Prevalence Of Thyroid Nodules Research Articles

Investigation of Clinical Features and Surgical Results in Patients with Thyroid Nodules Referred to the Endocrinology Clinic in Hamadan City

Background and Objective: Considering the high prevalence of thyroid nodules and the increased incidence of malignancy of this gland, the present study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics and pathology results following surgery in patients with nodular goiter and referred to the endocrinology clinic in Hamadan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as case series from 2011 to 2021. All patients diagnosed with thyroid nodules who underwent thyroidectomy according to the indication and whose pathology was benign or malignant were included in the study. The patients' information was collected by reviewing the files, which included demographic, clinical, and pathology results. The data was analyzed in SPSS software (version 26), and the significance level was considered less than 0.05. Results: Among the 507 patients studied, 88.2% were female, and 11.8% were male. The mean age of the patients was 41.93 years. Pathology result was malignant in 57% of cases and benign in 43% of subjects. Most patients with malignant pathology were under 35 years of age, and those with benign pathology were older (P<0.001). Most patients were in stage I of the disease; nonetheless, males compared to females were significantly in more advanced stages of the disease (P<0.001). Conclusion: Thyroid nodules are very common, and their incidence is increasing. Considering the nature of malignancy, the good prognosis of these nodules, and effective treatment, early diagnosis of malignancy assumes critical importance.

A clinico-pathological study of thyroid nodules and correlation among ultrasonographic, cytologic, and histologic findings

Background: Nodular thyroid is a common occurrence affecting 5% of the population. Aims and Objectives: To find the prevalence of thyroid nodules, to study the clinico-biochemical profile of the patients with thyroid nodules and to establish a correlation between pre-operative ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with post-operative histopathologic findings. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata over 1.5 years. Patients with clinically detectable nodules posted for surgery were evaluated clinically, biochemically, ultrasonographically (USG), and cytologically with FNAC. Histopathologic examination (HPE) was done post-surgery. Comparison was done between those with benign and malignant nodules. Correlation was done between pre-operative USG, FNA, and post-operative HPE of the nodules. Results: Out of 322 cases during the study period, the prevalence of clinically detectable thyroid nodule posted for surgery was 39 (12.58%). Most of the patients were euthyroid (94.9%), had nodules in left lobe (41.5%). Most of the nodules were heteroechoic (56.5%) and majority were THY3 nodules (48.7%) on FNAC. On HPE, malignancy was found in 20.5% of the nodules. Compared to benign nodules, malignant nodules were more commonly larger, on the left lobe, solid, hypoechoic, with spiculated margins, punctate calcification, and having associated neck nodes (pall < 0.03). Out of 11 cases, which were radiologically predicted to be malignant, 10 had THY ≥3 on FNA, and 8 were malignant on HPE. USG had a sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value of 87.5%, 87.1%, 63.63%, and 96.43% in predicting malignancy. Conclusion: Pre-operative ultrasonography for thyroid nodules can predict malignancy with sufficient sensitivity and specificity and can obviate the need for unnecessary FNAC in many cases and also suggest imminent need for surgery rather than FNAC in very high risk cases.

Survey on the prevalence and related factors of thyroid disorders in different iodine intake regions in China in 2015-2017

