Fe-rich melts, can result in the effective segregation and transportation of the Fe-rich melt. The Fe-rich melt is ~2 orders of magnitude less viscous than the Si-rich melt, allowing the Fe-rich melt to be more effectively segregated and transported in the mush regime (crystallinities >50%). This suggests that viscosity, in addition to density, plays a significant role in forming the discordant Fe–Ti oxide-bearing ultramafic intrusions. We propose a genetic model that could also be responsible for the Fe–Ti oxide-rich layers or bands that are hosted within the igneous stratigraphy of mafic intrusions of the Duluth Complex.

Refinement of the crystal structure of fresnoite, Ba2TiSi2O8, from Löhley (Eifel district, Germany); Gladstone-Dale compatibility, electronic polarizability and vibrational spectroscopy of minerals and inorganic compounds with pentacoordinated TiIV and a titanyl bond.

Most known compounds with five-coordinated Ti4+ are natural and synthetic titanosilicates. The crystal structure of natural fresnoite, Ba2TiSi2O8 [tetragonal, space group P4bm, a = 8.510 (1) Å, c = 5.197 (1) Å, V = 376.4 (1) Å3, Z = 2], has been refined to R = 0.011 on the basis of 807 unique single-crystal reflections with I > 2σ(I). Titanium has fivefold coordination with one short (`titanyl') bond of 1.692 (5) Å. Bonds in the TiO5 polyhedron are discussed in comparison to analogous coordination polyhedra in other minerals and compounds. A review of all known compounds with Ti4+O5 polyhedra shows that most of them are titanosilicates in which titanium forms a short Ti-O bond (∼1.61 to ∼1.77 Å). Poor Gladstone-Dale compatibility between chemical composition, optical characteristics and density of these compounds is explained by the anomalous contribution of [5]Ti4+ to the optical properties as shown by calculations based on the relationship between electronic polarizabilities and refractive indices. An improved Gladstone-Dale coefficient of 0.29 is suggested for TiO2 with [5]Ti4+. A negative correlation between `titanyl' bond lengths and wavenumbers of the bands of Ti-O stretching vibrations (in the range of 890-830 cm-1) in infrared and Raman spectra is observed.

Study of the optical properties of TiO2 semiconductor nanoparticles synthesized using Salvia rosmarinus and its effect on photocatalytic activity

In recent years, the green synthesis of nanomaterials has gained interest as an efficient and environmentally friendly method for obtaining metal oxide nanoparticles. This work presents a study on the effect of Salvia rosmarinus extract in the optical properties and photocatalytic activity of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) synthetized through a green route. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) was used as the Ti source, while Salvia rosmarinus extract with different amounts (1%, 2%, and 4% w/v) was used as a stabilizing agent. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization shows the presence of the Ti–O–Ti band at 408 cm−1, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) results identified the crystalline structure of anatase phase TiO2 with no impurities and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed a spherical shape with agglomerations. The calculated band gap values decreased from 3.21 eV to 2.93 eV as the extract concentration increased. The NPs showed great photocatalytic activity under solar irradiation, achieving over 90% degradation for methylene blue (MB) in just 20 min. Additionally, the NPs showed great degradation of methyl orange (MO), and rhodamine B (RhB) under UV irradiation, with the best sample reaching over 90% degradation in under 60 min of exposure.

An Amalgam of Mg-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles Prepared by Sol–Gel Method for Effective Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic Activity

In this study, undoped and Magnesium doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Mg-TiO2 NPs) are successfully synthesized via a simple sol–gel method cost-effectively. The prepared Mg- TiO2 NPs is characterized by UV–Vis, FTIR, PL, XRD, FESEM, TEM, and EDAX. UV–Visible Spectroscopy showed that an increase in the optical bandgap concerning the concentration of dopant Mg increases. The bandgap values were found to be 3.57–3.54 eV. FTIR spectra shows that the presence of the characteristic stretching and bending vibrational band of Ti–O bonding at 468 cm−1 and shifts in vibrational bands were observed for Mg-TiO2 NPs. PL spectra of Mg- TiO2 NPs at different concentrations exhibit a strong UV emission band. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the tetragonal anatase phase. The average crystallite size of synthesized samples was found to be 22–19 nm. The average crystallite size of Mg- TiO2 NPs decreases with increasing the concentration of dopant Mg. The FESEM and TEM analysis confirmed that the spherical morphology for both TiO2 and Mg-TiO2 NPs. SAED pattern confirms the crystalline nature of prepared samples. EDAX spectra confirm the presence of Ti, O, and Mg and confirm that Mg2+ ions are present in the TiO2 lattices. The prepared samples were investigated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The prepared samples exhibit potent antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria than the gram-positive bacteria. The prepared samples exhibit significant photocatalytic degradation for Methylene blue (MB).

