Ti 3d Research Articles

Mutually Activated 2D Ti0.87O2/MXene Monolayers Through Electronic Compensation Effect as Highly Efficient Cathode Catalysts of Li–O2 Batteries

Abstract2D materials exhibit remarkable electrochemical performance as the cathode catalyst in lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs). Their catalytic capability mainly derives from their 2D surface with tunable surface chemistry and unique electronic states. Herein, Ti0.87O2 and Ti3C2 MXene monolayers are applied to construct a face/face 2D heterostructure to enhance the catalytic performance in LOBs. It is demonstrated that electronic compensation from the O‐terminated MXene to Ti0.87O2 side is achieved through the built‐in electric field and the overlap of Ti 3d and O 2p orbitals between Ti0.87O2 and MXene units. As a result, the ORR/OER catalytic activity is improved in Ti0.87O2/MXene heterojunction due to the modulated p‐band center that optimizes the s–p coupling with the key intermediate LiO2. The Ti0.87O2/MXene cathode presents a structural stability and long‐term cycling life of 425 cycles (2534 h) at 200 mA g−1 and 407 cycles at 1000 mA g−1 with a fixed capacity of 600 mAh g−1, being nearly five and three times higher than that of pure Ti0.87O2 and MXene cathodes, respectively.

Synergistic effects of calcium and zinc on bio-functionalized 3D Ti cancellous bone scaffold with enhanced osseointegration capacity in rabbit model

The present research aims to develop a Ca-Zn ion-incorporated surface functionalized 3D Ti cancellous bone scaffold for bone defect repair. The scaffold is designed to mimic human cancellous bone architecture through selective laser melting-based additive manufacturing. The chemical-based surface modification approach employed here created a Ca and Zn ions incorporated nano-porous surface layer with enhanced surface roughness and hydrophilicity. The modified biomimetic scaffold improved corrosion resistance behaviour with ICORR and ECORR values of 0.174 and 0.0097 respectively. It is learned that incorporating Zn as ZnO over the scaffold has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The cellular response of MG-63 to the modified scaffold was evaluated through in-vitro studies which focus on the cytocompatible properties. The intra-osseous biomimetic Ti-Na-Ca:Zn 3D scaffold revealed significant improvement in the osseointegration capabilities in terms of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) in the rabbit model. The osseointegration potential at the Ti-Na-Ca:Zn interface was evidenced by histological analysis and micro-CT imaging. In addition to this, the remarkable upregulation of osteogenic genes such as OCN, COL1A1, OPN, ALP, RUNX2, and OSX evidences the dynamics of the osseointegration process at each surgical period. This Ca and Zn surface functionalised porous architecture of the 3D Ti cancellous bone scaffold similar to bone with enhanced biological response and bone integration can potentially allow implant customisation by utilizing additive manufacturing technology with improved clinical outcomes.

Uncovering an Interfacial Band Resulting from Orbital Hybridization in Nickelate Heterostructures.

The interaction of atomic orbitals at the interface of perovskite oxide heterostructures has been investigated for its profound impact on the band structures and electronic properties, giving rise to unique electronic states and a variety of tunable functionalities. In this study, we conducted an extensive investigation of the optical and electronic properties of epitaxial NdNiO3 synthesized on a series of single-crystal substrates. Unlike nanofilms synthesized on other substrates, NdNiO3 on SrTiO3 (NNO/STO) gives rise to a unique band structure featuring an additional unoccupied band situated above the Fermi level. Our comprehensive investigation, which incorporated a wide array of experimental techniques and density functional theory calculations, revealed that the emergence of the interfacial band structure is primarily driven by orbital hybridization between the Ti 3d orbitals of the STO substrate and the O 2p orbitals of the NNO thin film. Furthermore, exciton peaks have been detected in the optical spectra of the NNO/STO film, attributable to the pronounced electron-electron (e-e) and electron-hole (e-h) interactions propagating from the STO substrate into the NNO film. These findings underscore the substantial influence of interfacial orbital hybridization on the electronic structure of oxide thin films, thereby offering key insights into tuning their interfacial properties.

