Thyroid Function Tests In Patients Research Articles

Study of Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Study of Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

THU653 Subacute Thyroiditis Following Covid19 Infection

Abstract Disclosure: E. Fanous: None. J.G. Karam: None. Background: Subacute thyroiditis is a self-limiting inflammatory condition of the thyroid gland which usually occurs as a post-viral reaction, leading to the destruction of thyroid follicular cells due to infiltration of lymphocytes. During the first outbreak of COVID-19 virus, subacute thyroiditis had been reported as a complication that may occur in patients without any previous thyroid disorder [1]. Clinical Case: A 62-year-old female patient presented with few weeks history of generalized weakness, fatigue, chills, malaise, low appetite, and unintentional weight loss of around 10lbs. She stated that she feels "internal tremors" and palpitations with heart rate increasing from baseline 60 bpm to 90bpm. She had one episode of near syncope at work prompting her presentation. She reports no change in bowel movements, no heat intolerance, no fever or night sweat, no shortness of breath, no visual changes or eyes problems. Five weeks prior to presentation, the patient was diagnosed with COVID-19 infection by PCR, with a mild disease pattern that consisted of upper respiratory symptoms lasting for few days, however she continued to feel fatigue and low appetite since then, attributing her symptoms to long-term sequelae of Coivd-19. Her past medical history is remarkable for obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and two prior Covid 19 infections: in 2020, treated with monoclonal antibodies, and early 2022. The physical exam was significant for slightly tender thyroid and heart rate of 94 bpm. Thyroid function tests were consistent with hyperthyroidism; TSH<0.01mIU/ml, FT4=2.55ng/dl (0.58-1.64), T4=19.6 mcg/dl (4.4-9.5), T3=1.45ng/ml (0.72-1.35), with negative TSI, TPO AB, and TG AB. ESR was 44mm/hr, RAI uptake and scan showed very low uptake which is indicative for subacute thyroiditis. The patient was given supportive therapy. She developed mild and transient hypothyroidism at 6 weeks follow-up with TSH of 8.59 IU/ml and FT4=0.62 ng/dl (0.89-1.76) before her thyroid tests return to normal at 9 weeks with complete resolution of her symptoms. Conclusion: Prolonged diverse symptoms following Covid19 infection are often attributed to long term Covid symptoms. Health Care providers should be aware of the possibility of subacute thyroiditis following Covid 19 infection and should obtain thyroid function tests in patients who present with malaise, decreased appetite, weight loss and palpitations in the weeks following Covid 19 infection. Reference:1. Mattar SAM, Koh SJQ, Rama Chandran S, Cherng BPZ. Subacute thyroiditis associated with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237336 Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Evaluation of Thyroid Function Tests in Patients With COVID-19.

Background SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 levels are high in the thyroid gland. Although the thyroid gland can be directly infected in COVID-19 patients, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is also affected. Therefore, changes in thyroid function occur in COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to examine the effect of thyroid function tests on the prognosis of COVID-19. Methodology A total of 146 patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated in the intensive care unit between August and November 2021 and who had no previous history of thyroid disease were included in the study. Demographic information, laboratory tests, and thyroid hormone levels during hospitalization and discharge patterns were evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups: group I includedthose who were discharged after recovery, and group II included those who did not respond to treatment and died. Results When the fT3 and fT4 levels of the patients were compared, the hormone levels decreased as the clinical severity of the disease increased. The amount of decrease in hormone levels was mostly seen in group II. In the recovered patient group, the amount of hormone decreased was less. The difference between fT3 and ft4 values between the groups was found to be statistically significant (P= 0.015 and P= 0.004). In addition, the difference between the groups' C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and ferritin values was statistically significant (P= 0.036, P= 0.022, and P< 0.000, respectively).There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic characteristics (P> 0.05). Conclusions Thyroid hormone changes were found to be an important prognostic parameter affecting disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients and can be used to predict mortality.