Objective: To observe the prevalence and related factors of thyroid diseases in different iodine intake areas from 2015 to 2017 after the implementation of national salt iodization policy in China for 20 years. Methods: A cross-sectional survey. Multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling was used to randomly select subjects meeting the inclusion criteria from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China from January 2015 to December 2017, and stratified by age and sex. The survey included questionnaire, physical examination and thyroid ultrasonography. At the same time, the concentrations of serum thyrotropin, thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroid globulin antibody (TgAb) and urinary iodine were measured.To determine whether the patient has a certain thyroid disease according to the above results. Different iodine nutrition areas were defined according to urinary iodine concentration, and the influence of iodine nutrition status in different iodine intake areas on thyroid diseases was analyzed. Results: A total of 78 470 adults were included, including 39 893 in the area of moderate iodine, 28 779 in the area of adequate iodine, and 9 798 in the area of excessive iodine.In the above three regions, the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism) was 0.45% (95%CI: 0.39%-0.52%), 0.50%(95%CI: 0.35%-0.70%)and 0.27%(95%CI: 0.20%-0.35%), respectively, with statistical significance(χ²=6.92, P=0.003). The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism) was 11.36% (95%CI: 10.73%-12.02%), 13.57%(95%CI: 11.70%-15.69%) and 16.18%(95%CI: 12.41%-20.82%), respectively, with statistical significance(χ²=5.08, P=0.009). The prevalence rates of Graves' disease, TPOAb, goiter and thyroid nodule among the three regions were statistically significant (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of clinical hyperthyroidism and clinical hypothyroidism and the positive rate of TgAb among the three regions (all P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that excess iodine was a risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism (OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.06-1.44), and a protective factor for thyroid nodules (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.57-0.94). Iodine overdose was a risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism (OR=1.47, 95%CI: 1.08-2.01), while it was a protective factor for subclinical hyperthyroidism (OR=0.56, 95%CI: 0.41-0.77), and TPOAb positive (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.87-0.99), goiter (OR=0.33, 95%CI: 0.17-0.66) and thyroid nodule (OR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.61-0.97). Conclusions: There are significant differences in the prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, positive TPOAb, thyroid nodule and goiter in different iodine intake regions. Different iodine intake levels have an effect on the incidence of thyroid diseases.

Thyroidectomy in elderly ; is it safe?

Background: The prevalence of thyroid nodules rise with age and different data available about the risks of thyroid surgery in old age people. In general, old age could be a predictor of perioperative mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study is to prove if there is increased risk accompanying thyroidectomy in elderly patients. Subjects and Methods: Prospective study of one surgeon of study sample undergoing thyroid surgery at Al-Kindy teaching hospital and Saint Raphael hospital .This study was including two groups; group (A) involved patients 65 years and older, group (B) involved patients below 65 years old who were subjected to thyroidectomy. Taking in consideration histopathology results, indications of surgery (compressive symptoms, suspicious or confirmed malignancy, toxic goiter and recurrent goiter) and complications (including rates of temporary and permanent hypocalcaemia, temporary and permanent RLN paralysis, postoperative hematoma, wound infection and seroma), in addition to the risk of perioperative mortality. Results: There were 574 patients below 65 years and 127 elderly patients (&gt;=65 years) who underwent thyroidectomy between January 2015 and December of 2018. There were no deaths in either group; no one had bilateral RLN paralysis. Old age patients had a lower frequency of complications in comparison to the younger counterparts, including transient hypocalcaemia (3.1% vs 14.8%, respectively) and temporary RLN injury (0% vs 0.69%, respectively), in addition to permanent RLN injury (0% vs 0.34%, respectively). Conclusions: Thyroidectomy in elderly is safe as compared to younger patients regarding perioperative complications

Thyroid Nodule Prevalence in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on thyroid nodule prevalence&#x0D; Methods: A total of 384 patients who were followed up with Grade 2-3 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver diagnosis were investigated for the presence of multinodular and/or nodular goiter. Demographic characteristics, biochemical data, and abdominal and thyroid ultrasonography reports of the patients were collected from patient files and electronic records.&#x0D; Results: The ALT (cut-off level 10-40 U/L), GGT (cut-level 0 - 65 U / L), triglyceride (0-150 mg/dL), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR index value &lt; 2.71), and TSH (cut-off level 0.45-4.12 mU / L), which are biochemical and metabolic parameters examined in our study, increased at statistically significant levels as the fat increased in the liver. A total of 45.8% (176/384) of the patients had Grade-2 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and 54.1% (208/384) had Grade-3 Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. As fat increased in the Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, the prevalence of nodules increased at statistically significant levels (p=0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: Our study found that the frequency of thyroid nodules, disruption of the parenchymal structure, and metabolic and biochemical disruption are parallel in non-Alcoholic fatty liver patients.

Increased Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules Across Nearly 10 Years in Shanghai, China.

