Ti Alloy Substrate Research Articles

A study of enhancing hydrophobic property of the Ti alloy by PBII&D

The effect of the roughness and surface energy on the hydrophobic behavior of Ti alloy was studied in this paper. Ar ion bombardment was used to form the roughness of the surface of the Ti alloy, the doping DLC coatings was prepared by plasma based ion implantation and deposition to lower the surface energy of Ti alloy. The hydrophobic property was determined by means of water contact angle measurement, chemical bond structures were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectrum, and surface morphology and roughness were evaluated by atomic force microscopy. The results showed that the water contact angle of the Ti alloy substrate was increased to 105.5° from 65° by Ar ion bombardment, the water contact angle of the DLC coating reached about 104.2° by Ti element doping, and the water contact of the F-doped DLC coating attained about 156.3° by controlling F content and surface roughness. It indicates that the wettability of a material surface is primarily governed by both its surface energy and geometrical microstructure, and the F-doped DLC coating with appropriate surface roughness fabricated by plasma based ion implantation and deposition could achieve excellent hydrophobicity.

Preparation of Strongly Adherent Platinum Coating by Double Glow Plasma Technology

Strongly adherent Pt coating was deposited on Ti alloy substrates using double glow plasma technology. The polycrystalline Pt coating exhibited a preferred (220) orientation. The coating strongly adhered to the substrate, and the adhesive forces between the coating and substrate were all greater than 60 N. The hardness and elastic modulus of the coating were about 1.2 and 180 GPa, respectively. Adherent Pt coating had a better corrosion resistance than the bare substrate in terms of polarization curves. The bright Pt coating was still well bonded to the substrate after corrosion testing. This work suggested that strongly adherent Pt coatings on Ti alloy substrates can be used in industrial production processes.

Characterization and In Vitro Corrosion Investigations of Thermal Sprayed Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite-Titania Coatings on Ti Alloy

In the current investigation, hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was mixed with titania (TiO2) in 50:50 wt pct for depositing composite coatings on a Ti-alloy substrate using a thermal-spray coating technique. The coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was studied by electrochemical corrosion testing in simulated human body fluid. After the corrosion testing, the samples were analyzed by XRD and SEM/EDS analyses. HA and TiO2 (rutile) were the main phases observed in the developed coatings. Bulk HA coating was amorphous; however, the addition of TiO2 effectively improved the crystallinity of HA in HA-TiO2 coating. The SEM analysis confirmed the formation of a well-formed HA-TiO2 composite coating. HA coating exhibited higher bond strength (67.8 MPa) compared with HA-TiO2 composite coating (37.6 MPa). The electrochemical study showed a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance of the Ti alloy after the deposition of the coatings.

CVD nanocrystalline diamond coatings on Ti alloy: A synchrotron-assisted interfacial investigation

Diamond coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy was carried out using microwave plasma enhanced CVD with a super high CH4 concentration, and at a moderate deposition temperature close to 500 °C. The nucleation, growth, adhesion behaviors of the diamond coating and the interfacial structures were investigated using Raman, XRD, SEM/TEM, synchrotron radiation and indentation test. Nanocrystalline diamond coatings have been produced and the nucleation density, nucleation rate and adhesion strength of diamond coatings on Ti alloy substrate are significantly enhanced. An intermediate layer of TiC is formed between the diamond coating and the alloy substrate, while diamond coating debonding occurs both at the diamond-TiC interface and TiC-substrate interface. The simultaneous hydrogenation and carburization also cause complex micro-structural and microhardness changes on the alloy substrates. The low deposition temperature and extremely high methane concentration demonstrate beneficial to enhance coating adhesion strength and reduce substrate damage.