Association of Hypothyroidism and Subclinical Hypothyroidism with Covid-19 infection: A cross sectional study

Background: A complex relationship of viral infections and the functionality of thyroid gland mainly due to a complex role of immunomodulatory signaling molecules, receptors and hormones. Aim: To check the Association of Hypothyroidism and Subclinical Hypothyroidism with Covid 19 infection. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: 100 patients presenting to emergency and medical OPDs or already admitted with Covid 19 infections were enrolled into the study. Only those admitted patients whose previous reports of thyroid profile were available and showed no anomaly, were included in the study. Presence of SARS-Cov-2 was confirmed using nasal or throat swab using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. 3ml blood sample was taken from the anticubital fossa of the patients under sterile conditions in Gel tube containing clot activator. Thyroid function tests of patients were carried out in automated analyzer by chemiluminescence method. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: Out of total 100 patients 60 (60%) were male and 40 (40%) were females. Mean age of the patients was 40.6 ± 10.5 years. 54 (54%) of the patients had normal T3 levels where as 46 (46%) of the patients had below normal T3 levels. 47(47%) of the patients had lower T4 levels. TSH levels were normal in 50 (50%) patients whereas 35 (35%) had reduced levels and 15(15%) had raised levels. Mean T3 levels of study population was 2.04 ±1.1 pg/ml (0.1-4.1), T4 levels were 0.93 ±0.50 ng/dl (0.1-1.7) and TSH levels were 2.5 ±2.1 mIU/L (0.1-8.1). Prevalence of hypothyroidism was greater in our Covid population under study. 2 (2%) patients were diagnosed as having subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Presence and development of Hypothyroidism is significantly associated with SARs-Cov-2 viral infection. It has prognostic and diagnostic significant. Practical Implication: Due to the emerging nature of the COVID-19 crisis, this study helped researchers to investigate the functionality of thyroid gland due to Covid-19 infection. Keywords: Covid 19, endocrine disorder, hypothyroidism, Serum T3, T4, Thyroid gland, thyroid stimulating hormone.

Monitoring thyroid function test in patients with growth hormone deficiency, receiving growth hormone replacement therapy

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Changes in Thyroid Function in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass

INTRODUCTION: After open heart surgery (OHS) using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), abnormalities in the circulating thyroid hormone levels are found in the absence of primary thyroid disease; this is collectively called the sick euthyroid syndrome (SES). AIMS ANDOBJECTIVES: To study thyroid function test in patients planned for cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included a total of 150 patients, of any age, either sex, planned for cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (like Valve replacement, CABG, myxoma excision, congenital Heart Diseases like ASD, VSD, TOF). To assess the levels of thyroid hormone, TSH, TT3 and TT4 were measured. The blood samples were collected at regular intervals: preoperatively, on 2nd postoperative day and on 7th postoperative day. CONCLUSION: In our study the levels of thyroid hormone (TT4 and TT3) decreased significantly after cardiopulmonary bypass. Keywords: Open Heart Surgery (OHS), Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB), Sick Euthyroid Syndrome (SES)

HİPEREMEZİS GRAVİDARUM HASTALARINDA TİROİD FONKSİYON TESTLERİ NORMAL OLANLAR VE TİROİD FONKSİYON TESTLERİ NORMAL OLMAYANLAR ARASINDAKİ DUYGU DURUM KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the mood differences between those with normal thyroid function test (TFT) and those with normal TFT in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Therefore, thyroid function tests of pregnant women who were diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum during the three-month study period were evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups according to normal and abnormal thyroid function tests. Each group consisted of 50 patients. The demographic characteristics of both groups were recorded and Beck depression and anxiety scales were applied to the groups. Although the Beck depression inventory score was 58% in pregnant women with normal TFT and 56% in non-normal patients, this difference was not statistically significant (p&amp;gt;0.05). According to Beck Anxiety Inventory scores, there was a statistically significant difference between patients with abnormal TFT and patients with normal TFT (p&amp;lt;0.05). Also, patients with abnormal TFT tended to be more anxious than those with normal TFT (p&amp;lt;0.1). A moderately strong negative correlation was found between Beck depression and Beck anxiety inventory scores in the patient group with abnormal TFT (Spearman's rho =-0.403; p=0.004). In addition, there was a weak negative correlation between Beck depression inventory score and social security status (Spearman's rho = -0.287; p=0.043), while a weak positive correlation was found between Beck depression inventory score and history of miscarriage (Spearman's rho = 0.287; p=0.043). In this study, although there was no significant difference in depression between patients with hyperemesis gravidarum with and without normal TFT, it was determined that anxiety levels were higher in patients with abnormal TFT compared to those with normal TFT.

