Thyroid Weight Research Articles

Effect of early intravenous calcium replacement after total thyroidectomy

Aim: This study was to evaluate the need for postoperative calcium replacement in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy, to evaluate the effect of intravenous calcium therapy given in the early postoperative period regardless of serum calcium level and physical examination on the length of stay of the patients, parathormone levels, and the need for oral calcium after discharge. Materials and Methods: The files of 73 patients who underwent bilateral total thyroidectomy between January 2018 and July 2023 were retrospectively reviewed, and the demographic characteristics, anti-TG, anti-TPO, postoperative calcium, parathormone, thyroid gland weight of the patients were recorded. The effect of intravenous calcium replacement on calcium requirement, parathormone levels, and length of hospitalization was evaluated independently of calcium levels. Results: It has been observed that replacement is associated with long-term calcium requirement in patients who underwent bilateral total thyroidectomy and received intravenous calcium in the early period. The length of stay was found to be longer in patients who underwent calcium replacement. Conclusion: Various treatment methods are used to prevent hypocalcemia. One of these treatment methods is early intravenous calcium replacement. In clinical practice, treatments given to prevent the development of complications and to discharge patients early may sometimes lead to the occurrence of complications that are tried to be prevented. The purpose of calcium replacement is to prevent the development of hypocalcemia, to reduce the complication rate and to provide early discharge. It was evaluated that intravenous calcium replacement therapy, which was applied in the early period to prevent postoperative hypocalcemia, caused patients to need longer-term calcium replacement and prolonged hospitalization. It is important to avoid calcium replacement in the early period and to evaluate the physical examination findings along with the serum calcium level of the patients for replacement.

Clinical evaluation of CoolSeal - a new, safe, and fast vessel sealing device in total thyroidectomy.

Objective. CoolSeal is a new vessel sealing system for dissection and hemostasis during surgery. No clinical studies have investigated safety, advantages or disadvantages regarding the use of this device. The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety of CoolSeal and compare it with conventional ligation technique or LigaSure during the total thyroidectomy. We hypothesized that the use of CoolSeal would reduce the operating time and bleeding without complications increase. Study design represents a retrospective cohort study with a tertiary reference center setting. Methods. We analyzed total thyroidectomy data from January 2021 to June 2023. We recorded patients' characteristics, surgical information, and postoperative outcome. Results. We performed 221 total thyroidectomies in the study period. Analysis was restricted to 171 patients operated by only two surgeons. Hemostasis was secured by conventional ligation in 117 patients (68%), LigaSure in 34 patients (20%) and CoolSeal in 20 patients (12%). Median thyroid weight and bleeding were 67 g and 50 ml, respectively. Procedures using LigaSure or Cool-Seal were on larger glands (median 205 g) without increased bleeding (50 ml). Operating time was shortest with CoolSeal (96 min, p=0.003) compared with LigaSure (117 min) or conventional ligation (115 min). Bleeding was reduced with CoolSeal compared with LigaSure (45 vs. 100 ml, p=0.003). With CoolSeal, median hospitalization was one postoperative day, no patients required re-operation. There was no palsy of recurrent laryngeal nerves and no permanent hypoparathyroidism. Conclusion. In our first clinical experience, CoolSeal was safe and efficient for total thyroidectomy. With a small sample size, we saw a clinical benefit with reduced operating time without post-operative complications increase.

