Thyroid-related Diseases Research Articles

The Clinical Application of Superb Microvascular Imagingin Evaluating Thyroid Related Diseases: ASystematic Review.

This article reviews all published articles on the application of superb microvascular imaging (SMI) technique in thyroid related diseases before December 31, 2023. SMI, a recently developed ultrasound imaging modality, could display microvascular information by eliminating clutter and preserving low flow signals. Most studies used SMI to help diagnose malignant thyroid nodules and concluded that SMI performed better than color Doppler imaging and power Doppler imaging. At present, there is no consensus when depicting the morphology of vascularity of thyroid nodules (TNs). This problem may be solved by quantitative SMI which makes it possible to quantitatively evaluate the vascularity of TNs. SMI is also applied to evaluate cervical lymph node or thyroid inflammatory diseases. Although, SMI has some limitations, such as no standard for the normal perfusion patterns, and it has a broad application prospect in the diagnosis and management of thyroid related diseases.

The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function.

Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet-gut-thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 influence thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout life. Dietary changes can alter the gut microbiota, leading not just to dysbiosis and micronutrient deficiency but also to changes in thyroid function through immunological regulation, nutrient absorption, and epigenetic changes. Nutritional imbalance can lead to thyroid dysfunction and/or disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and possibly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, yet controversial issues. Understanding these relationships is important to rationalize a balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients for maintaining thyroid health and preventing thyroid-related diseases. The synthetic comprehensive overview of current knowledge shows the importance of micronutrients and gut microbiota for thyroid function and uncovers potential gaps that require further investigation.

Expert consensus on ultrasound guided thyroid and neck lymph node puncture (2023 edition)

Thyroid nodule and cervical lymph node biopsy is the main clinical method for evaluating the condition and determining the follow-up treatment plan. The literature on thyroid nodule puncture predominantly focuses on thyroid fine needle puncture, and there are limited systematic articles on coarse needle aspiration for thyroid-related diseases and needle biopsy of thyroid-related cervical lymph node diseases. However, this shortage of articles does not reflect the diagnostic value of coarse needle aspiration in thyroid biopsy and cervical lymph node-related diseases. Currently, different departments of many hospitals in China are conducting or planning to perform needle biopsy of thyroid and cervical lymph node-related diseases to improve the standardization and safety of related operations. Standardization is needed for the indications, contraindications, perioperative period, postoperative complications management, puncture specimen processing, and related genetic analysis of thyroid and cervical lymph node puncture. For this purpose, Interventional Ultrasound Committee of Chinese College of Interventionalists organized a panel of domestic experts in the field of thyroid diseases to discuss and formulate a consensus. Based on the latest research progress, combined with the clinical realities in China, this Expert Consensus on Ultrasound Guided Thyroid and Neck Lymph Node Puncture (2023 edition) is released.

Profiling of carbonyl metabolic fingerprints in urine of Graves’ disease patients based on atmospheric ionization mass spectrometry

Graves’ disease (GD) is considered among the organ autoimmune diseases and is somewhat linked to other autoimmune and secondary diseases. Commonly used detection methods rely on identifying characteristic clinical features and abnormal biochemical markers, but they have certain limitations and may be affected by patient medication. In this study, a desorption separation ionization (DSI) device coupled with a linear ion trap mass spectrometer is introduced for effective detection and screening of urine from GD patients. To enhance the sensitivity of MS analysis, derivatization reagent is utilized as a labeling method. The MS signal is used for metabolic profiling, through which differential metabolites and pathways are identified. Subsequently, processing the acquired spectra with a machine learning algorithm enables successful differentiation of GD patients and healthy individuals. This method is believed to provide versatile and powerful technical support for effective detection on the scene. Notably, this method offers the advantage of achieving early and rapid diagnosis of thyroid-related diseases.

