Ti6Al4V Alloy Research Articles

Improved corrosion resistance and tribological properties of MXene/NCDs coatings on the Ti6Al4V alloys

The poor tribological performances of titanium alloy as bone implants has important influence on its implantation failure. In this investigation, nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCDs) modified MXene (MXene/NCDs) composite coatings with “dual-action” effects were meticulously fabricated on the Ti6Al4V surface through grafting silane coupling agent and dopamine adhesion layers via chemical self-assembly techniques. The friction coefficient and wear rate of MXene/NCDs coated titanium alloy in SBF lubricant significantly decreased by 31.7 %and 91.6 %, might due to the double effect of MXene sheet slipping and NCDs rolling. Furthermore, the enhanced anticorrosion properties of MXene/NCDs coating were attributed to the ionic reaction between the surface of coating and SBF, effective shielding mechanism against the infiltration of active ions within the solution, indicated that the coating is expected to be applied in artificial joint system.

Material characterization of Ti6Al4V alloy additively manufactured using selective laser melting technique

Selective laser melting (SLM) of titanium (Ti) alloys has been a focus of research in aerospace industries recently, due to ease of production, producing complex geometries and shorter production time as compared to conventional machining. Although some basic research on mechanical properties at room temperature is found in literature, the need for high-temperature applications, correlated with material characterization is inevitable. This work provides a benchmark for high-temperature mechanical and thermal properties of SLM manufactured Ti6Al4V alloy, formulated as a result of extensive experimentation in the form various mechanical and thermal tests. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and Yield Strength (YS) of test specimens at 600 °C reduced to approximately 64% of those at room temperature (RT), whereas an increase in the percentage elongation from 9.6% to 15% at 600 °C, which is the usual trend in materials at elevated temperatures. Fracture toughness of 89.44 MPa m1/2 was calculated from 3-point bend test. Hardness value of 37 HRC was measured on the Rockwell-C scale. Thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion increased from 2.11 W/m. K at RT to 3.73 W/m. K at 300 °C and 8 μm\\m-⁰C at RT to 10 μm\\m-⁰C at 600 °C respectively. Specific heat capacity values increased from 760 J/kg ⁰C to 925 J/kg ⁰C up to 200 °C, but decreased at higher temperatures from 200 °C to 600 °C. To the author's knowledge, for the first time comprehensive mechanical testing characterized the behavior of the developed material for its application in structures subjected to elevated temperatures.

Modeling acoustic characteristics of artificial bone alloys for medical and surgical use under thermodynamic conditions

The study examines the impact of porosity on mechanical, acoustic, and behavioral properties of (Ti-6Al-4 V alloy) alloys, which are manufactured to mimic human bones. It investigates how porosity, controlled through factors like pressure, particle size, and temperature during sintering, affects properties such as modulus of elasticity, surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocities, hardness coefficients, and acoustic resistance.The findings suggest that different levels of porosity at varying sintering temperatures significantly alter the dynamic elastic modulus of the alloys. Specifically, increasing porosity values seem to correlate with a decrease in elastic constants, elastic modulus values, and surface acoustic wave types. This phenomenon may be attributed to the transitional crystalline structure phases of Ti6Al4V alloy and the manufacturing process.Remarkably, the study concludes that these (Ti-6Al-4 V alloy) alloys exhibit superior porosity, mechanical, and acoustic qualities compared to various types of human bone, including cortical, trabecular, and cancellous bone.

Development of a novel TiAl-Ti6Al4V alloy via laser powder bed fusion

A novel 50 % TiAl–50 % Ti6Al4V (wt%) alloy was fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). Rapid cooling during L-PBF stabilized the high-temperature β phase in this innovative blend. This β stabilization effectively prevented the formation of cracks, resulting in a favorable metastable microstructure suitable for room and high-temperature applications. Detailed analysis using EBSD revealed a 99 % presence of β phase at room temperature, which transitions to α2 + β at elevated temperatures, as 600 °C, in the current study. Mechanical tests revealed moderate hardness (460 HV) and ductility, effectively bridging the properties of TiAl and Ti6Al4V for structural and energy applications.