Impact of Primary Hypothyroidism on Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. There has been considerable debate about the relation between thyroid gland and rheumatic diseases.&#x0D; Objective: To assessed the prevalence of primary hypothyroidism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as the association between hypothyroidism and the severity of rheumatoid arthritis.&#x0D; Patients and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional observational study involving 65 participants 18 years of age and older who were diagnosed with RA. Patients had thyroid function tests and patient disease activity was determined using the DAS28 Modified Disease Activity Score .the data were analyzed using the chi-square significance test with a P-value of ≤0.05. The data will be collected during the direct patient interview and the information from the questionnaire once verbal approval has been received from the study participant.&#x0D; Results: Hypothyroidism (thyroid stimulating hormone) level &gt;4.20 µIU/L ) was observed in 26 (40%) parameters of disease activity such as DAS-28, counts tender joints significantly associated with hypothyroid patients RA.&#x0D; Conclusion: Hypothyroidism was significantly associated with disease severity of RA, disease duration, BMI (Body Mass Index), and ACPA (Anti Citrullinated Protein Antibody). Identification of thyroid function tests in patients with RA is important.

Impact of Primary Hypothyroidism on Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. There has been considerable debate about the relation between thyroid gland and rheumatic diseases. Objective: To assessed the prevalence of primary hypothyroidism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as the association between hypothyroidism and the severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Patients and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional observational study involving 65 participants 18 years of age and older who were diagnosed with RA. Patients had thyroid function tests and patient disease activity was determined using the DAS28 Modified Disease Activity Score .the data were analyzed using the chi-square significance test with a P-value of ≤0.05. The data will be collected during the direct patient interview and the information from the questionnaire once verbal approval has been received from the study participant. Results: Hypothyroidism (thyroid stimulating hormone) level &gt;4.20 µIU/L ) was observed in 26 (40%) parameters of disease activity such as DAS-28, counts tender joints significantly associated with hypothyroid patients RA. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism was significantly associated with disease severity of RA, disease duration, BMI (Body Mass Index), and ACPA (Anti Citrullinated Protein Antibody). Identification of thyroid function tests in patients with RA is important. Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, hypo-thyrodism, rheumatoid arthritis activity

Assessment of thyroid function tests in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of diseases of distinct aetio-pathological consideration with different phenotypic presentations where smoking is the leading cause, all share the ultimate result of airflow limitation. This study aimed to evaluate thyroid function tests (TFT) in patients with COPD. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed for 30 patients with obstructive lung disease and fifteen healthy control individuals. We measured SPO2 to confirm COPD and assess the severity of the disease and assessed TT3, TT4, and TSH using the ELISA test. The values of VC, FVC, and FEV in the first second and PEF, TSH, and SPO2 were lower in the COPD group than in the control group (P-value=0.001). In severe COPD (FEV1<50%), there was a significant reduction in T3 but not T4 or TSH compared to mild-moderate COPD patients. Thyroid dysfunction was observed in patients with COPD pointing to a metabolic response; patients with lower weight indices had a lower TSH and, consequently, T3.