Treatment of Hypothyroidism with Flavonoid Rich Extract of Fucus vesiculosus L Algae in Adult Rats

Background: Thyroid-related diseases, such as hypothyroidism, affect large populations worldwide and have severe health effects. Fucus vesiculosus L seaweed, which is full of iodine and other biologically active ingredients, has always been recognized as a remedy for hypothyroidism. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of a flavonoid extract of the algae, Fucus vesiculosus L, on the thyroid hormones in rat. Method: Thirty-two mature rats were separated into four categories and given different amounts of the seaweed extract over the span of a month. Blood samples were then taken and assessed for thyroid hormones, antioxidants, and liver enzymes. The effect of the flavonoid extract of the Fucus vesica algae on thyroid hormones in the serum of adult rats was studied, by estimation thyroid hormones, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxynitrite, in addition to liver enzymes in the blood serum of (32) adult rats. Results: The results showed that the TSH level a significant decrease in all groups compared to the control group after a month of dosing. T3 also showed a significant increase in all groups compared to the control, in addition to T4, which showed a significant increase in all groups. As for the level of glutathione peroxidase, it showed a significant decrease in all groups compared to the control group, while peroxynitrite showed a significant decrease in all groups compared to the control group. As for liver enzymes, they showed a significant decrease in all groups compared with the control group. Conclsuion: In summary, the Fucus vesiculosus L. seaweed flavonoid extracts showed a marked deviations in the concentrations of thyroid hormones and exposed potential hepato-protective and antioxidative activity in adult rats.

Association Between Antibiotic Exposure and Thyroid Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea.

Background: Although recent studies have introduced antibiotics as a potential risk factor for thyroid cancer, further studies are necessary. We examined the association between long-term antibiotic usage and thyroid cancer risk. Methods: This nationwide cohort study investigated 9,804,481 individuals aged 20 years or older who participated in health screening (2005-2006) with follow-up ending on December 31, 2019, using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for thyroid cancer risk according to the cumulative days of antibiotic prescription and the number of antibiotic classes, respectively. A 1:1 propensity score (PS) matching was also performed for analysis. Results: Compared with nonusers of antibiotics, participants prescribed ≥365 days of antibiotics showed an increased risk of thyroid cancer (aHR, 1.71; CI, 1.66-1.78) after adjusting for covariates including age, smoking status, comorbidities including thyroid-related diseases, and the number of head and neck computed tomography scans. Participants prescribed ≥365 days of antibiotics also had a significantly increased risk of thyroid cancer (aHR, 1.37; CI, 1.34-1.40) compared with participants prescribed 1-14 days of antibiotics. Association remained significant in the 1:1 PS-matched cohort. Moreover, compared with nonusers of antibiotics, the 5 or more antibiotic class user group had a higher thyroid cancer risk (aHR, 1.71; CI, 1.65-1.78). Conclusions: Long-term antibiotic prescriptions and an increasing number of antibiotic classes may be associated with a higher risk of thyroid cancer in a duration-dependent manner. The effects of long-term antibiotic exposure on thyroid cancer should be further investigated.

Nanopore surface engineering of molecular imprinted mesoporous organosilica for rapid and selective detection of L-thyroxine

To develop a biosensing platform for precise diagnosis and management of thyroid-related diseases, the sensitive and selective recognition and identification of L-thyroxine (T4), a thyroid hormone, remains challenging. We herein introduce T4-imprinted mesoporous organosilica (T4-IMO) for sensitive and specific detection of T4 via the sophisticated engineering of pore surfaces using additives with different polarities. The pore surface of T4-IMO emitting a stable fluorescence signal is simply modified by fixed additives. Additives embedded in the pore surface promote the rebinding response of T4 into the recognized cavities, subsequently sensitizing T4 detection. Notably, T4-IMO containing abundant fluorine elements on the pore surface shows a high affinity toward T4, remarkably boosting the rebinding capacity. In addition to good selectivity to T4, the “turn-off” fluorescent signal exhibits a linear relationship with the logarithm of T4 concentration in a range of 0–500nM with a detection limit of 0.47nM in synthetic urine samples. Our findings can establish an insightful strategy for the rational design of molecular-recognition-based sensor systems for the selective and sensitive detection of target analytes.

Moyamoya Disease and its Association with Thyroid Disorders; a Pakistani Case Report and a Review of Case Reports

Abstract Objective: We aimed to report the case of a Pakistani female who presented with MMD and hyperthyroidism, and the worldwide literature review of the case reports on MMD associated with hyperthyroidism. Methods: The study was carried out using PRISMA's recommendations. An electronic search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was carried out. Articles explaining the association between Moyamoya disease and thyroid-related diseases were included. Results: A total of 31 studies were included in the review, with the preponderance of Japanese females. The review has systematically compiled in detail all the aspects of moyamoya syndrome and thyroid disorders- from detailed histories of the included patients to the treatment interventions used and their outcomes. Conclusion: The authors are with the suggestion that more cases of MMD and its association with other major factors should be presented in Pakistan as well as in all parts of the world.