This study aimed to determine whether the prevalence of thyroid nodules (TNs) increased due to modern lifestyles or other factors, despite the advances in screening and diagnostic tools. This study included 3474 pairs of participants, who were matched by gender and age (±3 years) from two cross-sectional sampling surveys: (1) the program on the iodine nutritional status and related health status of residents in Shanghai in 2009; (2) the thyroid disease screening program for adults in Shanghai between 2017 and 2018. The prevalence of TNs and thyroid diseases in 2009 and 2017-2018 were compared, and the potential risk factors of TNs were detected. The prevalence of TNs in 2009 was 28.9%: 22.5% in males and 34.5% in females. In 2017, this increased to 43.8%: 37.9% in males and 49.1% in females. The prevalence of TNs significantly increased from 2009 to 2017 (odds ratio, 1.486; 95% confidence interval, 1.238-1.786). In addition, female gender, thyroid disease history, and age were the main risk factors for TNs after adjusting for confounders in the logistic regression across the time period. The prevalence of TNs significantly increased across nearly 10 years in Shanghai.

Associations between Lake Urmia disaster and the prevalence of thyroid nodules and metabolic syndrome: The AZAR cohort survey.

Background: In this study, we investigated the associations Lake Urmia's drought to the prevalence of thyroid nodules (TNs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among local inhabitants of the lake. Methods: In this cross-sectional study which was started in 2014, we collected data on 992 adults who participated in the Azar cohort study, in Shabestar county, Iran. The sociodemographic status, smoking, and medical history of the subjects living in the areas adjacent to (n = 163) and far from (n = 829) Lake Urmia were collected through questionnaires. After obtaining written consent, anthropometric factors and blood pressure (BP) were measured. The lipid profile and fasting blood glucose (FBG) of the respondents were measured using colorimetric methods, and all underwent thyroid examination and sonography. Furthermore, the size and characteristics of nodules were determined with a fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) method. Results: We did not find any significant difference in the prevalence of TNs between the two groups (P=0.44), whereas the prevalence of MetS were significantly higher among the subjects from the regions that were far from the Lake (P=0.04). After adjustment for confounding factors (age and gender) in both groups, low risk of TNs (OR=1.20, 95% CI:0.89-1.62) and high risk of TNs (OR=1.19, 95% CI:0.65-2.19) were not significantly associated to MetS (P>0.05). Conclusion: In this study, Lake Urmia's drought was identified to be with no contribution to the prevalence of TNs and MetS. Therefore, long term perspective studies are suggested to reach precise results.

Abstract #1325538: Does Pregnancy Worsen the Prognosis of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer?

Thyroid nodules are 3 to 5 times more common in women than in men. The prevalence of thyroid nodules during pregnancy is estimated at 3% to 21% of populations with mild to moderate iodine deficiency and at 30% of populations with severe iodine deficiency. Thus, the risk of thyroid cancer is 3 times higher for women compared with men. Pregnancy was identified as a risk factor of thyroid carcinoma and multiparous women should be closely followed-up to detect the disease early. The aim of our study is to assess the impact of pregnancy on the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Prevalence of thyroid nodules and characteristics of thyroid ultrasound in children with goiter: a single center experience

BackgroundGoiter is a common presenting sign of various thyroid diseases in children. Thyroid nodules are clinically and/or radiologically significant findings due to their high malignancy rate. The ultrasound (US) characteristics of pediatric patients with goiter are rarely reported in literature; thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of thyroid US and the prevalence of thyroid nodules in pediatric patients with goiter.MethodsA retrospective review of children and adolescents under the age of 18 (2015–2020) referred for neck ultrasound due to goiter in clinical examination.ResultsA total of 262 patients were included with a mean age of 13.77 ± 3.7 years. Thyroid antibodies were positive in 119/262 (45.4%) patients. Thyroid US reported to be abnormal in 210/262 (80%) patients. Thyroid nodule were found in 33.6% (n = 88/262) of patients with goiter and in 41.9% (n = 88/210) of patients with abnormal thyroid US result. Patients with positive antibodies had more of heterogeneity and hypervascularity of the gland on thyroid US (P < 0.001). On the other hand, thyroid nodules were more likely to be presented in patients with negative thyroid antibodies (P = 0.025). The heterogeneity within the thyroid positive group was significantly correlated with increasing TPOAb (P < 0.001) and TSH levels (P < 0.028). Heterogeneity on US had a positive predictive value (P = 0.041), while hypervascularity had low prediction for thyroid nodules (P = 0.022). Age, gender, family history of thyroid diseases, antibodies status and echogenicity in US did not show any significant associations with thyroid nodules. Papillary thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed in six patients and one of these patients was positive for thyroid antibodies.ConclusionThyroid nodules are quite common in our population. Thyroid nodules were significantly associated with heterogeneity in US. Although, no clinical or biochemical factors could predict the presence of thyroid nodules on thyroid US in our cohort, the absence of thyroid antibodies should lower the threshold for performing thyroid US.