Titanium 3d ferromagnetism with perpendicular anisotropy in defective anatase

Author(s): Stiller, M; N'Diaye, AT; Ohldag, H; Barzola-Quiquia, J; Esquinazi, PD; Amelal, T; Bundesmann, C; Spemann, D; Trautmann, M; Chasse, A; Hamed, HB; Adeagbo, WA; Hergert, W | Abstract: This work focuses on the generation of ferromagnetism at the surface of anatase TiO2 films by low-energy ion irradiation. Controlled Ar+-ion irradiation resulted in a thin (∼10) nm ferromagnetic surface layer. The intrinsic origin and robustness of the magnetic order has been characterized by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism at room temperature revealing that a Ti band is spin-polarized. These results, together with density functional theory calculations, indicate that Ti vacancy-interstitial pairs are responsible for the magnetic order. Superconducting quantum interference device measurements show the existence of a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and a low remanent magnetization. Magnetic force microscopy reveals that this low remanence is due to oppositely aligned magnetic domains with magnetization vectors normal to the main surface. The weak domain-wall pinning, the magnetic anisotropy, together with the simplicity of the preparation method, open up interesting possibilities for future applications. As an example, single domain patterns of ∼1μm width and several μm length can be easily prepared.

Zinc titanate nanomaterials—photocatalytic studies and sensitization of hydantoin derivatized porphyrin dye

ZnTiO3 cubic nanomaterials were synthesized hydrothermally under surfactant free conditions, in presence of the inexpensive material urea. Calcination at 6000C yields highly crystalline hexagonal stoichiometric ZnTiO3 phase (as confirmed from powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra and Raman studies). This is in contrast to earlier reports, which said that ZnTiO3 can be synthesized at much higher temperature i.e. 9450C. Distinct signatures of Zn-O and Ti-O vibrations were manifested in the IR spectra with concomitant decrease in intensity of -NH and -CO stretching frequencies of urea. Thus urea plays a critical role in formation and stabilization of the ZnTiO3phase. The ZnTiO3 nanomaterials showed much superior photo catalytic efficiency than TiO2 nanomaterials due to enhanced electron–hole separation in the former because electrons can easily get transferred from the conduction band (CB) of Ti to CB of Zn. Surface studies indicate larger pore volume and pore diameter of the ZnTiO3 nanomaterials. The ZnTiO3 nanomaterials also get effectively sensitized by a porphyrin dye (PHy) synthesized with hydantoin anchoring groups. Electron injection rate from PHy to ZnTiO3 is much higher than from PHy to TiO2 implying the prospect of using the titanate nanomaterials as photoanode materials in dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs).

Deposition of TiO2 Thin Films on Wood Substrate by an Air Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet

In the present work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings were deposited on wood surfaces by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor to improve the wood’s stability against ultraviolet (UV) light and its moisture resistance capability. The surface topology and morphology of the wood specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface chemical compositions of the specimens were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The wettability of the coated wood was investigated by measuring the sessile contact angle. SEM and AFM showed the presence of small globules of TiO2 with some areas agglomerated on the coated wood surface. The coated surface roughness increased with increasing deposition time. FTIR analysis showed the existence of a Ti–O–Ti band at 800–400 cm−1 on the coated wood surfaces. The results obtained from FTIR were confirmed by XPS measurements. The hydrophilic wood surfaces were transformed to become hydrophobic or superhydrophobic after coating with TiO2, depending on the deposition parameters. The changes of colour during UV-exposure for both uncoated and coated wood specimens were measured using the CIELab colour system. The TiO2 coated wood became more resistant to colour change after UV radiation exposure than did untreated wood.

Expanding horizon: green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Carica papaya leaves for photocatalysis application

The present research findings introduce a green as well as facile synthesis of TiO2 NPs using Carica papaya leaf extract for the first time which has potential application as a photocatalyst. XRD analysis reveals the tetragonal crystal structure for TiO2 NPs and exposes their crystalline nature as well as anatase phase evolution. FE-SEM images elucidate the cages-like morphology and provide the diametric measurements of the spherical TiO2-NPs which are well accounted to be less than 20 nm with the help of TEM images. The average particle size is calculated and found to be 15.6 nm. FTIR spectrum shows the absorption band of Ti–O stretching mode in the fingerprint region 750 cm−1 to 650 cm−1. BET results reveal the mesoporous nature of TiO2 particles with surface area and mean pore size of 81.653 m2g−1 and 8.0615 nm, respectively. UV–visible spectrum shows a strong absorption peak at a wavelength of 303 nm and the corresponding band gap energy value is calculated and found to be 3.85 eV. Remarkable photocatalytic efficiency (91.19%) towards photodegradation of RO-4 dye is exhibited by TiO2 NPs within 180 min of incubation under UV exposure at the optimum dosage of 25 mg.