Evaluation of the diphenyl herbicide, oxyfluorfen, for effects on thyroid hormones in the juvenile rat

Recently, oxyfluorfen, a pre- and post-emergent diphenyl ether herbicide, was identified in our laboratory as an inhibitor of iodide uptake by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), the first key step in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (THs). This inhibition was observed in vitro, using both a human NIS engineered cell line (hNIS-HEK293T-EPA) and a rat thyroid follicular cell line (FRTL-5). Oxyfluorfen was found to be a potent inhibitor of NIS activity with an EC50 of approximately 2 µM in both cell lines with no observed cytotoxicity at any concentration tested up to 100 μM. The current research tested the hypothesis that oxyfluorfen alters circulating concentrations of THs. This hypothesis was first tested in a pilot study with both juvenile male and female rats exposed to oxyfluorfen for 4 days at 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. Once we identified that this short-term 4-day oxyfluorfen exposure suppressed both total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) at all doses, we tested seven lower concentrations of oxyfluorfen (0.8125 to 62.5 mg/kg day) in an 8-day exposure paradigm to more closely evaluate the dose–response. We found that oxyfluorfen suppressed serum T4 with a LOEL of 3.25 mg/kg/day and T3 with a LOEL 62.5 mg/kg/day. Analytical chemistry of the serum showed an accumulation over time following oral exposure to oxyfluorfen in both the 4- and 8-day groups. Analytical chemistry of the thyroid glands in the 8-day study revealed higher accumulation in the thyroid as compared to the serum (2 to 3- fold at 62.5 mg/kg). No changes in thyroid weight or serum TSH were observed following the 8-day exposure. This study is the first to demonstrate an effect of oxyfluorfen on serum thyroid hormones in the rat. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate the effects on thyroid homeostasis with extended exposures and the potential implications of the observed effects.

Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes in Patients with Graves' Disease Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy With or Without Near Infrared Autofluorescence Imaging.

Background: The impact of near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging on postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia is controversial. As patients with Graves' disease are at increased risk, our aim was to compare postoperative parathyroid function in these patients undergoing total thyroidectomy (TT) with or without NIRAF imaging. Methods: This was a retrospective "before and after" study, comparing outcomes of patients who underwent TT without or with NIRAF imaging at a single center. Primary outcome was the incidence of temporary hypocalcemia and secondary outcomes, rates of incidental parathyroidectomy on final specimens and permanent hypocalcemia. Analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney U and chi-Square tests. Continuous data are expressed as median (interquartile range). Results: There were 85 patients in NIRAF and 100 patients in non-NIRAF group. Groups were comparable regarding age, gender, body-mass index, and thyroid weight. Number of parathyroid glands identified intraoperatively was 3 in both groups (p = 0.47). Intraoperative parathyroid implantation rate was 16.5% in NIRAF and 6% in non-NIRAF group (p = 0.02). Incidental parathyroidectomy rate on final pathology was 12.9% in NIRAF and 32% in non-NIRAF group (p = 0.002). The rates of temporary (11.7% vs. 16%) and permanent hypocalcemia (2.4% vs. 2%) were similar between the two groups, respectively (p = 0.66). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study investigating the impact of NIRAF on postoperative parathyroid function after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. The rate of incidental parathyroidectomy on final pathology was lower with use of NIRAF, without an impact on temporary or permanent hypocalcemia rates compared to conventional technique.

Hemithyroidectomy, does the indication influence the outcome?

PurposeHemithyroidectomies are mainly performed for two indications, either therapeutically to relieve compression symptoms or diagnostically for suspicious nodule(s). In case of the latter, one could consider the approach to be rather extensive since the majority of patients have no symptoms and will have benign disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the complication rates of diagnostic hemithyroidectomy and to compare it with the complication rates of compressive symptoms hemithyroidectomy.MethodsData from patients who had undergone hemithyroidectomy either for compression symptoms or for excluding malignancy were extracted from a well-established Scandinavian quality register (SQRTPA). The following complications were analyzed: bleedings, wound infections, and paresis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Risk factors for these complications were examined by univariable and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 9677 patients were included, 3871 (40%) underwent surgery to exclude malignancy and 5806 (60%) due to compression symptoms. In the multivariable analysis, the totally excised thyroid weight was an independent risk factor for bleeding. Permanent (6–12 months after the operation) RLN paresis were less common in the excluding malignancy group (p = 0.03).ConclusionA range of factors interfere and contribute to bleeding, wound infections, and RLN paresis after hemithyroidectomy. In this observational study based on a Scandinavian quality register, the indication “excluding malignancy” for hemithyroidectomy is associated with less permanent RLN paresis than the indication “compression symptoms.” Thus, patients undergoing diagnostic hemithyroidectomy can be reassured that this procedure is a safe surgical procedure and does not entail an unjustified risk.