The clinical significance of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) category 5 thyroid nodules: Not as risky as we think?

BackgroundAlthough the prevalence of thyroid nodules is high, few prove to be malignant. Based on sonographic features, the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System categorizes malignancy risk of thyroid nodules with associated management recommendations for each category level. Malignancy rates among nodules with a highly suspicious Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System category 5 warrant examination in the context of additional risk stratification tools, including cytopathology and molecular testing. MethodsAll patients who underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy for Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System category 5 nodules from January 2018 to September 2021 in a large integrated academic health system were reviewed. Using the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, categories V and VI were set as malignant. Molecular testing (ThyroSeq version 3; Rye Brook, NY) yielding ≥50% risk of malignancy was deemed positive and correlated with surgical pathology. ResultsA total of 496 Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System category 5 nodules were identified. On fine-needle aspiration cytopathology, 61 (12.3%) were malignant. The breakdown included Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology I, 15 (3%); II, 362 (73%); III, 52 (10.5%); IV, 5 (1%); V, 6 (1.3%); and VI, 55 (11.1%). Of Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology III/IV nodules with molecular testing (n = 53), 24.5% yielded positive results. In total, 42 (8.5%) nodules underwent surgical resection, most of which were Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology VI (n = 26, 61.9%). Of excised nodules, 33 (78.6%) nodules were malignant, 6 (14.3%) benign, and 3 (7.1%) noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features. All Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System category 5 nodules with malignant cytology (Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology V/VI) that underwent surgery were malignant on histopathology. On average, the total Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System points were higher in malignant nodules compared with benign (9.3 vs 7.3; P = .015). Moreover, benign nodules more frequently received Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System points when the radiologist was unable to determine composition or echogenicity (33% vs 3% among malignant nodules; P = .01). ConclusionThyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System category 5 designation in thyroid nodules is associated with a lower risk of malignancy than previously reported. Benign and malignant nodules with Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System category 5 designation have discrepancies in certain Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System characteristics and individual points assigned, which may offer an opportunity for quality improvement and standardization measures in ultrasound reporting practices.

Prevalence of Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer in Individuals with a First-Degree Family History of Non-Medullary Thyroid Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Sonographic Screening.

Background: The actual rates of suspicious thyroid nodules (TNs) and confirmed thyroid cancer (TC) in putatively "at-risk" selected populations (e.g., individuals with family history of TC) are still uncertain. Methods: Our aim was to explore the prevalence of TC and TN in a cross-sectional study of a consenting population of unaffected individuals (10 years of age or older) with a first-degree relative known to have non-medullary TC (NMTC). Enrolled subjects underwent ultrasonographic studies of the neck between 2009 and 2018. Nodules considered suspicious according to current guidelines were subjected to fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for cytology. Results: The screenee population comprised 1176 individuals (median age 42 [26-56] years, 650 females, 55.3%) from 473 kindreds (346 with 1 established NMTC diagnosis at entry, 103 with 2 established NMTC diagnoses, and 24 with 3 or more established NMTC diagnoses at entry). Screening revealed TNs in 500 screenees (42.5%; confidence interval [CI] 39.7-45.4%). Ninety-seven of these (19.4%; CI 16.2-23.1%) underwent FNAB. Only 11 cases of TC were diagnosed in the whole population (0.9%; CI 0.5-1.7%). The prevalence of TC in screenees from kindreds with ≥3 cases (3/24, 12.5%) was higher than that for kindreds with one affected member (6/346, 1.7%; p = 0.01, odds ratio [OR] 7.99; CI 1.21-40.75) and for those with two affected members (2/103, 1.9%; p = 0.05, OR 7.05; CI 0.76-89.44). The prevalence of TNs was 61.8% (CI 56.6-66.8%), 75.7% (CI 66.6-83%), and 66.7% (CI 46.7-82%) in the kindreds with 1, 2, and ≥3 cases, respectively (p = 0.03). Conclusions: On the whole, ultrasound-based screening of unaffected relatives of individuals with established diagnoses of NMTC is likely to reveal a high prevalence of TN and a low prevalence of TC. However, a significantly higher prevalence of TC may be found among screenees from kindreds with at least three established NMTC diagnoses before screening, suggesting that closer surveillance may be warranted in kindreds with this level of familiality.