Fabrication of customized open-cell titanium foams by direct foaming for biomedical applications

Titanium (Ti) foams offer a promising alternative for bone reconstruction and repair due to their high porosity and lower stiffness compared to solid metals, which improves in vivo osseointegration by reducing the stress shielding effect and allowing bone ingrowth. In this work, customized Ti foams were successfully fabricated for the first time at room temperature using a direct foaming method. Ti powder suspension with a water-soluble surfactant and environmentally friendly thickener was foamed by mechanical stirring. Then, 3D-printed moulds were utilized to achieve near-net shape foams, which were subsequently consolidated by sintering, thus avoiding the need for complex processing of molten Ti. The resulting Ti foams exhibited a cancellous-like open-cell structure, high porosity (> 80%), and a five times higher effective surface area than a 3D Ti mesh with a primitive cubic-based cell fabricated by additive manufacturing. In addition, the Ti foams exhibited similar mechanical properties to cancellous bone and facilitated the adhesion, proliferation, and maturation of human osteoblasts in vitro.

Realization of hydrogenation-induced superconductivity in two-dimensional Ti2N MXene.

Two-dimensional (2D) MXene superconductors have been currently attracting considerable interest due to their unique electronic properties and diverse applicability. Utilizing first-principles computational methods, we have designed two distinct configurations of hydrogenated 2D Ti2N MXene materials, namely Ti2NH2 and Ti2NH4, and have conducted an exhaustive analysis of their structural stability, electronic characteristics, and superconductivity. Hydrogenation endows monolayer Ti2N with inherent metallic characteristics, as evidenced by an elevated density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level (Ef). Notably, Ti2NH4 exhibits a superconducting critical temperature (Tc) of 15.8 K, which is predominantly ascribed to the electronic contributions stemming from the Ti 3d orbitals. Analysis of phonon dispersion underscores the pivotal role that diverse lattice vibrational modes play in electron-phonon coupling (EPC), particularly the significance of low-frequency vibrations for facilitating electron pairing and the emergence of superconductivity. Furthermore, strain engineering can effectively modulate the superconducting properties of Ti2NH4, with a 2% tensile strain enhancing the EPC strength (λ) to 0.857 and increasing Tc to 18.7 K. This research elucidates the superconducting mechanisms of hydrogenated Ti2N structures, offering valuable insights for the development of novel 2D superconducting materials.

Spin asymmetry of O 2p –related states in SrTiO3(001)

Atomically clean SrTiO3(001) is characterized by low energy electron diffraction, core level and valence band photoelectron spectroscopy, the latter also with spin resolution. Samples prepared by a sputtering-annealing procedure exhibited in-gap states in the valence band spectra, Ti3+ components in Ti 2p core level spectra and a noticeable spin asymmetry in the 3–9 eV binding energy range, which corresponds to valence states of mainly O 2p character. Upon annealing in oxygen, the spin asymmetry vanishes, accompanied by the intensity decrease of the contribution of titanium low ionization states and of in-gap states, indicating that these three phenomena are mutually connected. The observed spin asymmetry may be generated by indirect exchange mediated by the in-gap states between O 2p orbitals, or by the partial Ti 3d character of these states, which acquire non-zero spin in case of incomplete oxygen coordination.

Electronic and Atomic Structural Properties Associated with Enhanced Photodegradation Activity in Mo-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles.

The efficacy and structural evolution of Mo-doped titania nanoparticles (MTNPs) as advanced photocatalysts for degrading methyl blue (MB) are investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The 3 wt % MTNP, characterized by uniform size and anatase structure, exhibits higher efficiency. The spectral analyses unveiled structural variations in the TiO6 octahedral structure and revealed an active site of the distorted square pyramidal structure symmetry (C4v). The in situ XAS spectra illustrate that MTNPs, particularly at 3 wt % doping, effectively enhanced the hole carriers in Ti 3d orbitals with a charge transfer to Mo 4d orbitals and impeded electron-hole pair merging, significantly enhancing the photodegradation under light illumination. This study deepens our understanding of the crucial role of Mo doping in optimizing TiO2 nanoparticle performance for efficient environmental remediation, showcasing the potential of MTNPs as sustainable photocatalytic materials.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by La3+ doped SrBi4Ti4O15

