Thyroid Incidentalomas Research Articles

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Positive Thyroid Incidentaloma: The Risk of Malignancy Observed in a Tertiary Referral Center

An incidental finding of focal thyroid uptake (thyroid incidentaloma) from an 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) positron presents a diagnostic challenge. We evaluated the incidence of thyroid incidentaloma identified by PET scans and the likelihood of malignancy associated with this finding. Records from all patients from January 1, 2000 to November 30, 2003 who had focal thyroid uptake without any history of thyroid disease were culled. Of the 6241 PET scans performed, focal thyroid uptake was observed in 76 patients (1.2%). Only 14 patients (18%) underwent biopsy. Four of 14 patients (28.6%) had papillary thyroid carcinoma, 7 (50%) had hyperplasia, and 1 each had thyroiditis, nodular goiter, and follicular neoplasm. The incidence of PET thyroid incidentalomas was 1.2 per cent and the incidence of malignancy was 28.6 per cent. Given the high likelihood of malignancy, a further diagnostic workup for surgically fit patients is warranted.

A Clinical Analysis of Surgical Treated Thyroid Incidentaloma

A Clinical Analysis of Surgical Treated Thyroid Incidentaloma

Abstract #772: Prevalence of Thyroid Incidentalomas on Computed Tomographic Scanning and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract #772: Prevalence of Thyroid Incidentalomas on Computed Tomographic Scanning and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The thyroid incidentaloma: An increasingly frequent consequence of radiologic imaging

Incidentally discovered thyroid lesions have become increasingly common with the development and more frequent utilization of highly sensitive imaging modalities throughout the clinical practice of medicine. Determining the most appropriate management of these "incidentalomas" has presented a significant challenge to both endocrinologists and endocrine surgeons. Algorithms with which to accurately identify those malignant lesions hidden amongst the overwhelming majority of those which are benign have not yet been established. This article will review the existing literature concerning the subject of thyroid incidentalomas and recommend a methodical approach to evaluating these patients such that the greatest number of malignancies may be detected while subjecting the fewest patients with benign lesions to unnecessary testing. Additionally, the role of the radiologist as an integral part of the multidisciplinary team of surgeons, endocrinologists, and cytologists working together to identify those patients with the highest risk of malignancy will be explored.

PET-positive thyroid incidentalomas: Characteristics and risk of malignancy observed in a tertiary referral center

5535 Background: As positron emission tomography (PET) becomes more utilized in the clinical setting, the finding of an incidental focal thyroid uptake (thyroid incidentaloma) presents a diagnostic...

PET-positive thyroid incidentalomas: Characteristics and risk of malignancy observed in a tertiary referral center

5535 Background: As positron emission tomography (PET) becomes more utilized in the clinical setting, the finding of an incidental focal thyroid uptake (thyroid incidentaloma) presents a diagnostic...

Prevalence, clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics of thyroid incidentalomas.

High-resolution ultrasonography (US) has made possible the detection of asymptomatic small thyroid nodules. Thyroid incidentalomas have created a clinical dilemma as to how to properly manage such incidental findings. We investigated the prevalence, the clinical and US characteristics, and optimal diagnostic approach to incidentally detected benign and malignant thyroid nodules < 1.5 cm. Retrospective review was done on 1475 patients who had visited Samsung Medical Center, Soul Korea from January 1999 to December 2000. The prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas was 13.4%. The malignancy rate within thyroid incidentalomas was 28.8%. There were no significant differences in age, nodule size and number, thyroid function test, and Tc99m thyroid scan between benign and malignant incidentalomas. US characteristics of solid echostructure, irregular margin, and calcification showed meaningful diagnostic value in detecting malignancy in thyroid incidentalomas (p < 0.05). Most malignant incidentalomas were low stage. In conclusion, occult thyroid cancers are a fairly common finding. There were no significant differences in clinical and laboratory parameters between benign and malignant thyroid nodules <1.5 cm; however, US findings can be used in the decision of optimal management strategies.

Thyroid incidentaloma: the ignorant in pursuit of the impalpable.

Thyroid incidentaloma: the ignorant in pursuit of the impalpable.

Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid incidentaloma: correlation with pathological findings.

There are many reports that diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid is improved with ultrasound guidance, especially for impalpable nodules. Despite its general acceptance, routine use of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (USGFNA) has been the source of much controversy due to the lack of large-scale studies and lack of data on the natural course of well-differentiated thyroid cancer of small size. The aim of our study was to define the rate of malignancy in relatively large numbers of patients with incidentally detected impalpable thyroid nodules and to assess the extent of disease in patients with suspicious or malignant cytology on USGFNA of thyroid nodules by surgery. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the 267 patients who underwent USGFNA of incidental thyroid nodules from January 2000 to December 2001. Three hundred and seventeen nodules from 267 patients were aspirated. The average size of nodules was 0.9 +/- 0.3 cm, a range of 0.2 cm to 1.5 cm. All 317 lesions were impalpable. Cytological diagnosis included 101 inadequate specimen (32%), 139 benign (44%), 29 indeterminate (9%), four suspicious of follicular or Hürthle cell neoplasm (1%), 42 papillary carcinoma (13%) and two others. The size of the nodule was not related to the probability of getting an adequate specimen for cytological diagnosis. Forty of 48 patients with suspicious or malignant cytology underwent surgery. All 35 patients with a cytological diagnosis of papillary carcinoma were confirmed to have papillary carcinoma on histological results. One of three patients with a cytological diagnosis of follicular neoplasm had a follicular carcinoma. In 36 patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer, extrathyroidal extension was observed in 44% (16/36), regional lymph node metastasis was found in 50% (18/36) and multifocal tumours were found in 39% (14/36). The rate of malignancy in incidentally detected impalpable thyroid nodules was 12% in retrospective analysis of our patients. In this subgroup, 69% (25/36) of patients had either extrathyroidal extension or regional node involvement and 39% had multifocal tumours at surgery. This suggests that the small size alone does not guarantee low risk in incidentally found thyroid cancers. USGFNA is a useful diagnostic method in these patients.

Prevalence and risk of cancer of focal thyroid incidentaloma identified by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for metastasis evaluation and cancer screening in healthy subjects.

We performed a retrospective review of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) examination to determine the prevalence of thyroid FDG-PET incidentaloma in a patient group evaluated for metastasis of cancer and in a group of healthy subjects who underwent voluntary cancer screening. We also evaluated the risk of malignancy in focal thyroid FDG-PET incidentaloma and its association with standard uptake values (SUVs) (maximum and greater than 0.75 threshold). A total of 1330 subjects underwent FDG-PET for metastasis evaluation (n = 999) and cancer screening (n = 331). Twenty-nine of 1330 subjects (2.2%) showed focal (n = 21) or diffuse (n = 8) thyroid FDG-PET incidentaloma. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of thyroid FDG-PET incidentaloma between the two groups (19 of 999 vs. 10 of 331; P > 0.05). Four of 15 focal incidentalomas (26.7%) whose histological diagnoses were available showed papillary thyroid cancer. The maximum SUV (16.5 +/- 4.70) and greater than 0.75 threshold SUV (14.2 +/- 5.3) of malignant lesions were significantly higher than those of benign tumors (6.5 +/- 3.8 and 4.9 +/- 3.0; P < 0.05). In conclusion, thyroid FDG-PET incidentaloma has prevalence of 2.2%, and its prevalence was not different according to the purpose of the FDG-PET. The focal thyroid FDG-PET incidentaloma carries a high risk of malignancy, especially in cases with high SUVs. Therefore, focal thyroid FDG-PET incidentaloma with high SUVs warrants a pathological diagnostic procedure if it changes a patient's treatment plan or prognosis.

Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspirations of Thyroid Incidentaloma: Correlation with Pathologic Findings

Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspirations of Thyroid Incidentaloma: Correlation with Pathologic Findings

Risk of malignancy in thyroid incidentalomas identified by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography

Background. Thyroid tumors often exhibit increased metabolic activity, as evidenced by enhanced glucose uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) with use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The incidence of new thyroid lesions found on routine FDG-PET has not been previously reported. Methods. A retrospective review of all patients who underwent FDG-PET imaging at our institution from June 1, 1996, through March 15, 2001, identified patients with a newly diagnosed thyroid lesion. Thyroid incidentaloma was defined as a thyroid lesion seen initially on FDG-PET in a patient without a history of thyroid disease. Available follow-up data were documented. Results. One hundred and two of 4525 FDG-PET examinations (2.3%) demonstrated thyroid incidentalomas. Eighty-seven of 102 patients had no thyroid histology because of other malignancies. Fifteen patients had thyroid biopsy: 7 (47%) with thyroid cancer, 6 (40%) with nodular hyperplasia, 1 with thyroiditis, and 1 with atypical cells of indeterminate origin. The average standardized uptake values were higher for malignant compared with benign lesions. Conclusions. Thyroid incidentaloma identified by FDG-PET occurred with a frequency of 2.3%. Of the thyroid incidentalomas that underwent biopsy, 47% were found to be malignant. Given the risk of malignancy, patients with new thyroid lesions on PET scan should have a tissue diagnosis if it will influence outcome and management. Standardized uptake values may be helpful in predicting benign versus malignant histology. (Surgery 2001;130:941-6.)

Incidentalomas de tiróide: comparação dos achados ultra-sonográficos com o diagnóstico citopatológico

Nódulos tireoideanos impalpáveis, descobertos principalmente por ultra-sonografia (USG), são denominados "incidentalomas". Sua importância, além da alta prevalência, está na possibilidade da detecção de "carcinoma oculto". Este trabalho objetiva estudar características ultra-sonográficas dos incidentalomas de tiróide confrontadas com diagnóstico citopatológico obtido pela punção-biópsia aspirativa por agulha fina (PBAAF) guiada por USG. Realizou-se um estudo transversal descritivo dos nódulos tireoideanos classificados como "incidentalomas", cujos pacientes, sabidamente portadores dos mesmos por exames prévios, foram submetidos à PBAAF-USG, de janeiro/1996 a maio/1998, em clínica radiológica. Os estudos ultra-sonográfico e citopatológico foram realizados pela mesma equipe médica, considerando-se a citopatologia como padrão-ouro. Nódulos &gt; 1,5cm foram excluídos. No período de estudo, 110 nódulos foram examinados (95 pacientes, alguns portadores de nódulos múltiplos). À citopatologia, 74% dos nódulos eram benignos, 10% malignos e 16% com citodiagnóstico de lesão indeterminada (desconsiderados da análise estatística). Os nódulos malignos apresentaram predomínio das seguintes características à USG: conteúdo sólido (100%), margens irregulares (54%) e microcalcificações (54%), com diferenças estatisticamente significantes dos benignos. Em 72% dos nódulos malignos, havia pelo menos 3 das 5 características indicativas de malignidade: hipoecogenicidade, conteúdo sólido, halo ausente, margem irregular e microcalcificações. A maioria dos incidentalomas estudados foi benigna. As características ultra-sonográficas - conteúdo sólido, margens irregulares e microcalcificações, principalmente quando associadas, devem ser valorizadas ao se investigar malignidade.

Subclinical Thyroid Disease

Subclinical Thyroid Disease

THYROID INCIDENTALOMAS: Prevalence, Diagnosis, Significance, and Management

Thyroid incidentalomas are common, always impalpable, often less than 1.5 cm in size, and frequently benign. The authors recommend that low-risk patients with incidentalomas be followed up with clinical palpation in 6 to 12 months and not be subjected to routine testing with US-FNA. In the authors' strategy, fine-needle aspiration is reserved for an impalpable nodule and is performed under ultrasonographic guidance in the high-risk group of patients in whom either the imaging features or the clinical history is worrisome for malignancy. It does not seem necessary, practical, or cost-effective to perform biopsy or to excise surgically all impalpable nodules. Because of the high prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas, most of which are benign, a nonsurgical approach is logical.

Pituitary, adrenal and thyroid incidentalomas

Pituitary, adrenal and thyroid incidentalomas

Thyroid incidentalomas: management approaches to nonpalpable nodules discovered incidentally on thyroid imaging.