Prevalence of thyroid nodules in patients undergoing thyroid ultrasonography at a tertiary care centre

Background: Thyroid nodules are common diseases, and have been detected up to 50% of the general population. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and characterisation of thyroid diseases, and the information provided by imaging studies is essential for management planning. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of thyroid nodules in patients undergoing Thyroid ultrasonography in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 86 patients. Data were collected from October 2021 to March 2022 after ethical clearance. Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System were used to access the thyroid nodules. Descriptive statistics were applied using SPSS v.20. Results: The prevalence of thyroid nodules was seen in 98 (88%) individuals in total distributed in 15 (15.3%) males, and 83 (84.7%) females. Among total 98 patients, 66 (67.3%) patients had right thyroid nodules: benign 50 (51%), malignant 16 (16.3%) and 52 (53.7%) had left thyroid nodules: benign 36 (36.7%), malignant 16 (16.3%). The composition of thyroid nodules among majority participants was cystic type, anechoic type of echogenicity. Significant relationship was seen among female gender and malignancy, solid composition of thyroid nodules, and ill-defined margin. Conclusion: The prevalence of thyroid nodules was higher in comparison to other studies. Sonographic features like consistency, margin, and echotexture could differentiate benign and malignant thyroid nodules by using Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System.

Prevalence of Solitary Thyroid Nodule in Patients Admitted in Hospital of Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan

Solitary nodules are a typical thyroid disease appearance. Solitary thyroid nodules are little swellings that are ordinarily impalpable glands. Solitary thyroid nodules are typically benign. With a mean age of 35 years, ladies are more likely than males to develop cancer (10–20%). An endocrine gland called the thyroid is located in the lower front and sides of the neck. Its primary purpose is to regulate basal metabolic rate. It also promotes somatic and psychic growth and is crucial for calcium metabolism. The identification, examination, and treatment of thyroid nodules can be difficult. These lumps frequently develop near the thyroid gland's border and are enormous in size, causing them to feel or seem like a lump in front of the neck. A multitude of variables, including age, sex, food, iodine deficiency, and even therapeutic and ambient radiation exposure, affect the occurrence of these nodules in a given population. This study was conducted in hospital of Dera Ismail Khan, KPK,Pakistan to determine the prevalence of solitary thyroid nodules in patinets admitted in the hospital. The results indicates that females between the ages of 26 and 30 are more likely to have thyroid nodules. Swelling at the front of the lower neck is the most frequent presenting ailment. The majority of patients presented between 6 months and 3 years after the edoema first appeared. The sensitivity and specificity of FNAC in the current investigation were 92% and 98%, respectively, while sensitivity and specificity of USG were 70 and 90%, respectively. Histopathology verified all malignant tumours on FNAC, demonstrating its superiority. USG and FNAC aids in proper management planning as a result, preventing the need for additional surgery. Keywords: Solitary thyroid nodule; Thyroid neoplasm; Neck swelling; Body mass index; Pakistan