Crystallographic orientation and slip behavior of powder metallurgy Ti–6Al–4V via multi-directional forging

In this study, we present a microstructural and mechanical analysis of Ti–6Al–4V alloys processed by low-temperature multi-directional forging at 900 °C, achieving near-theoretical density (99.9%), with a tensile strength of 1070 MPa and elongation of 14.9%. The microstructure is defined by both continuous and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization occurring simultaneously, related to an increase in dislocation density. Significantly, this study reveals the interaction between crystallographic orientation and spheroidization during the forging process. Specifically, changes in crystallographic orientation include the asynchronous formation of new subgrains/grains, the disruption of the Burgers orientation relationship, and rotation around the <11 2‾ 0>axis, which not only increases the orientation differences between α lamellae but also enhances the spheroidization process. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that during deformation, the activation of basal and pyramidal slip systems is favored over prismatic slip, indicating that the forging process has enhanced slip activity. The average misorientation angle and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries are quantified, providing a detailed characterization of the evolved microstructure. This study adopts a new perspective to examine the microstructural evolution during the multidirectional forging process in powder metallurgy, presenting findings that elucidate how multidirectional forging effectively controls.

Morphological Characterization and Tribological Properties of TiCoNi Alloy Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V Alloy via Laser Deposition

The goal of this work is to improve the Ti–6Al–4V alloy's hardness and tribological behavior. Coaxial laser surface cladding was used to develop intermetallic layers of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and titanium (Ti). Laser power of 900 W, beam spot size of 3 mm, powder feed rate of 1.0 g/min, and gas flow rate of 1.2 L/min are the optimized parameters used for laser depositions. The laser scan speeds were adjusted between 0.6 and 1.2 m/min. Investigations were conducted into the effects of powder admixture and laser parameters on the fabricated coatings' microstructure, tribological behavior and hardness. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for the characterization of the microstructural evolution and phase identification, respectively. Additionally, the tribological experiment was conducted via UMT-2 –CETR reciprocating tribometer, and the coatings’ micro-hardness characteristics were examined using EmcoTEST DURASCAN. The micrographs exhibit no signs of porousness, cracks, or stress introduction, according to the results. For every manufactured sample, good metallurgical adhesion was obtained. By comparing the hardness of the ternary coating (Co–Ni–10Ti deposited at a scan speed of 1.2 m/min, with a hardness of 980 HV) to the substrate (Ti–6Al–4V, with a hardness of 330 HV), a hardness increase of approximately 2.96 times was observed. Furthermore, the Co–Ni–10Ti coating, deposited at a scan speed of 1.2 m/min, demonstrated a 51.1% reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) compared to the base alloy, indicating superior anti-wear performance. The enhanced properties are attributed to the formation of hard intermetallic compounds such as Ti–Co, Co2Ti, Al5Co2, and Ni3Ti, along with their uniform distribution and finely tuned grain sizes.

Orthogonal cutting of 3D printed multi-material workpiece: numerical investigation of machining forces, stress, and temperature distribution

AbstractWith the development of 3D metal printers for rapid prototyping and industrial component production, heightened attention was directed towards post-processing operations for achieving precise surface quality and geometrical tolerances for these components. This paper investigated the orthogonal cutting of multi-material 3D printed workpieces using a coated cutting tool through finite element simulation. The workpieces featured different horizontal and vertical arrangements of layers composed of aluminum 7075-T6 alloy (Al), stainless steel 316 low alloy (SS), and Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti). The study explored the impacts of multi-material composition, coating thickness, and the rake angle of the cutting tool on machining forces, stress distribution, temperature distribution, and chip formation geometry. The results revealed a bimodal chip morphology in the machining process of horizontally arranged SS layers combined with other alloys. The SS layer resulted in a relatively uniform chip formation, while layers with two other materials exhibited a serrated chip formation. In contrast, a discontinuous chip formed when combining Al and Ti materials, as well as in the horizontally arranged layers made of Al, SS, and Ti alloys. The cutting force increased by 2.26 times when cutting workpieces with the horizontal arrangement of SS and Al layers compared to those with a single Al material. For the horizontal and vertical arrangement of layers made of Al and SS, von Mises stress values over the edge of the coated cutting tool significantly increased where the tool contacted the SS layer. Additionally, the horizontal arrangement of layers made of Al and SS materials caused the coated cutting tool to exhibit an extensive temperature distribution, with the maximum recorded temperature reaching 1448 °K. Increasing coating thickness led to a decrease in maximum principal stress at the surface of the tool and a rise in temperature at the cutting edge of the insert.