The rampant misuse of organic dyes has exacerbated environmental pollution to an alarming degree. SrBi4Ti4O15, a layered perovskite semiconductor material, demonstrates considerable potential in the degradation of organic dyes, and efforts have been made to enhance its photocatalytic efficiency. In this study, La3+ doping was utilized to synthesize SrBi4-xLaxTi4O15 (x = 0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.25, 0.40) nanosheet photocatalysts, and their photocatalytic performance and underlying mechanisms were comprehensively investigated. XRD and Raman spectroscopy revealed that La3+ doping replaced Bi3+ at the A-site, resulting in a reduction of the interlayer spacing of [TiO6] octahedra. Combined with DFT calculations, La3+ doping was found to widen the band gap of SrBi4Ti4O15 and raise the Fermi level. Additionally, La3+ doping significantly increased the ratio of the Ti 3d component at the bottom of the conduction band, favoring the migration of photogenerated electrons along the [TiO6] octahedra and accelerating the separation of photogenerated carriers. SEM and BET analyses revealed that La3+ doping not only increased the size of the nanosheets but also significantly enhanced their specific surface area, thereby exposing more active sites. Degradation experiments of Rhodamine B (Rh B) under UV light demonstrated that the photocatalytic efficiency of SrBi3.75La0.25Ti4O15 (k = 0.0514 min-1) was 2.66 times higher than that of the original SrBi4Ti4O15 (k = 0.0193 min-1). The theoretical degradation pathway of Rh B was elucidated using LC-MS analysis and the developmental toxicity of potential intermediates was analyzed. Moreover, the SrBi3.75La0.25Ti4O15 photocatalyst also exhibited excellent degradation efficacy against Methylene Blue (MB), Crystal Violet (CV), and Methyl Orange (MO). This study provides both theoretical and experimental insights into improving the photocatalytic performance of SrBi4Ti4O15, thereby enhancing its potential for industrial application.

Flux Crystal Growth, Structure, and Optical Properties of LiLa3Ti2S3O6: An Oxysulfide Phase Derived from K2NiF4-Type Structure.

Single crystals of a new titanium oxysulfide, LiLa3Ti2S3O6, were grown from a KI molten salt. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that LiLa3Ti2S3O6 crystallizes in the space group Pnma with lattice parameters of a = 11.7319(4) Å, b = 3.94787(14) Å, and c = 20.6885(6) Å. In this structure, the one-dimensional chains of corner-sharing TiO5S octahedra are further corner-linked via equatorial and apical oxygen atoms to form unique corrugated two-dimensional perovskite-type layers in the ab plane with one octahedral thickness. These layers were intervened along the c-axis by the LaS rock-salt layers corrugated concomitantly with the perovskite-type layers, and LiO2S2 tetrahedral chains were located between these two types of two-dimensional layers. LiLa3Ti2S3O6 can be viewed as a modified K2NiF4-type structure with TiO5S octahedral layers stacked in a zigzag manner along the c axis. The oxysulfide has a direct-type band gap of 1.85 eV, based on UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance measurements. First-principles calculations showed that the conduction band minimum mainly consists of Ti 3d orbitals, and the valence band maximum consists of S 3p, O 2p, and Li 2s orbitals. The electronic structures near the Fermi level are similar to those of the structurally related photocatalytic oxysulfides Y2Ti2S2O5 and La5Ti2CuS5O7.

Enhancing Localized Electron Density over Pd1.4Cu Decorated Oxygen Defective TiO2-x Nanoarray for Electrocatalytic Nitrite Reduction to Ammonia.

Electrocatalytic nitrite (NO2 -) reduction to ammonia (NH3) is a promising method for reducing pollution and aiding industrial production. However, progress is limited by the lack of efficient selective catalysts and ambiguous catalytic mechanisms. This study explores the loading of PdCu alloy onto oxygen defective TiO2-x, resulting in a significant increase in NH3 yield (from 70.6 to 366.4µmolcm-2h-1 at -0.6V vs reversible hydrogen electrode) by modulating localized electron density. In situ and operando studies illustrate that the reduction of NO2 - to NH3 involves gradual deoxygenation and hydrogenation. The process also demonstrated excellent selectivity and stability, with long-term durability in cycling and 50h stability tests. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate that the introduction of PdCu alloys further amplified electron density at oxygen vacancies (Ovs). Additionally, the Ti─O bond is strengthened as the d-band center of the Ti 3d rising after PdCu loading, facilitating the adsorption and activation of *NO2. Moreover, the presence of Ovs and PdCu alloy lowers the energy barriers for deoxygenation and hydrogenation, leading to high yield and selectivity of NH3. This insight of controlling localized electron density offers valuable insights for advancing sustainable NH3 synthesis methods.