Osteoblasts exhibit a more differentiated phenotype and increased bone morphogenetic protein production on titanium alloy substrates than on poly-ether-ether-ketone

Multiple biomaterials are clinically available to spine surgeons for performing interbody fusion. Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is used frequently for lumbar spine interbody fusion, but alternative materials are also used, including titanium (Ti) alloys. Previously, we showed that osteoblasts exhibit a more differentiated phenotype when grown on machined or grit-blasted titanium aluminum vanadium (Ti6Al4V) alloys with micron-scale roughened surfaces than when grown on smoother Ti6Al4V surfaces or on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). We hypothesized that osteoblasts cultured on rough Ti alloy substrates would present a more mature osteoblast phenotype than cells cultured on PEEK, suggesting that textured Ti6Al4V implants may provide a more osteogenic surface for interbody fusion devices. The aim of the present study was to compare osteoblast response to smooth Ti6Al4V (sTiAlV) and roughened Ti6Al4V (rTiAlV) with their response to PEEK with respect to differentiation and production of factors associated with osteogenesis. This in vitro study compared the phenotype of human MG63 osteoblast-like cells cultured on PEEK, sTiAlV, or rTiAlV surfaces and their production of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Surface properties of PEEK, sTiAlV, and rTiAlV discs were determined. Human MG63 cells were grown on TCPS and the discs. Confluent cultures were harvested, and cell number, alkaline phosphatase-specific activity, and osteocalcin were measured as indicators of osteoblast maturation. Expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for BMP2 and BMP4 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Levels of BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 proteins were also measured in the conditioned media of the cell cultures. Although roughness measurements for sTiAlV (S(a)=0.09±0.01), PEEK (S(a)=0.43±0.07), and rTiAlV (S(a)=1.81±0.51) varied, substrates had similar contact angles, indicating comparable wettability. Cell morphology differed depending on the surface. Cells cultured on Ti6Al4V had lower cell number and increased alkaline phosphatase specific activity, osteocalcin, BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7 levels in comparison to PEEK. In particular, roughness significantly increased the mRNA levels of BMP2 and BMP4 and secreted levels of BMP4. These data demonstrate that rTiAlV substrates increase osteoblast maturation and produce an osteogenic environment that contains BMP2, BMP4, and BMP7. The results show that modifying surface structure is sufficient to create an osteogenic environment without addition of exogenous factors, which may induce better and faster bone during interbody fusion.

Corrosion behavior of superhydrophobic surfaces of Ti alloys in NaCl solutions

Superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) are successfully prepared by 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (coded as PFOTS) chemically and physically adsorbed onto the etched Ti alloy substrate. The film formation and its structures are characterized by the measurements of water contact angle (WCA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion behavior of the SHS in the NaCl solutions is investigated using the potentiodynamic polarization. The results show that the corrosion resistance of the substrate is improved greatly due to the composite wetting states or interfaces with numerous air pockets between SHS and NaCl solutions. Moreover, it is found that the stability and corrosion resistance of SHS is influenced greatly by the interfacial bonding between PFOTS and the substrate. The strong chemical interfacial bonding (i.e., TiOSi) between PFOTS and the oxidized titanium substrate accounts for a higher stability and much lower corrosion current density as compared by SHS with physically adsorbed PFOTS outerlayer.

Micropattern of nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin composite onto Ti alloy surface via template-assisted electrostatic spray deposition

The surface topography plays an important role in bone formation, which may present specific physical cues to cells and tissues and further improve the bioactivity or osteoconduction of the implants. In this report, nano-hydroxyapatite/silk fibroin (n-HA/SF) composite were prepared via a simplified coprecipitation method. Then these nanocrystals were deposited onto Ti alloy substrates via a template-assisted electrostatic spraying deposition (ESD) technique. The output voltage and flow rate were investigated to produce a cone-jet spraying of n-HA/SF suspensions. By using different types of precisely-designed templates (stripe, grid, and ring), the Ti alloy substrates with different micropatterns (stripe, square, and ring) composed of n-HA/SF composite were created. Our results demonstrated that the precisely-designed micropatterns of n-HA/SF composite onto Ti and its alloy substrates could be easily achieved by using template-assisted ESD.