Are Thyroid and Sex Hormone Ratios Predictive of Breast Cancer Risk? A Preliminary Study among A Cohort of Sri Lankan Breast Cancer Patients

Purpose: The association of thyroid related diseases and sex hormones with breast cancer (BC) is reported with inconclusive results. 
 Objectives: The study was designed to analyze the thyroid/sex hormone ratios of BC patients. 
 Methodology: TSH, T3, T4, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone concentrations of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients (n=155) aged 30 to 75 years and age-matched normal controls (n=75) were analyzed. Thyroid: sex hormone ratios were calculated. Data on history of thyroid related diseases were collected.
 Results and Discussion: History of thyroid related diseases was significantly higher (p

The Dual Roles of Triiodothyronine in Regulating the Morphology of Hair Cells and Supporting Cells during Critical Periods of Mouse Cochlear Development.

Clinically, thyroid-related diseases such as endemic iodine deficiency and congenital hypothyroidism are associated with hearing loss, suggesting that thyroid hormones are essential for the development of normal hearing. Triiodothyronine (T3) is the main active form of thyroid hormone and its effect on the remodeling of the organ of Corti remain unclear. This study aims to explore the effect and mechanism of T3 on the remodeling of the organ of Corti and supporting cells development during early development. In this study, mice treated with T3 at postnatal (P) day 0 or P1 showed severe hearing loss with disordered stereocilia of the outer hair cells (OHCs) and impaired function of mechanoelectrical transduction of OHCs. In addition, we found that treatment with T3 at P0 or P1 resulted in the overproduction of Deiter-like cells. Compared with the control group, the transcription levels of Sox2 and notch pathway-related genes in the cochlea of the T3 group were significantly downregulated. Furthermore, Sox2-haploinsufficient mice treated with T3 not only showed excess numbers of Deiter-like cells but also a large number of ectopic outer pillar cells (OPCs). Our study provides new evidence for the dual roles of T3 in regulating both hair cells and supporting cell development, suggesting that it is possible to increase the reserve of supporting cells.

A comparative study on the efficacy of pranayama and dietary restriction on altered body mass index and thyroid-stimulating hormone in middle-aged women with subclinical hypothyroidism

Background: Among the various thyroidrelated diseases hypothyroidism, is one of the prevalent thyroid disorders, which is more common in women than in men. The prevalence among the general population ranges between 0.2% and 5.3% in Europe and 0.3% and 3.7% in the USA. Aim and Objectives: Therefore, the current study was designed and carried out to determine the efficacy of yoga on the treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism with reference to lipid profiles of women suffering from hypothyroidism. Materials and Methods: The recruited subjects were randomly assigned into three groups namely: Group 1: Control group (15 patients) did not instruct to follow any intervention; Group 2: Patients were trained and instructed to follow the yogic practice 60 min a day, 6 days/week for 8 weeks; and Group 3: Patients were instructed to follow the dietary restriction for the same 8week period. Body mass index (BMI) of the study subjects and the blood thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) levels were assessed before and after the intervention periods. Results: The results observed in the current study; it can be concluded that our study findings are in line with the theme that a decrease in the levels of TSH, along BMI with are showing the evidence of decreased severity of hypothyroidism in patients under the interventions with more specific to the yogic intervention than the dietary intervention. Conclusion: It can be concluded that our study findings are in line with the theme that decrease in the BMI along with the levels of TSH are showing the evidence of decreased severity of hypothyroidism in patients under the interventions with more specific to the yogic intervention than the dietary intervention.