Effect of Ti doping on the crystallography, phase, surface/interface structure and optical band gap of Ga2O3 thin films

The effect of titanium (Ti) doping on the crystal structure, phase, surface/interface chemistry, microstructure and optical band gap of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) (GTO) films is reported. The Ti content was varied from 0 to ~ 5 at% in co-sputtering, using Ga2O3 ceramic and Ti metal targets, deposited GTO films produced. The sputtering power to the Ti target was varied in the range of 0–100 W, while keeping the sputtering power to Ga2O3 constant at 100 W, to produce GTO films with 0–5 at% Ti. The Ti-incorporation-induced effects were significant for the crystal structure, phase, surface/interface chemistry and morphology, which in turn induce changes in the band gap. The high-resolution core-level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm that the Ga ions exist as Ga3+ in both intrinsic Ga oxide and GTO films. However, XPS data reveal the formation of Ga2O3–TiO2 films with the presence of Ti4+ ions with increasing Ti sputtering power, i.e., higher Ti contents in GTO. Evidence for the formation of nanocrystalline Ga2O3–TiO2 films was also found in the structural analyses performed using electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Significant band gap reduction (Eg ~ 0.9 eV) occurs in GTO films with increasing Ti dopant concentration from 0 to 5 at%. A correlation between the Ti dopant concentration, surface/interface chemistry, microstructure and band gap of GTO films is established.

Synthesis, optical, and magnetic properties of six‐layered Aurivillius bismuth ferrititanate

AbstractThis work reports on the preparation, structure, photochemical, and magnetic properties of six‐layered Aurivillius bismuth ferrititanates, that is, Bi7Ti3Fe3O21, Bi7(Ti2Nb)Fe3O21+δ, and Bi7(Ti2Mg)Fe3O21−δ nanoparticles. The samples were prepared through the modified citrate complexation and precursor film process. The XRD Rietveld refinements were conducted to study the phase formations and crystal structure. The morphological and chemical component characteristics were investigated using SEM, TEM, and EDX analyses. Bi7Ti3Fe3O21, Bi7(Ti2Nb)Fe3O21+δ, and Bi7(Ti2Mg)Fe3O21−δ nanoparticles present an indirect allowed transitions with band energies of 2.04, 2.03, and 2.02 eV, respectively. The hybridized (O2p+Fet2g+Bi6s) formed the valence band (VB) and electronic components of (Ti–3d+Fe–eg) formed the conduction band (CB) of this six‐layered Aurivillius bismuth ferrititanate. The three samples showed efficient photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes with the excitation wavelength λ > 420 nm. The optical absorption, photodegradation, and magnetic abilities were improved through microstructural modification on “B” site via partial substitution of Mg2+ and Nb5+ for Ti4+. The photocatalytic results were discussed based on the layer structure and multivalent Fe ions. Fe3+/2+ in the perovskite slabs (Bi5Fe3Ti3O19)2− could act as the catalytic mediators in the photocatalysis process. As a photocatalyst, Aurivillius Bi7(Ti2Mg)Fe3O21−δ nanoparticle is advantageous due to its photocatalytic and magnetically recoverable abilities.

Controlling Topological States in Topological/Normal Insulator Heterostructures.

We have performed a systematic investigation of the nature of the nontrivial interface states in topological/normal insulator (TI/NI) heterostructures. On the basis of first principles and a recently developed scheme to construct ab initio effective Hamiltonian matrices from density functional theory calculations, we studied systems of realistic sizes with high accuracy and control over the relevant parameters such as TI and NI band alignment, NI gap, and spin–orbit coupling strength. Our results for IV–VI compounds show the interface gap tunability by appropriately controlling the NI thickness, which can be explored for device design. Also, we verified the preservation of an in-plane spin texture in the interface-gaped topological states.

High figure of merit magneto-optics from interfacial skyrmions on topological insulators

In the Kerr rotation geometry, magneto-optic memory devices typically suffer from low figure-of-merit (FOM) and long write times. We show that skyrmions formed at the interface of a thin-film multiferroic and a topological insulator can give rise to high FOM magneto-optic Kerr effects (MOKEs). Huge differential MOKE can arise in parts of the phase diagram. Resonancelike features in the MOKE spectra arising from the induced low energy TI band gap, the multiferroic-film thickness, and the high energy Drude-like behavior are resolved and explained. The Fermi level dependence of the MOKE signatures is distinct for the different magnetic textures. This has broad implications for magnetic texture characterization, electro-optic modulators and isolators, and high density magnetic optic memory.