The effect of Aerobic exercise on the rate of thyroid secretion and weight loss

The effect of Aerobic exercise on the rate of thyroid secretion and weight loss

SAT452 Efficacy Of I-131 Treatment Dosage For Hyperthyroidism With Current Institution Formula

Abstract Disclosure: S. Salam: None. N. Nso: None. M. Nassar: None. R. Kondaveeti: None. S. chings: None. -131 (radioactive iodine) therapy effectively targets overactivity of the thyroid gland; however, literature provides conflicting outcomes regarding dosage optimization of I-131 for patients with hyperthyroidism and associated clinical complications. This retrospective study aimed to validate the therapeutic efficacy of an empirically derived I-131 institution formula in resolving hyperthyroidism by establishing a euthyroid or a hypothyroid state. Methods: This retrospective chart review was undertaken for 89 adult patients (>18 years) who received I-131 therapy from 2016 to 2020 at H&H/Queens, New York. The I-131 dose range was determined in accordance with their thyroid gland weight and thyroid uptake percentages; however, the follow-up assessment was performed for the duration of 6 months. The primary endpoint (i.e., treatment success) was defined by the interim development of a euthyroid state, or hypothyroidism, or subclinical/questionable/suspected hypothyroidism, or questionable euthyroid state. The secondary endpoints included the frequency of repeat RAI doses and post-ablation thyroid function tests (TFTs). Results: The univariate and multivariate analysis of patient data indicated an 83% I-131 treatment success rate defined by the achievement of a euthyroid state and hypothyroidism in 6.7% and 70.8% of patients along with the attainment of questionable euthyroid status, questionable hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and suspected hypothyroidism in 1.1%, 1.1%, 2.2%, and 1.1% of patients, respectively. In addition, a low number (i.e., 9%) of patients with hyperthyroidism required repeat I-131 treatment dosages to achieve a hypothyroid or euthyroid state. The results indicated a clinically significant impact of I-131 treatment dosages on post-ablation TSH, T3, and FT4 levels. Conclusion: The results of this study testified to the therapeutic efficacy of the current institution formula for I-131 treatment dosages in treating hyperthyroidism. In addition, 83% treatment success and a low retreatment requirement strengthened current evidence favoring the optimization of RAI therapy for hyperthyroidism. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study evaluating gardenia blue in Sprague Dawley rats

Gardenia blue powder was administered at 0.5%, 2.5%, or 5.0% in feed to male and female Sprague Dawley rats in an Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study (OECD Test Guideline 443). The dosed diet began 14 days before mating and was continued at the same concentration level for the entire study for all parental animals (P0) and offspring (F1). At weaning, offspring were allocated into one of 5 cohorts for different endpoints. P0 and F1 animals had blue urine, blue or black feces, and blue discolorations in gastrointestinal organs, mesenteric lymph nodes, and kidneys. This treatment-related finding was not considered adverse as there were no histopathologic correlates. There was a dose-related increase in sperm concentration in P0 and F1 males. There were dose-related increases in heart weights of F1 postnatal day (PND) 21 males, male and female thyroid weights, and female TSH levels of PND 91 F1 offspring, with no histopathological correlate. There were no consistent treatment-related adverse effects on any other parameters evaluated for general toxicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental neurotoxicity, or developmental immunotoxicity. The highest dietary concentration (5.0%) of gardenia blue powder was the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for male and female rats at all life stages evaluated.