Association between Abortion History and Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes of Singleton Pregnancies after Assisted Reproductive Technology

At present, few people have studied the associations between abortion history before pregnancy on the outcomes of women and their infants after assisted reproductive technology (ART). To explore the association between the history of abortion and the outcomes of singleton pregnancies after ART. This was a retrospective study in a hospital from 2015 to 2020 in Shanghai, China. Pregnant women with live singleton births through ART were included (n = 3043). Abortion was classified into spontaneous abortion (SAB) and induced abortion. We compared the maternal and fetal outcomes of singleton pregnancies obtained through ART with different abortion histories. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between the history of pre-pregnancy abortion with perinatal complications and neonatal outcomes. We observed that compared with those who had no abortion history and obtained singleton pregnancies through ART, women who had an abortion history before pregnancy (including SAB or induced abortion history) and only SAB history were more likely to have gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), thyroid-related diseases, and placenta-related diseases. After adjusting the potential confounding factors, these differences still existed. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of GDM, thyroid-related diseases, and placenta-related diseases in women with a history of abortion and only a history of SAB were 1.239 (1.030-1.492) and 1.240 (1.010-1.522), 1.589 (1.261-2.002) and 1.724 (1.344-2.213), 1.465 (1.183-1.815) and 1.433 (1.132-1.814), respectively. However, we did not observe the association between the history of induced abortion and GDM and thyroid-related diseases. Our research showed that pregnant women with singleton pregnancies through ART who had a history of abortion or only a history of SAB were more likely to have GDM, thyroid-related diseases, and placenta-related diseases. Pregnant women who had both SAB and induced abortion before pregnancy had a higher risk of thyroid-related diseases and placenta-related diseases, while women who had only a history of induced abortion had a higher risk of placenta-related diseases. Further research is needed to explore the biological mechanism of different types of abortion related to subsequent pregnancy.

Preoperative voice analysis and survival outcomes in papillary thyroid cancer with recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion.

To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and identify risk factors for postoperative recurrence of PTC with recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) involvement. In total, 171 patients (112 women and 59 men, age: 18-80 years, and 65 patients aged ≥ 55) with T4a PTC with RLN involvement, treated at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2006 to December 2020, were retrospectively examined. Clinicopathological characteristics, including voice analysis results, and survival outcomes were assessed. The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis H tests were used to analyze differences in acoustic parameters. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free (RFS) rates. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed of the clinical data. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from 12 to 196 months (mean: 66.18 months). Of the 171 patients, 16 had recurrence and 8 died of thyroid-related diseases. The 5-year OS rate was 95.22%. The 5-year RFS rate was 89.38%. Jitter and shimmer were higher and maximum phonation time was shorter in patients with preoperative vocal cord paralysis (VCP) than in those without RLN involvement, and in those with RLN involvement but without preoperative VCP. Acoustic parameters were similar in patients with no preoperative VCP and those without RLN involvement. Voice analysis results did not differ between cases with RLN adhesion and RLN invasion. Univariate analysis showed that age at onset ≥ 55 years, preoperative RLN palsy, and esophageal invasion were risk factors for postoperative recurrence of PTC with RLN involvement. Multivariate analysis showed that onset age ≥ 55 years (OR 4.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.44-14.19, P = 0.010) was an independent risk factor for recurrence. PTC patients with RLN invasion can achieve good outcomes. Preoperative voice analysis may offer insights into RLN function. Age of onset ≥ 55 years is an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrence in T4a PTC patients.

Using the Baidu index to understand Chinese interest in thyroid related diseases

Common thyroid diseases are hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid tumor and so on. Baidu is currently the most widely used online search tool in China, has developed an internet search trends collection and analysis tool called the Baidu Index. The aim of the present study was to understand the trend and characteristics of public’s online attention to thyroid diseases, and to explore the value of Baidu Index in monitoring online retrieval behavior of thyroid-related information. Taking the period from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2019 as the time range into consideration, we used the big data analysis tool of Baidu Index and took “thyroid nodules”, “thyroid cancer”, “thyroiditis” “hyperthyroidism” and “hypothyroidism” as the keywords, the data of “search index” and “media index” were recorded on a weekly basis, and all information were aggregated into quarterly and annual to generate the final data which was carried out for secondary analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the search index of keywords and the year. One-way Analysis of Variance was used to analyze the differences between search index and media index. Among the five keywords, thyroid nodule search index had the highest growth rate (640%), followed by thyroid cancer (298%). The media’s attention to thyroid diseases had been declining year by year. Unlike the public’s attention, the media index of hyperthyroidism was significantly higher than other keywords. Over the past nine years, the public's attention to thyroid-related diseases has been increasing gradually. Baidu Index is an effective tool to track the health information query behavior of Chinese internet users, which can provide a cost-effective supplement to traditional monitoring system.