Effects of post-heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy fabricated by selective laser melting

In this study, post-heat treatments were applied to Ti–6Al–4V (TC4) alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) to investigate the effects of annealing temperature (750–950 °C in 50 °C intervals) on the alloy's microstructure, residual stress and mechanical properties. The initial microstructure of as-SLMed TC4 alloy was dominated by needle-like α′ martensite with a high density of dislocations and minor β phase, resulting in high strength (1190 MPa) but limited ductility (2.2% elongation). Annealing led to the transformation of α′ martensite into α phase, with the β phase content remaining relatively stable. Increasing the annealing temperature caused the acicular martensite to evolve into bundles of coarse α laths, forming a basket-weave microstructure. Annealing at 750 °C for 2 h reduced the yield strength to 1040 MPa and improved elongation to 8.3%. Interestingly, both the strength and ductility decreased with further increases in annealing temperature. This unusual phenomenon was rarely mentioned in current literature and was considered to be associated with the abnormal variations in the Schmid factor of (0001) [11-20] slip system and the reduction of mobile dislocations within the coarsened α martensite. Additionally, annealing combined with air cooling effectively alleviated residual tensile stresses in the SLM-formed TC4 alloy.

Preparation and characterisation of gradient HA/TiN/Ti coatings for biomedical applications

A gradient transition HA/TiN/Ti composite coating was deposited on the surface of medical Ti6Al4V alloy using the reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The influence of deposition parameters on the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and in vitro mineralisation of the coating were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that deposition parameters such as sputtering power, bias voltage, and sputtering pressure had a significant impact on the microstructure and morphology of HA/TiN/Ti composite coatings. The gradient TiN/Ti transition layer remarkably enhanced the adhesion strength, increasing the critical load from 7.5 N (HA monolayer) to over 40 N (HA/TiN/Ti multilayer). Moreover, compared to single TiN/Ti and HA coatings, the HA/TiN/Ti composite coatings exhibited better corrosion resistance and metal ion shielding ability while also demonstrating excellent capability for inducing bone-like apatite formation, thereby greatly ensuring the exceptional stability of the surface bioactive coatings.

Electrical impedance characterization and modelling of Ti-Β implants.

Commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) and Ti6Al4V alloys are the most widely used metallic biomaterials in the biomedical sector. However, their high rigidity and the controversial toxicity of their alloying elements often compromise their clinical success. The use of porous β-Titanium alloys is proposed as a solution to these issues. In this regard, it is necessary to implement economic, repetitive, and non-destructive measurement techniques that allow for the semi-quantitative evaluation of the chemical nature of the implant, its microstructural characteristics, and/or surface changes. This study proposes the use of simple measurement protocols based on electrical impedance measurements, correlating them with the porosity inherent to processing conditions (pressure and temperature), as well as the chemical composition of the implant. Results revealed a clear direct relationship between porosity and electrical impedance. The percentage and/or size of the porosity decrease with an increase in compaction pressure and temperature. Moreover, there is a notable influence of the frequency used in the measurements obtained. Additionally, the sensitivity of this measurement technique has enabled the evaluation of differences in chemical composition and the detection of intermetallics in the implants. For the first time in the literature, this research establishes relationships between stiffness and electrical impedance, using approximations and models for the observed trends. All the results obtained corroborate the appropriateness of the technique to achieve the real-time characterization of Titanium implants, in an efficient and non-invasive way.