The Correlation of Thyroid Hormone Levels and Anti-Thyroidal Drugs on Thyroid Size, Weight, and Ease of Surgical Dissection for Thyroidectomy for Graves' Disease.

Patients with Graves' Disease often have a larger thyroid size than patients without thyroid disease. These patients also have elevated T3 and T4 with decreased TSH. We evaluate whether these thyroid labs, the use of antithyroid agents, or the size of a thyroid on ultrasound, correlate with the pathological size of a thyroid in patients who undergo total thyroidectomy for Graves' Disease. We further determine whether these parameters affect perioperative complications. A retrospective review of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for Graves' Disease was performed from January 2004 to December 2016 in a single institution. 392 patients were included in the study. Univariate analyses were performed to compare thyroid size on US and pathology as well as weight to preoperative thyroid hormone values and medical comorbidities. Spearman rank correlation and ANOVA were used to identify factors associated with thyroid weight, total pathology size, and differences in size. Multivariate analysis was also performed to evaluate for correlation between thyroid function and perioperative complications. We found that elevated pre-operative T3 levels were associated with larger pathologic size (P = .027) and a greater difference in pathology vs. US thyroid volumes (P = .005), but not increased thyroid weight (P = .286). No significant differences were found for thyroid weight, pathology size, or difference in size for TSH, T4, or any specific preoperative ATD given. Only postoperative calcium levels were found to be statistically significant for TSH < 0.27 (P = .024) for peri-operative complications. These findings may allow for more accurate preoperative planning and intraoperative expectations in patients with Graves' Disease.

A synergistic analgesic effect of morphine in combination with the CB1 receptor agonist, ACPA, in normal, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid male rats.

Both cannabinoid and opioid receptors are involved in pain behavior. The administration of morphine and cannabis in rats has been shown to decrease thyroid weight and thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. We hypothesized that the third ventricle, due to its adjacency to the hypothalamus, is involved in the modulation of hypothalamic‑pituitary‑thyroid axis activity and descending pain pathways. The present study examined the effect of intra‑third ventricle administration of morphine and cannabis agents on the modulation of pain behavior in normal, hypothyroid (increased serum TSH), and hyperthyroid (decreased serum TSH) rats using the tail‑flick test. The results indicated that intra‑third ventricle injection of AM251 (CB1 receptor antagonist) caused hyperalgesia, while intra‑third ventricle administration of ACPA (CB1 receptor agonist) and morphine produced analgesia in normal, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid rats. A non‑effective dose of morphine (0.5 μg/rat) did not attenuate hyperalgesia induced by an effective dose of AM251. Co‑injection of ACPA and morphine into the third ventricle induced anti‑nociceptive effect in normal, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid rats. An isobolographic analysis demonstrated a synergistic effect between ACPA and morphine in the production of the anti‑nociceptive effect. Consequently, the third ventricle may modulate pain behavior induced by cannabinoid and opioid receptors via descending pain pathways in normal, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid rats.

Effect of Supplementary Food Substitution of Sea Urchin Gonads (Diadema Setosum) on TSH Hormone, Height, and Weight of Stunted Toddlers in Soropia District

Stunting results in generational loss due to decreased ability to work productivity and IQ. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) plays an important role in the growth process, in chronic growth hormone deficiency conditions will spur the incidence of stunting. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of supplementary food formula substitution of sea urchin gonads (Diadema Setosum) on Thyroid hormone, height and weight of stunted toddlers in Soropia District. This experiment using RCT (Randomized Control Trial) design. The sample in this study were stunted toddlers in Soropia District. The formula uses a substitution of sea urchin gonads (Diadema Setosum) which is given in one portion of additional food. Additional food in the form of nuggets, sausages, bakwan. The formula is given for 3 months with a frequency of every day for 90 days. The Results to be achieved that the availability of supplementary food formulations substituting sea urchin gonads, nutritional content of supplementary food formulas, energy and protein consumption data, data on body height and thyroid hormone levels, body height and weight before and after supplementary food formulas