Impact wear resistance of plasma diffusion treated and duplex treated/PVD-coated Ti–6Al–4V alloy

In this paper dynamic ball-on-plate impact wear testing is utilised to evaluate the intrinsic fatigue strength of the surface of triode plasma diffusion treated, single-layered TiN-, CrAlN-, and WC/C-coated and duplex diffusion treated/PVD-coated Ti–6Al–4V. The test is used to assess the resistance of surfaces to dynamic, high-cycle loading caused by the repeated impact of a cemented carbide ball. The subsequent observation and comparison of the wear craters produced (and their measured volumes) was used to identify which diffusion treatment (or treatment/coating combination) provided the most marked reduction in contact-induced deformation and overall improvement in wear behaviour. A combination of nanoindentation, Knoop hardness microindentation, scratch adhesion, stylus profilometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy test and evaluation methods, was used to characterise the surfaces under investigation. Experimental results revealed that triode plasma diffusion treatments can provide exceptional improvements in the impact fatigue resistance, particularly when the diffusion process has been designed to maximise the resultant hardened case depth. Also, amongst the three coatings tested, PVD CrAlN was found to be the most suitable for applications involving such dynamic impact loading. Finally, the results presented show that an appropriate sequential triode plasma oxidation and nitriding diffusion pretreatment, in combination with a hard and tough PVD ceramic coating, can provide a significant reduction in surface impact wear when compared to either plasma diffusion treatments alone, or PVD ceramic coatings deposited on non-pretreated Ti-alloy substrates.

Effect of deposition parameters and post-deposition annealing on the morphology and cellular response of electrosprayed TiO2 films

Titania films (TiO2) were deposited on Ti alloy substrates by electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), also called electrospraying, and the morphology and phase composition of the coatings were evaluated. A range of TiO2 sols (2–8 wt%) were prepared via the hydrolysis of polymeric precursors using isopropanol (prOH) as a solvent carrier. Stable cone-jet formation during the EHDA process was greatly influenced by varying the liquid physical properties. Deposition parameters such as sol concentration, needle-to-substrate distance and spray time were found to affect film morphology. Dense and continuous films were obtained under optimized conditions whereby a 2 wt% TiO2 sol was atomized at a flow rate of 5 µl min−1 by a needle of 300 µm inner diameter, kept at a distance of 20 mm from the grounded substrate and operating at an applied voltage of 3.5–4.2 kV. The films were then crystallized by heating to 300–600 °C. Annealing increased the hydrophilicity of the films but did not significantly affect the surface roughness of the films. In vitro cellular response was determined by studying the interaction between MG63 cells and the films annealed at the various temperatures. MG63 cells were able to grow and proliferate on all the TiO2 films, while the highest proliferation rate was found on the TiO2 films annealed at 600 °C. Our results indicate that electrosprayed TiO2 films possess great potential for biomedical applications.

Cladding of pre-blended Ti–6Al–4V and WC powder for wear resistant applications

In this paper, a cladding investigation to achieve uniform distribution of WC particles which is crack-free, non-porous and without delamination using a 2kW IPG Ytterbium doped, continuous wave, fibre laser with 1070nm wavelength was reported. The single track deposition of a pre-blended powder, 27wt.% Ti–6Al–4V/73wt.% WC with a particle size range of 40–120μm was made on Ti–15V–3Cr–3Sn–3Al substrate using a co-axial nozzle and a standard powder feeding system. The laser cladding samples were subjected to various microstructure examinations, microhardness and micro-abrasion tests. The results revealed that the best clad layers were achieved at an energy density of 111.10J.mm−2, 15–18.3mm.s−1 traverse speed; (583–667) mg.s−1 powder feed rate with substrate surface irradiated by laser beam raising its temperature to about 200°C. This resulted in a uniform distribution of WC within the clad and the results obtained from SEM, EDS and XRD revealed that the WC particles experienced surface melting with some diffusion into the matrix, thus promoting excellent bonding with the matrix and the formation of titanium and tungsten carbides, which include TiC and W2C. The emergence of β-Ti, TiC and W in the clad resulted in enhanced hardness values. The mean value of microhardness in clad matrix is 678HV when measured from the top of a transverse cross section of the clad sample into the interface region with the Ti substrate which has a hardness of 396HV. Wear tests indicated the wear resistance of the clad was seven times that of the Ti alloy substrate.