2D core ion temperature and impurity density measurements with Coherence Imaging Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CICERS) at Wendelstein 7-X (invited).

Coherence Imaging Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CICERS) is an imaging diagnostic installed in Wendelstein 7-X from which 2D maps of ion temperature (Ti) and impurity density (nZ) are obtained. The improved spatial resolution and coverage, as compared to standard Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS), with which these parameters can be assessed, come at the expense of spectral resolution, requiring the development of new strategies to isolate the active charge exchange contribution from passive and Bremsstrahlung radiation. In this work, a new approach based on the modeling of background radiation is presented and applied to the derivation of 2D Ti maps. These are compared to the Ti profiles derived from standard CXRS, which found excellent agreement up to the edge (ρ > 0.8). The CICERS view is implemented in the pyFIDAsim code, which is used to provide further insight into the spatial localization of the radiation as measured by the diagnostic. Moreover, an absolute intensity calibration is carried out, and, coupled with pyFIDAsim, the first 2D nC maps are obtained and validated against CXRS data.

Structural analysis, relaxor-ferroelectric behavior and optical properties of Mn3+-doped CaBi3NdTi4O15 synthesized via hydrothermal technique

In this study, the synthesis of the Aurivillius Ca1-xBi3+xNdTi4-xMnxO15 (CBNTMx), where x is 0, 0.2, and 0.4, was carried out using the hydrothermal technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed that the polar orthorhombic structure in space group of A21am was adopted by all powder samples. All samples possessed anisotropic plate-like particle shapes, and the particle size increased with increase in x value. The phase transition temperature (Tm) is decreased by the ionic substitution owing to the decrease in orthorhombic distortion reflected by the reduction of orthorhombicity. Relaxor-ferroelectric behavior was observed for CBNTM0.4 because of its strong frequency dispersion, while CBNTM0 and CBNTM0.2 only showed a diffused-phase transition (DPT) indicated by the broad dielectric constant at the transition temperature (Tm). The electrical conductivity exhibited an enhancement at higher x value since the ionic substitution with acceptor Mn3+ ions introduced the charge carrier in the lattice. Similarly, the reduction of optical band gap energy from 3.43 eV for the parent CBNTM0 to 2.75 eV and 2.71 eV for CBNTM0.2 and CBNTM0.4, respectively, was described as the contribution of the lower energy level of Mn 3d orbital than that of Ti 3d in the conduction band and also the less distorted structure.

Pulsed laser deposition and structural analysis of Ba2Ti6O13 epitaxial thin film on the (210) surface of SrTiO3 single crystal

A single crystalline thin film of Ba2Ti6O13 was grown on the (210) surface of a SrTiO3 single-crystal substrate by pulsed laser deposition. Scanning transmission electron microscopy shows that the Ba2Ti6O13 thin film grew epitaxially with the a-plane, and the b-/c-axes of Ba2Ti6O13 parallel to the (210) plane and the [00 1¯ ]/[ 1¯ 20] directions of SrTiO3, respectively. The electrical conductance of the Ba2Ti6O13 film was approximately one order larger than that of the reduced SrTiO3−δ single crystal with oxygen deficiency of roughly δ = 0.05. Electronic structure calculations predict that Ba2Ti6O13 is an n-type degenerate semiconductor with spin-split states primarily of Ti 3d orbital.

Common anion rule in oxide heterointerfaces: Experimental verification by in situ photoemission spectroscopy

The band alignment at the interface is one of the fundamental parameters for designing electronic devices and artificial functional materials. However, there is no firmly established guideline for oxide heterostructures, limiting the functional design of oxide heterostructures. Here, we provide spectral evidence that the band diagram of oxide heterointerfaces is well described by the Zhong and Hansmann scheme based on the common anion rule [Z. Zhong and P. Hansmann, Phys. Rev. X 7, 011023 (2017)]. By utilizing the elemental selectivity of Ti 2p–3d resonant photoemission for the Ti 3d state near the Fermi level, we directly visualize the presence or absence of charge transfer from the overlayer films to SrTiO3 in prototypical heterointerfaces of SrVO3/SrTiO3 and SrNbO3/SrTiO3. It is found that the charge transfer occurs in SrNbO3/SrTiO3 but not in SrVO3/SrTiO3, as predicted by the Zhong and Hansmann scheme, indicating that the presence or absence, as well as the sign and amount, of interfacial charge transfer is predicted by this scheme. Our findings provide guidelines for designing and controlling the functionalities in oxide nanostructures.