Exploring the effect and mechanism of Haizao Yuhu decoction containing three variants of glycyrrhiza on goiter using an integrated strategy of network pharmacology and RNA sequencing

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHaizao Yuhu decoction (HYD) is a classic Chinese herbal formula described in the surgical monographs of the Ming Dynasty “Waikezhengzong.” It has been widely used to treat goiter for approximately 500 years and found to be particularly effective. HYD contains glycyrrhiza and sargassum. This pair of herbs belongs to “18 incompatible medicaments” of traditional Chinese medicine theory. Although these two herbs are opposite, our preliminary study proved that they have superior effect when added into HYD at 2 times the dose of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, the species of glycyrrhiza in HYD that are the most effective have not been recorded in ancient Chinese medical texts. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, glycyrrhiza is divided into the following three species: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish., G. glabra L., and G. inflata Bat. The effect of HYD containing different species of glycyrrhiza and their mechanisms remain to be further explored. Aim of the studyTo investigate the effect of HYD containing three species of glycyrrhiza on goiter, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism using network pharmacology combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Materials and methodsA rat model of goiter was established by 14 days of intragastric gavage of propylthiouracil (PTU), and the rats were treated for 4 weeks with HYD containing three different species of glycyrrhiza. The body weight and rectal temperature of rats were tested weekly. At the end of the experiment, the serum and thyroid tissues of rats were collected. The effect of the three HYDs was assessed based on general observations (including body weight, rectal temperature, and living status of rats), absolute/relative thyroid weight, thyroid function (including triiodothyronine, thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels), and thyroid tissue pathology. Next, we explored their pharmacological mechanisms using network pharmacology combined with RNA-seq and validated key targets using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting (WB), and immunofluorescence (IF) assays. ResultsThe three HYDs reduced the absolute/relative weights of thyroid tissues and improved the pathological structure, thyroid function, and general findings of rats with goiter. Overall, the effect of HYD-G. uralensis Fish. (HYD-U) was better. Results from network pharmacology and RNA-seq jointly suggested that both the pathogenesis of goiter and the mechanism of action of HYD for goiter were related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) pathway. We validated the key targets in the pathway, namely, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A, VEGF receptor 2, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1) and its encoded protein PI3K (p85), AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1), phospho-AKT and cyclin D1 using RT-qPCR, WB, and IF assays. The PI3K-Akt pathway was hyperactivated in rats with PTU-induced goiter, whereas the three HYDs could inhibit the pathway. ConclusionThis study confirmed the definite effect of the three HYDs in the treatment of goiter, and HYD-U was found to be more effective. The three HYDs inhibited angiogenesis and cell proliferation in goiter tissue by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Genetic background in the rat affects endocrine and metabolic outcomes of bisphenol F exposure.

Environmental bisphenol compounds like bisphenol F (BPF) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) affecting adipose and classical endocrine systems. Genetic factors that influence EDC exposure outcomes are poorly understood and are unaccounted variables that may contribute to the large range of reported outcomes in the human population. We previously demonstrated that BPF exposure increased body growth and adiposity in male N/NIH heterogeneous stock (HS) rats, a genetically heterogeneous outbred population. We hypothesize that the founder strains of the HS rat exhibit EDC effects that were strain- and sex-dependent. Weanling littermate pairs of male and female ACI, BN, BUF, F344, M520, and WKY rats randomly received either vehicle (0.1% EtOH) or 1.125 mg BPF/l in 0.1% EtOH for 10 weeks in drinking water. Body weight and fluid intake were measured weekly, metabolic parameters were assessed, and blood and tissues were collected. BPF increased thyroid weight in ACI males, thymus and kidney weight in BUF females, adrenal weight in WKY males, and possibly increased pituitary weight in BN males. BUF females also developed a disruption in activity and metabolic rate with BPF exposure. These sex- and strain-specific exposure outcomes illustrate that HS rat founders possess diverse bisphenol-exposure risk alleles and suggest that BPF exposure may intensify inherent organ system dysfunction existing in the HS rat founders. We propose that the HS rat will be an invaluable model for dissecting gene EDC interactions on health.