Characterization, mechanical, corrosion, and in vitro apatite-formation ability properties of hydroxyapatite-reduced graphene oxide coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Hydroxyapatite-reduced graphene oxide (HA/rGO) nanocomposite coatings were developed on Ti6Al4V alloy using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The PEO electrolyte comprised calcium acetate (C4H6CaO4) and calcium glycerophosphate (C3H7O5CaP). Prior to integrating reduced graphene oxide into the coating solution, parameters such as voltage and current density were optimized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of various current densities and graphene concentrations on coating properties was analyzed. Coating phase structures, surface morphologies, functional groups, and chemical compositions were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of graphene in the coatings. Surface morphology examinations revealed that surface cracks appeared at voltages above 350 V due to thermal stresses. Increasing current density reduced the number of porosities but increased pore size. Adding graphene to the solution to form HA/rGO coatings further decreased both the number and size of porosities. XRD analysis identified phases of titanium, anatase, rutile, titanium phosphide, tri-calcium phosphate (TCP), and hydroxyapatite in the coatings. Corrosion properties were assessed via potentiodynamic polarization tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Tribological and mechanical properties were evaluated by pin-on-disk and microhardness, respectively. The in vitro apatite-formation ability of the coatings was assessed by immersion in SBF at 37 °C, with ion concentration changes measured by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). Results indicated that increasing current density reduced porosities and increased the Ca/P ratio.

Insights into the role of tungsten on corrosion behavior of high-strength Ti alloys

High-performance titanium alloys with good corrosion resistance are expected to be applied in marine environments. In this work, we developed a Ti20W alloy using powder metallurgy and hot extrusion, which combined remarkable mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. The Ti20W alloys exhibited ultrahigh strength (>1400 MPa) and good ductility (>7%), and the specific yield strength was comparable to the common high-strength Ti alloys. The ultrahigh-strength Ti20W alloys had characteristics of the solid solution of W atoms and the precipitation of fine α phases. Compared with Ti6Al4V alloy, the Ti20W alloys showed lower corrosion current density values in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, which was attributed to the solid solution of W elements and the finer α phases. The W oxides, particularly WO3, acted as the barrier to effectively block the penetration of Cl− into the inner oxide layer, thereby enhancing the corrosion resistance. The fine α phases could be bridged by the surrounding matrix oxides during the passivation process, which contributed to decreasing the galvanic corrosion between the α phases and the matrix, further improving the corrosion resistance.

Effect of laser energy on the fretting wear resistance of femtosecond laser shock peened Ti6Al4V

Femtosecond laser shock peening (FsLSP) is performed on engineering alloys to improve their wear resistance in dry and oil-lubricated sliding conditions. In this study, the influence of FsLSP on the fretting wear behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy is studied. For this purpose, FsLSP treatment, with laser energies of 50, 100, 150, and 200 μJ, is performed on a Ti6Al4V sample which mainly consists of α-phase. Topographical investigations using white light interferometry reveal that with increase in the laser energy, the coverage area of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) decreases, and the extent of surface pitting damage increases, leading to higher surface roughness. While surface hardness also initially increases with increasing laser energy, it remains invariant when the energy is increased beyond 150 μJ. Sub-surface microstructural investigations and kernel average misorientation maps obtained from electron backscatter diffraction reveal that FsLSP treatment leads to the formation of severely deformed and mildly deformed layers along the depth of the alloy surface. Surface hardening due to FsLSP is attributed to the activation of prismatic <a>, basal <a> slip systems, and 101¯2, 112¯3 tensile twins in the severely deformed zone along with grain refinement, which is an outcome of dynamic recrystallization. Fretting wear tests indicate that the coefficient of friction (CoF) of FsLSP treated alloys is consistently lesser than that of its as-received counterpart, whose CoF is 0.38. In contrast, the wear resistance, quantified by the wear rate, wear volume and wear depth, is highest in the sample treated with laser energy of 100 μJ but lower for the as-received as well as 150 and 200 μJ laser treated samples. These results are explained on the basis of the differences in the contact area, formation of surface hardening layer and the size and integrity of asperities on the surface, which in turn influences the dominant fretting wear mechanism.