Effects of 3,4-dihydrophenyl groups in water-soluble phospholipid polymer on stable surface modification of titanium alloy

The surface of a titanium (Ti) alloy substrate was modified by a simple and quick process using a water-soluble polymer, and the effects of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl (DHP) groups in the polymer side chain on the modification process were examined. The polymers (PMDP) composed of both 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) unit and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl methacrylate unit were synthesized for surface anchoring. The Ti alloy substrate was coated with PMDP using an aqueous solution of the polymer. A PMDP layer with a thickness of 20 nm was formed on the Ti alloy substrate simply by dip coating for 10s without drying. Even when the Ti alloy substrate with PMDP coating was immersed in the aqueous medium for 1 week, no change in the thickness was observed, i.e., the PMDP layer was bound to the surface very stably. Oxidation of the DHP groups reduced the stability of the polymer layer significantly. Thus, the DHP groups play a significant role in achieving stable binding. Protein was adsorbed on the Ti alloy substrate; however, this was not observed for the PMDP-coated Ti alloy substrate. In conclusion, we confirmed the effects of DHP groups in PMDP on the stability of the coating on the Ti alloy substrate. Moreover, we found that surface treatment using PMDP was simple, quick, and reliable, and thus, it has great potential for improving biofouling of Ti alloy substrates used in medical devices.

Mechanical Properties and Bio-Compatibility of Ti-Nb-Zr-HA Biomaterial Fabricated by Rapid Sintering Using HEMM Powders

Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) alloy has been widely used as an alternative to bone due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, it still has many problems, including a high elastic modulus and toxicity. Therefore, nontoxic biomaterials with a low elastic modulus should be developed. However, the fabrication of a uniform coating is challenging. Moreover, the coating layer on Ti and Ti alloy substrates can be peeled off after implantation. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to produce bulk Ti and Ti alloy with hydroxyapatite (HA) composites. In this study, Ti, Nb, and Zr powders, which are biocompatible elements, were milled in a mixing machine (24h) and by planetary mechanical ball milling (1h, 4h, and 6h), respectively. Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr and Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr-10%HA composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at <TEX>$1000^{\circ}C$</TEX> under 70MPa using mixed and milled powders. The effects of HA addition and milling time on the biocompatibility and physical and mechanical properties of the Ti-35%Nb-7%Zr-(10%HA) alloys have been investigated. <TEX>$Ti_2O$</TEX>, CaO, <TEX>$CaTiO_3$</TEX>, and <TEX>$Ti_xP_y$</TEX> phases were formed by chemical reaction during sintering. Vickers hardness of the sintered composites increases with increased milling time and by the addition of HA. The biocompatibilty of the HA added Ti-Nb-Zr alloys was improved, but the sintering ability was decreased.

Characterisation and corrosion resistance of TiN–Ni nanocomposite coatings using RBS and NRA

Nanocomposite TiN–Ni coatings were produced by a duplex treatment on Ti–6Al–4V substrates. The procedure consisted of plasma nitriding of the substrate followed by deposition of a TiN–Ni layer by sputtering a composite Ti–Ni target with 1.2 keV Ar + ions. The growing film was bombarded during deposition by a mixture of 50 eV Ar +–N 2+–N + ions. The temperature as well as the Ni- and the N-content of the coatings varied in order to obtain the optimum structural and mechanical properties. The surface morphology of the coatings was examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that Ni appears as an amorphous phase around the TiN crystallites. The thickness and the composition of the coatings were investigated by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) using deuterons as projectiles. The nitrogen depth distribution in the coatings was determined by Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) using 14N(d, α) and 14N(d, p) nuclear reactions. The corrosion resistance of the nitrided and non-nitrided coatings in aggressive environment (NaCl 3% solution at RT) was investigated using electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic polarisation and cyclic voltammetry). It was found that nanocomposite coatings are stable and do not influence the corrosion resistance of the Ti-alloy substrate. The nitrided coatings exhibited higher wear and corrosion resistance related with their Ni-content.