Subtotal Thyroidectomy Postoperative Complications with Unplanned Thyroid Surgery

Background: The surgical treatment for bilateral multinodular nontoxic goiter (BMNG) is still debatable. Avoiding RLN harm during thyroid surgery if the pathology is not identified. Reduce the incidence of hypoparathyroidism by reducing the rate of parathyroid gland damage during excision. Objective: To see the complications of subtotal thyroidectomy in random thyroid surgery. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, observational study conducted in the Department of ENT &amp; Head- Neck surgery, Rangamati Medical College, Rangamati for a period of 2 years from January 2019 and December 2020. Total 100 patients were operated for benign and malignant thyroid disorders. This study was done to assess complications after various types of thyroid surgeries indicated for benign as well as malignant thyroid lesions. Results: Ten (10.0%) patients had transient hypocalcemia followed by 4(4.0%) had transient recurrent nerve palsy, 1(1.0%) had permanent hypocalcemia, 1(1.0%) had permanent recurrent nerve palsy and 1(1.0%) had neck hematoma. Mean weight of the resected thyroid was found 62.4±14.1 gram in euthyroidism group and 74.2±26.4 gram in hypothyroidism group. Mean proportion of weight of the thyroid remnant in total weight of the thyroid was found 5.1±2.2 percent in euthyroidism group and 3.9±2.1 percent in hypothyroidism group. Conclusion: Transient hypocalcemia, transient recurrent nerve palsy, chronic hypocalcemia, permanent recurrent nerve palsy, and neck hematoma were the most frequent postoperative complications.

Outcome and Evaluation of the Patient Thyroidectomy with Hyperthyroidism: A Case-Control Study

Introduction: According to reports, pediatric patients with hypothyroidism have a higher risk of complications following surgery than adults. Specifically, this Study's aimed to evaluate how complete thyroidectomy is in youth (18 years) and adults. Materials and Methods: A retrospective case-control study of all (n=100) complete thyroidectomies was performed on 32 pediatric and 68 adult patients who were consecutive from were compared at the Department of ENT, Head &amp; Neck Surgery, Islami Bank Medical College and multicentral base hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from July 2018 to June 2021. Results: The average patient age in children was 9.7 years (range 3.4-17.9 years) against 44.9 years (range 18.4-84.2 years) in adults. Compared to adults, surgical procedures on children took an average of (2.18 ± 0.08 hrs.) longer to complete in adults (1.66 ± 0.03 hrs) (p = 0.003). The average weight of a thyroid specimen was 48.0 ± 6.4 grams in adults and 38.6.0 ± 8.9 grams in children (range, 6.6-203 grams; p = 0.34). Children had a higher ratio of thyroid weight to body weight (0.94 ± 0.11 gm/kg) than adults (0.67 ± 0.8 gm/kg; p = 0.05). After surgery, the hyperthyroid condition improved in every patient. There were no operational deaths, recurrences, or long-term hypoparathyroidism. Conclusion: It is clear that the technical difficulties associated with treating Graves' disease surgically in children and adults result in longer operational periods. There was no difference in the chances of long-term consequences, including recurrent laryngeal nerve damage or neck hematoma. Medicine Today 2023 Vol.35(1): 40-43

Is lactational Sertraline exposure safe for maternal health and the reproductive/neurobehavioral development of the descendants? A study in rats.