Deformation and fracture behaviors of Ti6Al4V alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion under combined tension and shear loading

The present work aims to study the deformation and failure behavior of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) manufactured Ti6Al4V alloy. Uniaxial tension, pure shear, combined tension and shear specimens in horizontally, inclined and vertically (0°, 45° and 90°) building directions have been tested and observed by digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Significant anisotropy in ultimate strength, strain hardening and maximum elongation were observed. The failure mechanisms of 0°, 45° and 90° built LPBF Ti6Al4V alloy under different stress states are revealed by fractographical analyses. As the stress triaxiality increases from 0 to 0.33, distortion and shearing of micro voids induce the failure of shear specimen whilst void nucleation, growth and coalescence is the dominant failure mechanism of LPBF Ti6Al4V alloy under tension. The inherent defects significantly affect shear and tensile performance, large interlaminar shear deformation appears in horizontally built shear specimen, the tensile loading is prone to open the defects of vertically built uniaxial tensile sample due to the building direction. It can help to better understand the failure mechanism and improve the quality of LPBF Ti6Al4V in practical applications.

Mechanical Behavior of Additive Manufacturing (AM) and Wrought Ti6Al4V with a Martensitic Microstructure

Processing and microstructure are fundamental in shaping material behavior and failure characteristics. Additively manufactured materials, due to the rapid heating and solidification process, exhibit unique microstructures compared to their as-cast counterparts, resulting in distinct material properties. In this work, the response of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V has been investigated for different processing conditions through quasi-static testing. AM Ti6Al4V was fabricated by employing Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Selective Laser Melting (SLM) techniques. Both materials present a similar microstructure consisting of an acicular martensitic α′-phase. Commercial Ti6Al4V-grade 5 (supplied as bars) was also examined after heat treatment to achieve a microstructure akin to the AM material. The heat treatment involved rapid heating above the β-phase region and water quenching to obtain a full martensite microstructure. A similar constitutive behavior and tensile–compressive asymmetry in strength were noted for the investigated materials. However, AM alloys exhibited a significantly higher deformation at failure, reaching nearly 40%, compared to only 6.1% for the wrought martensitic material, which can be attributed to the dissimilar distribution of both α′ laths and prior-β grain boundaries in the investigated materials. The results indicate that AM can be implemented for the fabrication of martensitic microstructures with mechanical properties superior to those obtained with conventional water-quenching.

Application of non-ionic liquids-based modified dielectrics during electric discharge machining (EDM) of Ti6Al4V alloy to enhance machining efficiency and process optimization

The non-conventional manufacturing technologies are notorious when it comes to productivity and processing time in production-related industries. However, the aerospace and other high-end sectors enjoy another quality matrix of these processes and compromise on the processing time. For instance, the machinability of hard-to-cut materials such as Ti6Al4V aerospace alloy for micro-impressions is challenging and commonly carried out through non-conventional processes. Among these processes, the electric discharge machining (EDM) is famous for machining Ti6Al4V. In the current study, the EDM process is enhanced through modified dielectrics such as kerosene with non-ionic liquids (span 20, 60, and 80) and cryogenically treated tool electrodes (aluminum and graphite), and is compared to the conventional kerosene-based process. A three-phase experimental campaign is deployed to explore parametric effects including modified dielectric conditions (non-ionic liquid type and concentration), tool material, and machine parameter pulse ON:OFF time. A total of 60 experiments (54 modified dielectrics and 6 as baseline) were performed to explore process physics. The statistical analyses show that the unmodified process (kerosene dielectric-based) results in the least favorable results 0.58 mm3/min against cryo-graphite and 1.2 mm3/min against cryo-aluminum electrodes. However, the modified dielectrics outperform and improve process dynamics by altering dielectric conditions through hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Surface morphological analysis shows significantly shallow craters on the machined surface showing evidence of effective flushing through a modified dielectric (S-20) as compared to a kerosene-based dielectric. A thorough microscopical, statistical, and scanning electron-based analysis is carried out to explain the process and correlate significant improvements.