Al-Mg co-doped TiO2 thin film as a promising ETL for perovskite solar cells: An experimental and DFT investigation

Solar cells offer a potential solution to the energy crisis, and perovskite solar cells are the latest frontrunner. However, low electrical conductivity of TiO2 ETL serves as a bottleneck to its efficiency. In this study, Al-Mg co-doped anatase thin films are prepared by one-step spin coating method and then characterized to tackle this problem. XRD results show that doping leads to smaller crystallite size and decreased interplanar spacing, but increases the lattice strain and dislocation density. AFM images reveal that Al-Mg co-doping increases surface roughness. Surface morphology of the co-doped film is good, covering the whole substrate uniformly without any pinholes. XPS results ensure that the desired composition is achieved. UV–vis spectroscopy data show that optical bandgap increases with Al-Mg co-doping, leading to the highest bandgap for Ti0.87Mg0.1Al0.03O2, which also has the highest transmittance peak, reaching 90 % in the visible region. Urbach energies are also calculated to get a better estimate of the effective bandgaps. Band edge positions are calculated using Mulliken’s electronegativity, demonstrating improved band alignment due to Al-Mg co-doping. The bandgap trend is further corroborated with DFT + U simulations, which show that calculated bandgaps match the experimentally obtained optical bandgaps. Additionally, density of states reveal that Ti 3d orbital dominates the conduction band and O 2p orbital dominates the valence band, with hybridization taking place between different orbitals. Four-point probe test demonstrates that Al-Mg co-doping leads to a consistent decrease in sheet resistance of the thin film. Better band alignment and higher visible light transmittance combined with enhanced conductivity indicate that Al-Mg co-doped anatase thin film has high potential as an ETL for perovskite solar cells.

Impact of Au on the transition temperature and photocatalytic activity of TiO2

The effect of gold (Au) addition on the anatase to rutile transition temperature (ART) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was investigated. Concentrations of 2, 4, 8 and 16 mol. % of Au have been synthesised via a sol–gel technique and calcined at various temperatures (500–900 °C). The inclusion of gold improves the ART at 700 °C, maintaining 44.5 % anatase content for 4 % Au. Density functional theory studies indicated that the addition of Au in the anatase phase results in considerable lattice distortions, while Au 4d states and occupied Ti 3d orbitals contribute to the valence-conduction band energy gap upon doping. However, no sign of lattice substitution was observed in the experimental analysis. Instead, we demonstrate that the actual structure is well described by gold nanoparticles deposited on anatase and present a detailed DFT description of gold-modified anatase (101). All Au-TiO2samples exhibit reduced photocatalytic degradation properties compared to the control TiO2 at 500 °C. However, after calcining at 600 °C the addition of Au increases the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 from 49 % to 61 %, at an optimal concentration of 2 % Au-TiO2. The modification of titania with gold does push the transition temperature higher. However, this comes at the cost of reduced activity for 1,4-dioxane degradation, with the unmodified titania sample having better overall photocatalytic activity.

Photodegradation of dye wastewater by Ti doped Bi2O3/montmorillonite composites

Ti-doped Bi2O3/montmorillonite composites (TBM) were synthesized via chemical solution decomposition using tetrabutyl titanate and bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as titanium and bismuth sources, with sodium montmorillonite as the carrier. The active brilliant blue KN-R, carmine, and rose red B solutions were employed for adsorption and degradation experiments. Characterization of the composite was done through XRD, SEM, BET, and UV-Vis DRS analyses. Results indicate that the optimal degradation performance is achieved when the Ti doping ratio is 4 % (4TBM). The removal rates for active brilliant blue KN-R, carmine, and rose red B solutions were 98.17 %, 98.29 %, and 96.77 %, respectively. Bi2O3 was found in a tetragonal phase, with Ti ions doping into the lattice of Bi2O3 as Ti4+ inhibiting grain growth. The montmorillonite flakes in the composite were exfoliated, leading to an increased specific surface area of 4.16 m2/g. Following Ti doping, Ti 3d, O 2p, and Bi 6 s orbitals combined to form a valence band of 4TBM, reducing the band gap from 2.59 eV to 2.52 eV. This enhancement in light absorption capacity improved the photocatalytic degradation performance of 4TBM.