Exciton-phonon cooperative mechanism of the triple- q charge-density-wave and antiferroelectric electron polarization in TiSe2

We investigate the microscopic mechanisms of the charge-density-wave (CDW) formation in a monolayer TiSe$_2$ using a realistic multiorbital $d$-$p$ model with electron-phonon coupling and intersite Coulomb (excitonic) interactions. First, we estimate the tight-binding bands of Ti $3d$ and Se $4p$ orbitals in the monolayer TiSe$_2$ on the basis of the first-principles band structure calculations. We thereby show orbital textures of the undistorted band structure near the Fermi level. Next, we derive the electron-phonon coupling using the tight-binding approximation and show that the softening occurs in the transverse phonon mode at the M point of the Brillouin zone. The stability of the triple-$q$ CDW state is thus examined to show that the transverse phonon modes at the M$_1$, M$_2$, and M$_3$ points are frozen simultaneously. Then, we introduce the intersite Coulomb interactions between the nearest-neighbor Ti and Se atoms that lead to the excitonic instability between the valence Se $4p$ and conduction Ti $3d$ bands. Treating the intersite Coulomb interactions in the mean-field approximation, we show that the electron-phonon and excitonic interactions cooperatively stabilize the triple-$q$ CDW state in TiSe$_2$. We also calculate a single-particle spectrum in the CDW state and reproduce the band folding spectra observed in photoemission spectroscopies. Finally, to clarify the nature of the CDW state, we examine the electronic charge density distribution and show that the CDW state in TiSe$_2$ is of a bond-type and induces a vortex-like antiferroelectric polarization in the kagome network of Ti atoms.

Sol–Gel Dip Coating Method Synthesis of Mn-Doped Titanium Dioxide Thin Films

Undoped and Mn-doped TiO2 thin films have been prepared by sol–gel dip-coating technique on glass and silicon substrates. X-ray diffraction studies showed that both TiO2 and Mn-doped TiO2 thin films are of anatase phase with (101) as preferential orientation. All films exhibit high transparency ([Formula: see text]80%) over the visible range. The optical bandgap decreases from 3.66[Formula: see text]eV to 3.52[Formula: see text]eV due to the extent of electronic states introduced by doping. Infrared transmission spectra showed Ti–O (625[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) and Ti–O–Ti (495–436[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]) bands. Thermal analysis revealed endothermic reactions between 94∘C and 110∘C and exothermic reactions between 406∘C and 443∘C. The Nyquist plots depicted that equivalent circuit of the films is an [Formula: see text] parallel. The resistance [Formula: see text] decreases while the capacitance [Formula: see text] increases with Mn-doping.

Effects of B site doping on electronic structures of InNbO4 based on hybrid density functional calculations

In order to improve the photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation, we adopted first principle calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) to calculate the electronic structures of B site transition metal element doped InNbO4. The results indicated that the complete hybridization of Nb 4d states and some Ti 3d states contributed to the new conduction band of Ti doped InNbO4, barely changing the position of band edge. For Cr doping, some localized Cr 3d states were introduced into the band gap. Nonetheless, the potential of localized levels was too positive to cause visible-light reaction. When it came to Cu doping, the band gap was almost same with that of InNbO4 as well as some localized Cu 3d states appeared above the top of VB. The introduction of localized energy levels benefited electrons to migrate from valence band (VB) to conduction band (CB) by absorbing lower energy photons, realizing visible-light response.

Realizing topological surface states in a lower-dimensional flat band

The anomalous surface states of symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases are usually thought to be only possible in conjunction with the higher dimensional topological bulk. However, it has recently been realized that a class of anomalous SPT surface states can be realized in the same dimension if symmetries are allowed to act in a nonlocal fashion. An example is the particle-hole symmetric half filled Landau level, which effectively realizes the anomalous surface state of a 3D chiral Topological Insulator (class AIII). A dual description in terms of Dirac composite fermions has also been discussed. Here we explore generalizations of these constructions to multicomponent quantum Hall states. Our results include a duality mapping of the bilayer case to composite bosons with Kramers degeneracy and the possibility of a particle hole symmetric integer quantum Hall state when the number of components is a multiple of eight. Next, we make a further extension by half filling other classes of topological bands and imposing particle hole symmetry. When applied to time-reversal invariant topological insulators we realize a different chiral class (CII) topological surface state. Notably, half-filling a 3D TI band allows for the realization of the surface of the otherwise inaccessible 4D topological insulator, which supports an anomalous 3D Dirac cone. Surface topological orders equivalent to the 3D Dirac cone (from the global anomaly standpoint) are constructed and connections to Witten's SU(2) anomaly are made. These observations may also be useful for numerical simulations of topological surface states and of Dirac fermions without fermion doubling.