The mechanical coupling effect of α and β phases in Ti6Al4V alloy undergoing laser shock peening: A molecular dynamics study

In the dual- or multi-phase metallic materials, the influence of different microstructural constituents on the plastic strain/stress distribution is still an area of great controversy. Herein, the heterogeneous deformation behavior of α and β phases in Ti6Al4V duplex titanium alloy undergoing laser shock peening (LSP) has been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations, and the corresponding typical microstructural features are characterized at varied strains. Also, the relationship between the theoretical microstructural morphologies and the micro stress is revealed. It evidently indicates that, the grain refinement process can be summarized as: (i) dislocation motions1 interacting with deformation twins in α phases, (ii) a combination of dislocation propagations and the deformation-induced phase transition from β phase to α phase. In addition, unlike the α single-phase titanium alloy, the representative stress – strain curve of α + β titanium alloy presents a gentle fluctuation trend with smaller amplitude value, suggesting an occurrence of the coupling deformation behavior between α and β phases. The initial interfacial dislocation nucleation prefers to site in the α/α interface rather than the α/β interface, then emitting to the interior of α grains. Features of dislocation slip, twin growth, stacking fault, and phase transformation dominate the release of LSP-generated micro stress, while grain and interphase boundaries, as well as dislocation locks, contribute to the increment of the LSP-generated micro stress.

Enhancement of Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Ti6Al4V Alloy through Hollow Cathode Discharge-Assisted Plasma Nitriding.

In order to improve the wear and corrosion resistance of Ti6Al4V alloy, a Ti-N compound layer was formed on the alloy by plasma nitriding at a relatively low temperature (750 °C) and within an economical processing duration (4 h), in a mixture of NH3 and N2 gases with varying ratios. The influence of the gas mixture on the microstructure, phase composition, and properties of the Ti-N layer was investigated. The results indicated that the thickness of the nitrided layer achieved in a mixed atmosphere with optimal proportions of NH3 and N2 (with a ratio of 1:2) was substantially greater than that obtained in an atmosphere of pure NH3. This suggests that appropriately increasing the proportion of N2 in the nitriding atmosphere is beneficial for the growth of the nitrided layer. The experiments demonstrated that the formation of the surface nitrided layer significantly enhances the corrosion and wear resistance of the titanium alloys.

Influence of Process Parameters on Selected Properties of Ti6Al4V Manufacturing via L-PBF Process.

This study investigates the microstructural effects of process parameters on Ti6Al4V alloy produced via powder bed fusion (PBF) using laser beam melting (LB/M) technology. The research focuses on how variations in laser power, exposure velocity, and hatching distance influence the final material's porosity, microhardness, and microstructure. To better understand the relationships between process parameters, energy density, and porosity, a simple mathematical model was developed. The microstructure of the alloy was analyzed in the YZ plane using a confocal microscope. The study identified optimal parameters-302.5 W laser power, 990 mm/s exposure velocity, and 0.14 mm hatching distance-yielding the lowest porosity index of 0.005%. The material's average hardness was measured at 434 ± 18 HV0.5. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing printing parameters to produce high-quality Ti6Al4V components using PBF-LB/M technology, shedding light on the critical relationship between process parameters and the resulting microstructure.

CFD aided finite element modeling for spot cooled vibration assisted turning of Ti6Al4V alloy

Machining of titanium alloys using hybrid cutting techniques is acquiring importance now-a-days due to the benefits of integrating two or more processes. This study explores such a novel in-house developed hybrid cutting technique, which is a combination of ultrasonic assistance and vortex tube based spot cooling with CO2 gas as coolant for machining Ti6Al4V alloy. CFD aided finite element model was developed and experimentally validated for this novel technique termed spot cooled vibration assisted turning (SCVAT). Parametric study of cooling (nozzle inclination, nozzle tool distance, nozzle diameter, coolant pressure and cold fraction), vibration (amplitude) and machining parameters was carried out in order to identify the role of each parameter on cutting force and cutting temperature. The parametric study showed that flow variables (cold fraction and coolant pressure) are more significant than nozzle variables in influencing cutting force and cutting temperature. SCVAT reduced cutting temperature by 21.66% and 3.45%, respectively, than VAT and spot cooling alone. However, cutting force reduced by 7.65% compared to spot cooling and increased by 11.78% compared to VAT. Overall observations from the CFD aided Finite element model revealed superior performance of SCVAT than its individual counterparts.