Thyroidal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Protein Expression and Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with COVID-19: Results from a Retrospective Case Series and a Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 has initially been known as a respiratory disease but in the course of the pandemic the understanding has emerged that severity is owing to fatal inflammatory responses apart from lung injury. In this context, endocrine disorders such as thyroiditis as well as pituitary dysfunction in addition to nonthyroidal illness syndrome have been described. Furthermore, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor, has been detected in most endocrine tissues, including the thyroid gland. Objective: To evaluate histopathologic changes and compare thyroidal ACE2 protein expression in thyroid tissue from patients who died from severe COVID-19 with thyroid tissue from patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection in a retrospective case series. Furthermore, to assess and compare alterations in thyroid function tests (TFTs) between patients with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as association of TFTs with the severity of the disease in a prospective cohort study. Methods: Thyroid tissue of deceased COVID-19 patients (n = 23) was analyzed for histopathology and ACE2 expression by immunohistochemical staining. A total of 153 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated regarding TFTs and divided into a severe (intubation, intensive care treatment) and an intermediate group. Results: Thyroidal ACE2 expression was detected in 87% of the deceased COVID-19 patients. Normal thyroid tissue from patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection showed no ACE2 protein expression. Half of the severely ill COVID-19 patients had low free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels. Combination of low fT3 and thyrotropin (TSH) was associated significantly with deadly disease. Conclusion: The high percentage of positive ACE2 immunostaining in deceased patients compared with normal thyroid tissue of patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests involvement of the thyroid in COVID-19, although further research will have to show the pathogenic role of thyroidal ACE2 in COVID-19. Abnormal fT3 and a TSH of ≤0.5 mU/L were associated with a fatal outcome in our severely ill SARS-CoV-2 patient cohort. Therefore, assessment of TFTs is crucial in the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients. Trial Registration: COVID-19 Registry of the LMU University Hospital Munich (CORKUM), WHO trial ID DRKS00021225.

Abnormalities of thyroid function tests in patients receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment for Cancer; importance of a wide-angled lens

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Evaluation of Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with Type 2 diabetes at Mansoura Specialized Medical Hospital and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Evaluation of Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with Type 2 diabetes at Mansoura Specialized Medical Hospital and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Thyroid Function Abnormalities in the Acute Phase of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study From North India.

IntroductionViral illnesses like mumps, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Cocksakievirus have been shown to affect the endocrine system, specifically the thyroid as a product of their systemic inflammatory process. The thyroid gland, having high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is also predisposed to dysfunction due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted using retrospective data of thyroid function tests in patients with COVID-19.ResultsThe majority of patients with COVID-19 had normal thyroid function while low serum T3, seen in 47.3% of patients with severe disease, stood out as the most common thyroid abnormality in the acute phase of the disease. The disease severity was seen to correlate with the extent of thyroid function abnormalities, with severely diseased patients having lower T3 values and normal to low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was seen between TSH and the bio-inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP).ConclusionThe acute phase of COVID-19 affects thyroid function in direct correlation with the severity of the disease.

Ramadan Fasting and Changes in Thyroid Function in Hypothyroidism: Identifying Patients at Risk.

Background:Ramadan fasting (RF) is associated with major changes in meal times. This can affect thyroxine absorption and thyroid function (TF) in patients with hypothyroidism. We aimed to examine the short- and long-term impact of RF on TF in patients with primary hypothyroidism on levothyroxine.Methods:TF tests in patients with primary hypothyroidism attending an endocrine center in the United Arab Emirates were retrospectively analyzed. The impact of RF on TF, namely serum thyrotropin (TSH) TSH, free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3), was investigated in 481 patients within 3 months before Ramadan (BR), 1–2 weeks (PR1), and 3–6 months (PR2) post-Ramadan. Controlled TF was defined as TSH between 0.45 and 4.5 μIU/mL. Inadequate control was defined as TSH >4.5 μIU/mL. Loss of control was defined as having controlled TF at BR and inadequate control at PR1. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess the association of baseline TSH, baseline levothyroxine dose, and medication use with loss of thyroid control in Ramadan.Results:TSH increased significantly from a median of 2.0 (0.8–3.7) μIU/mL at BR to 2.9 (1.4–5.6) μIU/mL at PR1 (p < 0.001). This was accompanied by a fall in fT4 and fT3 at PR1 (p < 0.001). 25.5% of patients with previously controlled TF at BR had deterioration in TF at PR1. Sixty-one percent of patients with previously uncontrolled TF at BR remained uncontrolled at PR1. Baseline TSH was significantly associated with loss of thyroid control in Ramadan with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.5 (1.17–1.92) (p < 0.001), whereas other variables, including medications known to affect levothyroxine absorption were not associated with loss of control. TSH, fT4, and fT3 levels returned to normal at PR2.Conclusions:RF can negatively affect TF of patients on levothyroxine replacement. Although this effect is modest and transitory in most patients, a significant minority exhibit more pronounced, and clinically relevant changes. The latter includes those with higher TSH BR, and a smaller group whose thyroid disease appears to be particularly affected by the mealtime and lifestyle changes of Ramadan.