Evaluating the effects of plasma diffusion processing and duplex diffusion/PVD-coating on the fatigue performance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy

The effect of triode-plasma enhanced low-pressure oxygen and/or nitrogen diffusion treatments, either as a single process or in conjunction with plasma-assisted physical vapour deposition (PAPVD) on Ti–6Al–4V has been studied under rotating-bending fatigue testing. Following the diffusion treatment, samples exhibit a hardened case, more than 30 μm deep. Semi-logarithmic S– N plots are used to demonstrate and compare the significant changes in fatigue resistance obtained from each process. Fractography and residual stress measurements show that, compared to annealed samples, the fatigue strength of the diffusion-treated samples was superior; although the result changed depending on the processing parameters and microstructure of the substrate material. Also, unsupported and mechanically uncompliant ceramic coatings, such as TiN, promote the initiation of multiple crack sites, which lead to premature failure of the Ti-alloy substrate and a consequent reduction in endurance limit.

Effect of electrodeposition current density on the microstructure and the degradation of electroformed iron for degradable stents

Abstract Pure iron has become one of the most interesting candidate materials for degradable metallic stents due to its high mechanical properties and moderate degradation. In this work we studied the effect of electrodeposition current density on microstructure and degradation of pure iron films electrodeposited on Ti alloy substrate for degradable metallic stent application. Iron sheets were produced by electrodeposition using four different current densities 1, 2, 5 and 10 A dm −2 . The films were then studied by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) to observe the surface morphology, grain size and orientation. Potentiodynamic polarization and static immersion tests were used to determine the corrosion rate and to study the degradation behavior of iron films, respectively. The current density was found to significantly influence the texture, the grain size and the grain shape of the electrodeposited iron. At current densities of 1, 5 and 10 A dm −2 , weak textures corresponding to 〈1 0 1〉, 〈1 1 1〉 and 〈1 1 2〉 in the normal (electrodeposition) direction were obtained, respectively. At these current densities, average grain sizes smaller than 3 μm were also obtained. However, at 2 A dm −2 , a strong 〈1 1 1〉//ND texture with density of 7.4 MUD was obtained with larger average grain size of 4.4 μm. The microstructure of iron samples changed after annealing at 550 °C because of the induced recrystallization. Different corrosion rates were obtained from potentiodynamic polarization curves of iron films deposited at different current densities because of their microstructures. Fe-2 showed the lowest corrosion rate due to its larger grains size and its texture. The corrosion rates of all iron samples decreased after annealing. Static degradation showed lower corrosion rates for iron because of the formation of a degradation layer on samples surface which reduced the degradation reaction rate. The degradation morphology was uniform for Fe-2 due to its strong texture. On the other hand, microscopic pits were found for Fe-1, Fe-5 and Fe-10.

Study on bioactivity and bonding strength between Ti alloy substrate and TiO 2 film by micro-arc oxidation

In this study, the Ti alloy substrate was simultaneously coated with TiO 2 film and hydroxyapatite using micro-arc oxidation, a relatively new surface modification technique where thick, hard, and anticorrosive oxide coatings can be easily and cost-effectively fabricated. Pulsed DC power and various voltages were applied to the Ti alloy substrate. Citric acid, ethylene diamine, and ammonium phosphate were also dissolved as electrolytes followed by the dispersion of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into those prepared electrolytes. The effects of the composition and applied voltage on the bonding strength, bioactivity, cell attachment and cytotoxicity were investigated. It was observed that the simultaneously coated TiO 2 and hydroxyapatite samples showed improved bioactivity, cell attachment and viability, while maintaining the bonding strength between the coated film and substrate.