The introduction of highly sensitive imaging techniques has made it possible to detect many non-palpable nodules, or "incidentalomas," in the thyroid. Discovery of these lesions raises concerns about their malignancy, but the optimal strategy for managing these lesions has not been clearly established. To review evidence about incidentalomas, including prevalence and risk for malignancy, and to provide recommendations for their evaluation and treatment. Literature searches for relevant articles published in the past 15 years in major English-language medical journals, review of selected articles published before this period, and reviews of bibliographies in text-books. Three studies on autopsy findings, 11 studies on ultrasonographic findings, and other reports on nonpalpable thyroid nodules were included. Data on the prevalence of nodules on autopsy and in ultrasonographic series, palpation compared with ultrasonography, the risk for malignancy in nodules found in irradiated glands, the natural history of thyroid nodules, and the prevalence of occult cancer were collated and reviewed. Prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas estimated from autopsy studies ranges from 30% to 60%. Studies comparing clinical palpation with thyroid imaging show a prevalence of 13% to 50%. Prospective studies of randomly selected patients have reported a prevalence of 19% to 67%. The risk for malignancy in asymptomatic nodules found in nonirradiated glands is 0.45% to 13% (mean +/- SD, 3.9% +/- 4.1%). High-resolution ultrasonography is sensitive and capable of detecting many small, nonpalpable thyroid nodules. Most of these lesions are benign. For most patients with nonpalpable nodules that are incidentally detected by thyroid imaging, simple follow-up neck palpation is sufficient.

Subclinical thyroid disease

Thyroid disease can roughly be divided into functional and anatomical disorders. Subclinical disease is by definition not accompanied by symptoms or signs and usually goes unrecognized for the bearer (and the observer). In this communication an overview will be given of existing literature and some own results concerning subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical thyrotoxicosis and thyroid incidentalomas. Apart from definitions, data on prevalence, clinical effects, prognostic significance and the need for and response to therapy will be discussed.

Thyroid incidentalomas. Prevalence by palpation and ultrasonography.

Thyroid nodules are commonly identified on autopsy examination. There are relatively few descriptions, however, of the frequency with which thyroid nodules are encountered incidentally during the course of other investigations. Prospective study to examine the prevalence of thyroid nodules in asymptomatic North American subjects, with palpation findings compared with findings on high-resolution ultrasonography. Palpable nodules were identified in 21 (21%) of 100 subjects, with nine solitary nodules (9%) and 12 multiple nodules (12%). In comparison, only 33 subjects were found to be free of any nodules by ultrasonography. Of the 67 subjects with abnormal ultrasound findings, 22 had solitary nodules (22%) and 45 had multiple nodules (45%). The prevalence of nodules was greater in women (72%) than in men (41%) (P < .02). A concordance rate of 49% was noted between ultrasound and findings by palpation. The data indicate that thyroid abnormalities are very common incidental findings, emphasizing the need for a conservative approach when such lesions are encountered incidentally.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Thyroid Incidentaloma among Adult People Attending Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Incidentally discovered thyroid lesions have become highly common in the development and more frequent utilization of highly sensitive imaging modalities, like ultrasound. However, little is known about its prevalence and associated factors in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas and associated factors through ultrasound (US) among adults attending Gondar University Hospital. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 290 adults aged 15 years and above. Out of the adults who visited the hospital during the study, those who neither had history of thyroid disease, thyroid surgery, nor clinically palpable thyroid nodules were involved in the investigation. The participants were examined using a high frequency linear-array transducer (7 MHz). For comparing men and women, the unpaired t-test was used. Binary logistic analysis was used to identify the associated factors, and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The frequency of thyroid incidentaloma was found to be 33.4% (95% CI: 27.9, 38.9). Thyroid incidentaloma was detected in 42.4% of the females and 22.7% of the males (P<0.001). About 63% had single and 37% multiple thyroid nodules. About 25.8% had thyroid nodules greater than 1cm. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, increasing age (AOR=5.96; 2.34, 15.15) and female sex (AOR=3.01; 1.73, 5.26) were significantly associated with thyroid incidentalomas. The frequency of thyroid incidentaloma (TI) was found to be high in this study and much higher among older women. Solitary and small sized thyroid nodules were commonly seen in the study.