The Controversial Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Cancer Prevention.

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and exhibits rising incidence. Annual incidence varies by sex, age, and geographical location. It has been reported that impairment of vitamin D signalling promotes thyroid cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as both a nutrient and a hormone, may have utility in the prevention of autoimmune thyroid-related diseases. However, the precise role of vitamin D in the pathobiology of thyroid cancer is controversial. Previous studies have suggested that elevated serum vitamin D levels have a protective role in thyroid cancer. However, there is also evidence demonstrating no inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and the occurrence of thyroid cancer. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that circulating vitamin D concentration is inversely correlated with disease aggressiveness and poor prognosis, while evidence of an association with tumour initiation remains weak. Nevertheless, a variety of data support an anti-tumorigenic role of vitamin D and its potential utility as a secondary chemopreventive agent. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the association of vitamin D status with the risk of thyroid cancer, prognosis, potential mechanisms, and possible utility as a chemopreventive agent.

Hypothyroidism Incidence in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome/ Subfertility

The association of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and hypothyroidism is increasingly being recognised. Both syndromes share some common characteristics. In the patients of these two disorders, sub fertility appears frequently. Background and Objective: Hypothyroidism and PCOS are those syndromes that affects the women of child bearing age.These syndromes leads to subfertility. Risk of subfertility can be prevented in the patients of hypothyroidism by treatment at the onset of the disease. As hypothyroidism occurs more commonly in the patients of PCOS, so it is very important to explain its clinical impact. The objective of this study is to find out how hypothyroidism affects the patients who are suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome. Study Design: The study design of this article is meta-analysis research. Material and Method: In last two months, we have studied many patients in our clinic.Out of these patients, some were diagnosed as patients of hypothyroidism and there were some patients of PCOS. All patients were females.Data including age and BMI was noted from their record sheets. We also noted the level of different hormones of their body.Venous blood samples were drawn and thyroid volumes was checked. Place and Duration: This study is conducted at Gynae and Obs department of Makran Medical College, Turbat and Teaching Hospital Kech, in the last two years in and outdoor from June 2019 to June 2021. Result: The values of triglycerides, cholesterol, fasting glucose , fasting insulin were significantly higher in the patients of PCOS. Levels of different hormones Including FSH, LH, TSH were also different in affected females as compared to control group.Women suffering from pcos are also unable to conceive.Total thyroid dysfunction was seen in almost 50% patients of pcos. Conclusion: Females who were suffering from hypothyroidism had higher volume of their ovaries and cystic ovaries as well.Meanwhile, females who suffered from pcos had more thyroid related diseases as well.Hypothyroidism changes the level of reproductive hormones in females and makes them unable to conceive (causes subfertility). Keywords: Hypothyroidism, Subfertility, Insulin resistance, PCOS, BMI, Hormones level.

Upconversion luminescence-based aptasensor for the detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone in serum.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) plays a crucial physiological and pathological role in humans, and a timely and sensitive detection of TSH is critical for early diagnosis and prevention of thyroid-related diseases. Herein, we developed a simple wash-free biological aptasensor based on luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) between NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) for the detection of TSH with high sensitivity. In this LRET system, UCNPs as donors and TAMRA as receptors were modified with nucleic acid aptamers Apt-1 and Apt-2, respectively. When TSH was present, the two aptamer strands both specifically recognized TSH to form a hairpin-like structure, thereby shortening the space between UCNPs and TAMRA. The LRET occurred under radiation of 980-nm light. By detecting the change of upconversion luminescence (UCL) intensity (I545nm), the activity of TSH was quantified. The resulting detection dynamic range and the limit of detection were 0.1-5.0 mIU·L-1 and 0.065 mIU·L-1, respectively. The aptasensor using UCNPs as LRET donors was capable of effectively eliminating the background interference of a complicated biological environment, and showed good specificity because of the excellent recognition function of aptamers. Due to high sensitivity, easiness of fabrication, operational convenience, and selectivity, the UCL-based aptasensor is a promising candidate for clinical TSH determination. Based on nucleic acid aptamer and the mechanism of luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) between upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) donor and tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) receptor, an aptasensor was constructed for the quantitative analysis of TSH activity in serum by testing the change of I545nm.

Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes After Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Retrospective Cohort Study in China.

BackgroundWith the progress of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and the increasing number of ART pregnancy, its safety has become the focus of attention. The present study aimed to explore the associations of ART pregnancy with maternal and neonatal outcomes, as compared with naturally pregnancy.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included all pregnant women who delivered at Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in 2011–2020. We compared maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes between group of ART pregnancy and group of naturally pregnancy using Logistic regression adjusted for confounders.ResultsA total of 13,604 ART pregnancies and 198,002 naturally pregnancies were included. The proportion of ART pregnancies has increased every year for the past 10 years, peaking in 2020 (9.0%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the risks of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, moderate or severe anemia, liver-related diseases, thyroid-related diseases, preterm birth, placenta previa, postpartum hemorrhage, and cesarean section were significantly increased in ART pregnancy. For neonatal outcomes, women conceived by ART were more likely to have twins or multiples, and the risk of stillbirth or abnormal development was also significantly increased. When restriction to singletons, these risks were reduced. And the effects of ART on the risk of premature rupture of membrane, cord entanglement, intrapartum fever, cesarean section, and stillbirth or abnormal development were more pronounced in singletons pregnancies compared with that in pregnancies of twins or multiples.ConclusionWomen conceived by ART were at increased risks of several adverse pregnancy outcomes compared with women conceived naturally. Multiple pregnancies could partly explain this phenomenon. For ART pregnancy, prenatal and intrapartum monitoring should be strengthened, and neonatal outcomes should be closely observed.

What are predictors of impaired quality of life in patients with hypoparathyroidism?

Hypoparathyroidism (hypoPT) is a rare endocrine disorder. Little is known about what factors are associated with potential quality of life (QOL) impairments. HypoPT patients at a minimum of 6 months' post diagnosis were invited to participate in an online survey through their treating physician or through self-help organisations METHODS: Impairments of clinical importance in QOL were considered present if the score of the respective functioning scale of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 exceeded a pre-defined threshold. Symptom burden was assessed using the HPQ-28. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with impairments in QOL. Data were available for 264 hypoPT patients. Impairments of clinical importance in QOL were reported for 40.4% in role functioning (RF), 40.6% in social functioning (SF), 60.8% in physical functioning (PF), 65.5% in cognitive functioning (CF) and 76.0% in emotional functioning (EF). Higher odds for reporting impaired QOL were seen for higher symptom burden (for almost all domains) and for being unable to work (for PF, RF and SF). Surgery for thyroid cancer being the cause of hypoPT was associated with lower odds in PF for patients and in PF and CF for patients with surgery for other thyroid-related diseases being the hypoPT cause. HypoPT needs to be recognised as a disease which might be associated with impaired QOL and affect daily living. Symptom management is crucial for improving QOL in hypoPT patients but socioeconomic factors like work-ability need to be considered when treating hypoPT patients.

Internet of Things for sustaining a smart and secure healthcare system

The thyroid is a key endocrine gland in the human body that regulates several bodily processes, including protein synthesis, energy consumption, and the body’s reaction to other hormones. Segmentation and volume regeneration of the thyroid is particularly important for identifying thyroid-related diseases since the majority of these problems result in a change in the thyroid’s shape and scale over time. There is an urgent need for research on the disease’s origins and spread. The Internet of Things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence all provide real-time processing for a variety of applications in the healthcare sector. In healthcare and biomedicine applications, machine learning algorithms are increasingly being utilized to make critical choices. Thyroid patients urgently need a robust and latency-sensitive Quality of Service framework. This paper aims to integrate fog computing and artificial intelligence with smart health to provide a dependable platform for thyroid infection early detection. To identify thyroid patients, a novel ensemble-based classifier is proposed. The thyroid dataset is obtained from the UCI library and the simulation is carried out utilizing Python programming. To increase the framework’s security, encryption and decryption methods are suggested. The suggested framework’s performance is assessed in terms of latency, network use, RAM utilization, and energy consumption. On the other side, the suggested classifier’s accuracy, precision, specificity, sensitivity and F1 score are all assessed. The result demonstrates that the suggested framework and classifier perform consistently better than conventional frameworks and classifiers.