Thyroid volume and nodules in patients with impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background. The relationship between insulin resistance and thyroid nodules is not clearly understood. Insulin resistance is associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in patients with metabolic syndrome. Metformin commonly used in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) might possibly alter thyroid function and morphology. Data on the association of thyroid morphology and abnormal glucose metabolism are limited. This prospective study was carried out to evaluate impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and T2DM as a risk factor for increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in iodine-deficient area. Materials and methods. This was a prospective case-control study in patients with IFG and T2DM. Data were gathered on all patients newly diagnosed with IFG and T2DM between January 2018 and December 2020. Sixty-five patients with IFG and 52people with T2DM were randomly matched for age, gender, and smoking habits with 38 subjects with normal glucose metabolism. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was evaluated, and thyroid ultrasonography was performed in all participants. Results. Mean TSH level in the T2DM group (2.1±0.9 mIU/l) was significantly higher than in controls (1.4±0.7 mIU/l) and in the IFG group (1.5±0.8 mIU/l) (p&lt;0.001 for both). Thyroid autoantibody levels were within normal limits and did not differ significantly between 3 groups. Mean thyroid volume was significantly higher in the IFG (16.1±4.2 cm3) and T2DM groups (19.4±5.2 cm3) compared to controls (11.9±3.7cm3). In the T2DM group, there was a positive correlation between TSH and body mass index (r=0.43; p&lt;0.01), and between TSH and waist circumference (r=0.37; p&lt;0.01). The number of patients with thyroid nodules was also higher in the IFG (46.2%) and T2DM groups (63.1%) than in controls (18.4%). Conclusions. The results suggest that patients with impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus have significantly increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence.

Food Intake of Patients with Thyroid Nodules: a Brazilian Food Guides-Based Analysis

Introduction: The thyroid gland has the function of secreting hormones that play an important role in metabolism. Alterations in this function may bring complications to individuals, among them thyroid nodules. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is higher in white people, older adults, women, smokers, with accumulated body fat and larger waist circumference. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare dietary intake of patients with benign (BN) and malignant (MN) thyroid nodules. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 62 patients. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall, according to the 2006 and 2014 Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. Mean consumption of each food group was compared between patients with BN and MN by Student’s t-test. Results: The sample consisted mostly of females with mean age of 43 years old. Based in the 2006 Guide, patients with BN and MN presented low consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products, and high consumption of meat. Total caloric intake (p=0.03) and of the group of sugars and sweets (p=0.03) were higher among individuals with MN compared with BN. Considering the 2014 Guide, the highest caloric contribution for the diet was from minimally processed foods from minimally processed foods group. Conclusion: Patients with MN had higher energy intake of sugars and sweets. For all other food groups investigated, no significant difference between individuals with MN and BN was encountered.

The prevalence of thyroid nodules and its factors among Chinese adult women: A cross-sectional study.

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of thyroid nodules in Chinese adult women. To analyze the relationships between lifestyle, metabolic syndrome and thyroid nodules.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study in the tertiary hospital from 2017 to 2019. Included participants underwent thyroid color Doppler ultrasonography, lipids examination, and dietary evaluation.ResultsTotally 2,784 participants were included, and 933 participants were found to have thyroid nodule(s) by B-ultrasound. The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 33.3%. Women in 50-59 years (OR: 1.746, 95% CI [1.356-2.249]), older than 60 (2.147 [1.540-2.993]) and occupations with mainly manual work (1.780 [1.367-2.317]) were risk factors for thyroid nodules, while moderate dietary diversity (0.624 [0.476-0.817]) and normal triglycerides level (0.739 [0.604-0.905]) were protective factors.ConclusionWomen over 50 and those whose jobs are mainly manual should enhance screening, follow-up and health management of thyroid nodules. Higher dietary diversity is protective measures against thyroid nodules for adult women and should consider dietary balance and the food varieties, not just increased quantities.

OPG is associated with thyroid nodule development in type 2 diabetes.

BackgroundThyroid nodule prevalence is increasing lately, especially in diabetes, but the mechanism of which is not clear. In this study, we investigated if osteoprotegerin (OPG) is involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid nodules in diabetes.MethodsA total of 7568 individuals with detailed information and ultrasound examination results were studied for the prevalence of thyroid nodules. Among them, 1883 were with type 2 diabetes and 5685 were non‐diabetic. Then, 1120 individuals were randomly selected for the measurement of OPG. Diabetic rats were made by feeding a high‐fat‐high‐fructose diet for 28 weeks. Rats fed with a normal diet were as controls. Fresh thyroid tissues were obtained and fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin for hematoxylin‐eosin staining and observing pathological changes. qPCR and western blot were used to detect OPG expression in rat thyroid tissues.ResultsWe found that HbA1c is an independent risk factor for thyroid nodules (Exp [β] = 1.158, p < 0.001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules in type 2 diabetes was higher than that in non‐diabetes (53.9% vs. 46.7%, p < 0.001). Serum OPG levels were significantly elevated in the diabetes group than in the non‐diabetes group (3160.17 pg/ml vs. 2819.39 pg/ml, p < 0.01). The expression of OPG increased significantly in the thyroid tissues of diabetic rats.ConclusionOsteoprotegerin may be associated with thyroid nodule development in diabetes.