Although sertraline is considered one of the safest antidepressants in the lactation period, there are still few studies that assess its impact on child development. Therefore, this experimental study aimed to clarify the effect of sertraline on the neurobehavioral and reproductive development of male rats. Thus, 30 lactating rats were divided into 3 experimental groups (n=10/group): CO- received filtered water, S10 and S20 groups that received, respectively, 10 and 20mg/kg/day of sertraline. Treatment was performed by gavage, from postnatal days (PND) 1 to 20. During this period, the reflex and somatic development of rats were observed, as well as maternal behavior. On PND 21, mothers were euthanized and the organs were weighed. On PND 21, 45, and 100, one male from each litter was euthanized for histological and immunohistochemical (PCNA and WT1) analysis of the reproductive organs. The growth of body weight, the anogenital distance (AGD), the time to puberty, sperm quality, sexual behavior, neurobehavior, and natural fertility were also verified. Statistical analysis: One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test (p≤0.05). The results showed that mothers in the S20 group had an increase in thyroid weight. The male offspring exposed to sertraline had lower body weight (PND 7), lower AGD (PND 7 and 14), and delay in reflex development, in addition to histological alterations in the testis (PND 21). In adulthood, sperm quality was altered, without compromising natural fertility. Therefore, the present study found important alterations in the reflex and reproductive development of male rats exposed to sertraline during lactation.

Protective Role of Ashwagandha and Quercetin over Cypermethrin Induced Hypothyroidism: A Hematological Study in Mice

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used worldwide for domestic as well as agriculture purposes. The current research is designed to investigate the protective role of ashwagandha and quercetin on cypermethrin-induced hematological alteration via declined thyroid function. Swiss albino male mice weighing around 25–30 g were divided into four groups of six animals each at random. Group I served as a control with normal food and water; Group II cypermethrin treated 15 mg/kg body weight; Group III ashwagandha co-treated 200 mg/kg body weight, and Group IV quercetin co-treated 150 mg/kg body weight. Doses were applied orally for 28 days. Blood was drawn, and hematological parameters and a serum thyroid hormone calculation were performed on it. Increased body weight and decreased thyroid weight were observed in the cypermethrin exposure group. The decreased T3 and T4 and increased TSH hormone levels were observed in the cypermethrin-treated group as compared to the control signified hypothyroidism. A significant decrease in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin percentage, and platelet counts was observed in the cypermethrin exposure group. Total leukocyte counts, neutrophil%, and lymphocyte% were increased significantly in the cypermethrin exposure group as compared to the control. A significantly decreased platelet count was observed in the cypermethrin exposure group. The antioxidant co-administered animals showed significant prevention as compared to cypermethrin-exposed animals.

Effect tracking of 131I treatment in Graves' hyperthyroidism patients within 1 year and analysis of the factors that may influence the cure.

To observe the disease development and outcome of Graves' disease (GD) patients within 1 year after iodine-131 (131I) treatment, and analyze the factors affecting the treatment effect. Clinical data of 221 patients who received the first treatment with 131I in our department from June 2016 to October 2018 were retrospectively analyzed and they were followed up at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after the treatment. According to the three follow-up records, the cure rate was calculated and the follow-up chart was drawn. The factors that may affect the clinical cure were analyzed according to the follow-up results after 1 year: Independent risk factors affecting the prognosis were screened out by Logistic regression analysis, and the effects of the above factors on the prognosis were further analyzed by Chi-square test, and the cure multiple relationship caused by the influencing factors was analyzed by Logistic regression analysis. The cure rate was 58.82% and the effective rate was 71.95%. At the 3-month follow-up, 11 patients (4.98%) presented complete response, 99 patients (44.80%) presented hypothyroidism, 93 patients (42.08%) presented partial response, and 18 patients (8.14%) presented no effect or recurrence. At 6 months, 18 cases (8.14%) had complete response, 90 cases (40.72%) had hypothyroidism, 59 cases (26.70%) had partial response, and 54 cases (24.43%) had no effect or recurrence. At 12 months, 36 cases (16.29%) had complete response, 94 cases (42.53%) had hypothyroidism, 29 cases (13.12%) had partial response, and 62 cases (28.05%) had no effect or recurrence. Thyroid weight and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were the influencing factors. Among all patients, patients with thyroid weight ≤28.70g were 4.25 times more likely to achieve clinical cure than patients with >28.70g [OR (95%CI):4.252 (2.383-7.588), P<0.01)], female patients with the thyroid weight ≤28.70g was 5.78 times than those with >28.70g [OR (95%CI): 5.776 (2.951-11.308), P<0.01]. In male, patients with TPOAb≤449.00IU/mL were 0.27 times more likely to achieve clinical cure than those with >449.00IU/mL [OR (95%CI): 0.274 (0.081-0.919), P<0.05]. Iodine-131 was an effective treatment to GD. Thyroid weight before treatment was the influencing factor for all patients and female patients, while TPOAb was the influencing factor for male patients.