Enhanced solar-driven photoelectrochemical water splitting of H/N co-doped TiO2: Role of defect states in a band gap reduction and promotion of charge transfer

Photoelectrodes based on reduced TiO2 are being extensively studied in the search for photocatalytic materials that can perform solar-driven water splitting and renewable hydrogen production. To date, substantial efforts have been devoted to understanding the microscopic mechanisms that underlie their photoelectrochemical (PEC) behavior, but this is a critical missing input to the Ti 3d carriers that govern the PEC activity. In this study the single and co-doping (N, H) in anatase TiO2 are prepared for PEC hydrogen production. The codoped photocathode delivers much better PEC performance from the enhanced solar light response and a fast electron pathway. Soft x-ray spectroscopy including x-ray absorption (XAS) and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to investigate the location and occupation of the defect levels from doping, through which the relevant engineered electronic properties in doped TiO2 are determined. It is shown that co-doping effectively produce the substitutional nitrogen in comparison with single doping. The Ti3+ defect states promoted by doping introduces localized Ti 3d-derived states below Fermi level (EF), resulting in a large reduction (approximately 1 eV) in the band gap of co-doped TiO2. The progressive production of oxygen vacancies eventually causes a surface band upward-bending induced electron transfer mechanism critical for charge separation. The present insights into defect chemistry and its determination to the electronic structure of co-doped TiO2 provide important guidance for using TiO2 in electrocatalysis and optoelectronics.

Visible-light harvesting SrTiO3 solid solutions for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water.

The fabrication of solid solutions represents a compelling approach to modulating the physicochemical properties of materials. In this study, we achieved the successful synthesis of solid solutions comprising SrTiO3 and SrTaO2N (denoted as (SrTiO3)1-x-(SrTaO2N)x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) using the magnesium powder-assisted nitridation method. The absorption edge of (SrTiO3)1-x-(SrTaO2N)x is tunable from 500 to 600 nm. The conduction band minimum (CBM) of (SrTiO3)1-x-(SrTaO2N)x comprises the Ti 3d orbitals and the Ta 5d orbitals, while the valence band maximum (VBM) consists of the O 2p and N 2p orbitals. The microstructure of the (SrTiO3)1-x‑(SrTaO2N)x consists of small nanoparticles, exhibiting a larger specific surface area than the parent compounds of SrTiO3 and SrTaO2N. In the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with sacrificial reagents, the activity of solid solutions is notably superior to that of nitrogen-doped SrTiO3 and SrTaO2N. This superiority is mainly attributed to its broad light absorption range and high charge separation efficiency, which indicates its potential as a promising photocatalytic material. Moreover, the magnesium powder-assisted nitridation method exhibits obvious advantages for the synthesis of oxynitrides and bears instructional significance for the synthesis of other nitrogen-containing compounds and even sulfur-containing compounds.

Constructing 3D sandwich-like structured Ti foam/TiO2−x/SnO2-Sb composite electrodes for the degradation of PPCPs

The fabrication of Sb-doped SnO2 electrode with high catalytic activity and excellent durability for decomposition PPCPs (Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs) is challenging. Herein, a Ti3+/Ovs-related TiO2−x is prepared by short-time annealing at low temperature in mixed gas with Zr as a cocatalyst. DFT calculations indicate that the introduction of Ti3+/Ovs defects could promote the formation of more ·OH. Then, the nanoflower rod-like SnO2-Sb catalytic layer supported on dual-defects TiO2−x is successfully synthesized by one-step pulse electrodeposition (PLED) combined with hydrothermal methods (H). This newly pulse electrodeposition technique solves the short lifetime problem of SnO2-Sb nanoflower electrodes current hydrothermal-based methods. 1O2 and ·OH are found to be the primary reactive oxygen species (ROSs) by radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. The optimized Ti foam/TiO2−x /SnO2-Sb electrode could degrade over 96.3 % of 20 mg L−1 amoxicillin (AMX) within 30 min, corresponding kinetic constant 0.10228 min−1. This will provide inspiration for the construction of defect engineering and new insights for the development of low-cost and high electrooxidation activity Sb-doped SnO2 electrode.