The Thyroid Condition and Residual Clinical Signs in 31 Existing Endemic Neurological Cretins After 42 Years of Iodine Supplementation in China.

BackgroudEndemic cretinism is the most severe manifestation among the iodine deficiency-related disorders. The clinical status of the cretins may be modified subsequently by the duration and severity of the disease. We aimed to reassess the clinical status and thyroid function of 31 surviving “neurological cretins” after 42 years of iodine supplementation in a historically severely iodine deficiency area of China.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional study in design and we investigated all 31 surviving neurological cretins and 85 controls. A detailed neurological examination was conducted on each patients. All the participants were given a questionnaire and underwent B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid. The serum levels of thyroid hormones, thyroid antibodies, serum iodine concentration (SIC) and urine iodine concentration (UIC) were measured.ResultsThe neurological cretins had shorter stature than that of the control. Neurological damage is still present in patients with cretinism. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid nodule in the cretins was significantly higher (χ2 =4.766, P=0.029 and χ2 =17.077, P<0.0001, respectively) compared with the control. After adjusting for confounding factors, endemic neurocretinism was found to be an independent risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism (OR=4.412; 95% CI: 1.358–14.334; P=0.014) and thyroid nodule (OR=6.433; 95% CI: 2.323–17.816; P<0.0001).ConclusionsIodine supplementation after birth does not reverse the neurological damage that results from maternal/foetal hypothyroidism in utero and is subsequently manifested as neurological cretinism. There is a cross-sectional association between endemic neurocretinism and subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid nodule.

Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer.

Epidemiology of Thyroid Cancer.

Thyroid nodule ultrasound accuracy in predicting thyroid malignancy based on TIRADS system.

A frequent prevalence of thyroid nodules in patients prioritizes the need for an accurate method that characterizes them as benign or malignant. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and thyroid ultrasonography (USG) are currently used for this purpose. However, since FNAB is complicated, time-consuming and expensive, thyroid USG, a fast and highly sensitive method, is preferably used. Although USG is reported as a suitable method for characterization of thyroid nodules, there are some contrasting studies available which report its limited use in the differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. This meta-analysis aims to assess the accuracy of ultrasound in predicting thyroid cancer in terms of sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratios (ORs) for positive and negative results. Systematic and extensive literature search on the use of ultrasound (US) to predict thyroid cancer was conducted in the databases of Scopus, CINAHL (via EBSCO), MEDLINE (via PubMed), and Web of Science, covering the period from 2010 till 2021. The morphological features of thyroid nodules observed during the USG were analyzed based on Thyroid Imaging Reporting And Data System (TIRADS) guidelines. The accuracy of thyroid US was determined using parameters such as sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic ORs. Moreover, the respective forest plot and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics (HSROC) curve were plotted. A total of 2765 reference studies were examined, and among them, 15 relevant references were selected. The selected studies were heterogeneous and included retrospective and prospective studies. The risk of publication bias is low as the p-value for both Egger's and Begg's tests is >0.05. The overall sensitivity of 92.53% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): [84.55%; 96.33%]), specificity of 33.88% (95% CI: [23.16%; 45.53%]) and diagnostic OR of 12.36 (95% CI: [3.90%; 54.11%]) are achieved. These results were statistically significant with a p-value < 0.001 and are predictive of US accuracy in detecting cancer. The present meta-analysis, on the basis of statistically significant results, demonstrated the high accuracy of thyroid ultrasound in detection of malignant nature of nodules in patients suspected with a worrisome thyroid nodule.