Characterization of titania thin films grown by dip-coating technique

A dip-coating technique was employed to prepare anatase phase of titania thin films. Fluorine doped tin oxide substrates were used to prepare titania thin films. The samples were annealed at 550 °C for 18 h. X-ray diffraction results revealed the amorphous and anatase phases of TiO2 for as-synthesized and annealed samples, respectively. The crystallite size of anatase TiO2 thin films was almost 25 nm for annealed samples. UV–visible confirmed the energy band gap 3.86 and 3.64 eV for as-prepared and calcinated titania thin films. The reduction in the energy band gap could be due to the change in crystallization and agglomeration of small grains after calcination. The morphology of the prepared films was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy which demonstrated the agglomeration of spherical particles of TiO2 with average particle size of about 30 nm. The molecular properties (chemical bonding) of the samples were investigated by means of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR analysis exhibited the formation of titania, functional group OH, hydroxyl stretching vibrations of the C–OH groups, bending vibration mode of H–O–H, alkyl C–H stretch, stretching band of Ti–OH, CN asymmetric band stretching, and C=O saturated aldehyde.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of CuO/TiO2 nanocomposite for humidity sensor application

Nowadays the sensors importance has been increased because of its various applications in almost all the existing fields. Present paper deals with CuO/TiO2 nanocomposites preparation, characterization and humidity sensor application. For this purpose, we report microwave-assisted synthesis of CuO/TiO2 nanocomposites using copper acetate, titanium tetra isopropoxide, sodium hydroxide and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-ethylsulfate (EMISE) as precursors. Structural properties of CuO/TiO2 was measured by X-ray diffractometer and it was found that the obtained nanocomposite contains monoclinic CuO and tetragonal anatase TiO2. Surface morphology of samples was observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Cu–O and Ti–O–Ti bands were observed in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The weight loss was investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis. The CuO/TiO2 pellets considered as sensing element, recorded resistance with respect to relative humidity. The sensitivity of sensing elements increased with annealed temperature.

Structures and vibrational spectra of Ti-MWW zeolite upon adsorption of H2O and NH3: A density functional theory study

The structures and vibrational spectroscopic features of framework Ti(IV) species in Ti-MWW zeolite upon adsorption of H2O and NH3 were investigated by density functional theory. The calculations were carried out on cluster models up to 36 tetrahedra at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The calculated results indicate that both Ti(OSi)4 and Ti(OSi)3OH species can interact with H2O or NH3 molecules to form five-coordinated complexes. The Ti(OSi)3OH species has higher Lewis acidity and adsorbs the ligands more easily than Ti(OSi)4. The Ti-specific band is attributed to the collective vibration of the antisymmetric stretching of Ti–O–Si bonds. The vibrational frequencies of coordinated Ti species can be divided into two regions: the Ti-specific vibration region and the hydroxyl group vibration region. After adsorption of H2O, the Ti-specific band of the Ti(OSi)4 species shifted from 960 to 970 cm−1, and the Ti-specific bands of the Ti(OSi)3OH species shifted from 990 cm−1 (T1 site) and 970 cm−1 (T3 site) to 980 cm−1. The frequencies of the corresponding NH3 adducts were about 5 cm−1 higher. The Ti(OSi)3OH species can also form hydrogen bonded complexes with H2O and NH3 through Ti–OH, resulting in the hydroxyl stretching band of Ti–OH red shifting by 500–1100 cm−1 and appearing in the 2700–3200 cm−1 region.

Magnetism and electronic structure of (001)- and (111)-oriented LaTiO3 bilayers sandwiched in LaScO3 barriers

In this study, the magnetism and electronic structure of LaTiO3 bilayers along both the (001) and (111) orientations are calculated using the density functional theory. The band insulator LaScO3 is chosen as the barrier layer and substrate to obtain the isolating LaTiO3 bilayer. For both the (001)- and (111)-oriented cases, LaTiO3 demonstrates the G-type antiferromagnetism as the ground state, similar to the bulk material. However, the electronic structure is significantly changed. The occupied bands of Ti are much narrower in the (111) case, giving a nearly flat band. As a result, the exchange coupling between nearest-neighbor Ti ions is reformed in these superlattices, which will affect the Néel temperature significantly.