Adhesion of sol–gel derived hydroxyapatite nanocoatings on anodised pure titanium and titanium (Ti6Al4V) alloy substrates

The mechanical properties and adhesion behaviour of sol–gel derived hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocoatings on commercially pure (cp) titanium (Ti) and Ti6Al4V alloy have been determined and related to anodising treatment. The surface roughness, wetting and coating characteristics were examined using profilometry, contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nano-indentation was used to determine the Young's modulus and hardness of the coatings, while microtensile tests were used to introduce controlled strains in the coatings through the cp Ti and TiAl6V4 alloy substrates, from which the strength, fracture toughness and adhesion behaviour could be ascertained based on multiple cracking and delamination events. The toughness of the HA coatings is found to be slightly lower to that of equivalent bulk pure HA ceramics. The substrate and the anodized layer thickness have the most influence on the interfacial adhesion of HA, with nanocoatings on Ti6Al4V exhibiting superior interfacial bonding in comparison to cp Ti.

Substitution of hexavalent chromate conversion treatment with a plasma electrolytic oxidation process to improve the corrosion properties of ion vapour deposited AlMg coatings

In this paper plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is examined as a potentially beneficial post-deposition treatment for Al-5 wt.%Mg coatings deposited onto Ti alloy substrates using Ion Vapour Deposition (IVD), with a view to replacing toxic hexavalent chromate conversion treatments and at the same time enhancing the barrier protection properties of such IVD coatings. The aqueous corrosion behaviour of PEO layers formed on IVD coatings was evaluated by means of potentiodynamic polarisation scans, open circuit potential measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Normally, IVD aluminium-based coatings require a post-coat shot peening treatment to densify the coating structure; however it was found that PEO layers could be formed successfully on as-deposited IVD coatings deposited onto Ti alloy substrates, providing a cost effective process to improve corrosion behaviour. PEO treatment provides unique improvements in the corrosion resistance of IVD coatings; the PEO layer possesses effective anticorrosion properties in aqueous environments containing Cl − ions. A more positive corrosion potential, lower corrosion current and increased polarisation resistance were recorded for PEO layers, compared to traditional chromate conversion treatments.

Growth, structure and photocatalytic properties of hierarchical Cu–Ti–O nanotube arrays by anodization

Recently p-type Cu–Ti–O nanotubes have been explored in water-splitting photoelectrochemical pn-junction diodes to significantly improve the photoconversion efficiency. We reported on the growth and characterization of Cu–Ti–O nanotube arrays by anodizing directly Cu–Ti (30:70 wt%) alloy substrate. As-anodized hierarchical Cu–Ti–O nanotube arrays consist of two distinct Ti-rich and Cu-rich nanotube regions. It was found that mechanical stresses induced by copper doping resulted in the difference in the microstructure evolution of Cu-rich and Ti-rich regions. The oxygen vacancies induced by the high concentration Cu dopant into the Cu–Ti–O nanotube play a crucial role in determining the phase stabilization of anatase phase. The absorption edge of TiO 2 nanotube arrays was extended into the visible region by Cu doping. In degrading Methyl orange (MO), 21.2% MO was removed using Cu–Ti–O nanotube arrays after 240 min UV illumination. This result indicates the photocatalytic activity of Cu–Ti–O nanotube arrays to MO is reasonably high.

Biocompatibility Study of Zirconium-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses for Orthopedic Applications

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) represent an emerging class of materials that offer an attractive combination of properties, such as high strength, low modulus, good fatigue limit, and near-net-shape formability. The BMGs have been explored in mechanical, chemical, and magnetic applications. However, little research has been attracted in the biomedical field. In this work, we study the potential of BMGs for the orthopedic repair and replacement. We report the biocompatibility study of zirconium (Zr)–based solid BMGs using mouse osteoblast cells. Cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation are compared to Ti-6Al-4V, a well-studied alloy biomaterial. Our in-vitro study has demonstrated that cells cultured on the Zr-based BMG substrate showed higher attachment, alkaline phosphatase activity, and bone matrix deposition compared to those grown on the control Ti alloy substrate. Cytotoxicity staining also revealed the remarkable viability of cells growing on the BMG substrates.