TOXIC EFFECTS OF AROCLOR 1254 ON RAT HEART AND THYROID AND MODIFYING ROLE OF SELENIUM STATUS

Objective: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were very widely used in industrial products in past. These chemicals were banned in the 1970s due to their toxic effects. PCBs can still affect human health, as they are persistent in the environment. Aroclor 1254 (A1254) is a commercial PCB congener which was used in electrical transformers, fluorescent lighting fixtures and old appliances such as televisions or refrigerators. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of A1254 on heart and thyroid in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, the modifying role of selenium status was also evaluated.&#x0D; Material and Method: 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used in the experiment. The animals were separated randomly into 6 groups (n=6) as control; selenium supplemented (SeS); selenium deficient (SeD); A1254 exposed (A); selenium supplemented A1254 exposed (ASeS) and selenium deficient A1254 exposed (ASeD). A1254 was applied by gavage during the last 15 days of feeding period. Heart and thyroid weights and relative weights, plasma thyroid hormone levels, as well as thyroid and heart tissue oxidative/antioxidative parameters were evaluated.&#x0D; Result and Discussion: Results showed that A1254 exposure and selenium deficiency caused oxidative stress on both heart and thyroid. Plasma fT3 and fT4 levels markedly changed in ASeD group. In conclusion, it can be stated that A1254 exposure can cause lead to oxidative/antioxidative imbalance in both thyroid and heart and can disrupt functioning of thyroid hormones. Selenium seems to have a modifying role in A1254 toxicity in both organs, the importance of which should be evaluated with further mechanistic experiments.

Prenatal exposure to sertraline, associated or not with stress, can negatively program somatic and neurobehavioral development of female rats, and dysregulate reproductive function in adulthood

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are prescribed to pregnant women for treating mental illnesses. Among the drugs of this class, sertraline (ST) is the antidepressant therapy recommended most frequently. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of gestational ST treatment on reproductive parameters and toxicological target organs of rat female offspring, as well as on somatic, reflex and neurobehavioral development, in a model of maternal adversity. Pregnant Wistar rats received vehicle (filtered water) or ST hydrochloride (20 mg/Kg/day diluted in vehicle) by oral gavage, associated or not with restraint stress for 1 h/day from gestational days 13–20. F1 female offspring was evaluated on reproductive parameters, body weight and somatic and reflex milestones from postnatal day (PND) 1. On PNDs 25 and 72, the elevated-plus-maze test was performed, while toxicological target organs were evaluated on PNDs 42 and 80. In utero exposure to ST, regardless of exposure to stress, reduced body weight at birth and affected the somatic development and estrous cycle. The absolute and relative thyroid weights were increased in Stress/ST group during puberty and adulthood, while the percentage of ovarian structures and the absolute uterine weight were altered in this group on PND 80. Prenatal exposure only to ST reduced initial body weight gain, delayed fur development and increased anxiety-like behavior on PND 25. Thus, this experimental study suggests that intrauterine exposure to ST disrupts the fetal environment and can negatively program serotonin-regulated processes. Furthermore, it impacts thyroid weight when associated with stress.