Assessment of Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with COVID-19 Infection and Their Relationship with Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

Aim: Thyroid functions are affected by many factors functions such as some infections and drugs. This study aimed to investigate how the thyroid function tests were affected after COVID-19 infection and their relationship with euthyroid sick syndrome.Material and Method: Our study was designed as a retrospective and case-control study. The participants consisted of two groups as the control and patient groups. Thyroid function tests (TFT), hemogram and routine biochemistry of the groups were assessed. In addition, the tests of the patient group within the last 6 months before the infection were assessed. The patients’ symptoms, presence of a chronic disease, smoking history, and clinical status during COVID-19 infection were recorded.Results: A total of 473 people were included in the study. Of the participants, 54.5% were female. The white blood count (WBC), hemoglobin (HGB), platelet (PLT), and neutrophil (NEU) counts were higher in the patient group. Lymphocyte (LY) and mean platelet volume (MPV) counts were similar. Tyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and triiodothyronine (T3) values of the patients were higher compared with the control group. The thyroxine (T4) level was similar in the two groups.TSH, T3 and T4 levels of the patient group before COVID-19 were higher than the results just after the quarantine process after COVID-19 infection.Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction develops in COVID-19 patients within the course of the disease. This condition can be partially explained with the euthyroid sick syndrome. It is also possible with the thyroid gland being the direct or indirect target of the virus.

Thyroid Function Test in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background: Kidneys have a significant role in the metabolism, degradation and excretion of thyroid hormones. Both thyroid hormones and kidney functions have a multifaceted mutual interdependence.&#x0D; Objectives: To find out the possible association between the severity of chronic kidney disease and thyroid dysfunction; To estimate the correlation between thyroid dysfunction and various stages of chronic kidney disease.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A prospective Cross-sectional study was done on 50 patients with Chronic kidney disease who were not on dialysis and fulfilled all the inclusion criteria at Saveetha medical college over a period of 6 months. Free T3, Free T4 and TSH levels were estimated for those patients.&#x0D; Results: Results of this study showed that majority of subjects included in our study were in the age group of 50-60 years with Male predominance. Out of 50 patients included in our study, 8 patients(16%) were found to hypothyroidism; 5 patients (10%) were having subclinical hypothyroidism; 20 patients (40%) were having low T3 syndrome and 17 patients (34%) were having normal functioning thyroid gland. Staging of CKD was done in relation to the glomerular filtration rate .Most of the patients(n=20) were in Stage 5 of Chronic kidney disease out of which 18 patients were having thyroid disorders.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the severity of CKD and thyroid dysfunction. Hence a routine thyroid function status should be evaluated in each and every patient of CKD to reduce the morbidity and mortality rate of CKD patients as well as reduce the social burden and health expenditure.

Clinical Characteristics and Follow-Up of 19 Children With Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Aged Below 3 Years: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.

AimTo analyze the clinical characteristics of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) in children below 3 years of age in order to improve the understanding of the disease, avoid misdiagnosis, and achieve early diagnosis and treatment.MethodsThe study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 19 patients diagnosed with HT in the first three years of life.ResultsThe patients (12 female, 7 male) had an average age of 26.1 ± 8.2 months (range 10–36 months). At presentation, one patient had euthyroidism, ten had hypothyroidism, seven had subclinical hypothyroidism, and one had hyperthyroidism. The most common reasons for doctor’s visits were thyroid enlargement (21.1%), global developmental delay (21.1%), and routine thyroid function tests in patients with type 1 diabetes (26.3%). Sixteen patients provided follow-up data, and the mean follow-up time was 23.31 ± 16.44 months (range 1–48 months). In the hypothyroidism group, one patient stopped levothyroxine (LT4) treatment after 2 months; the remaining patients had been treated with LT4 since their diagnosis. In the subclinical hypothyroidism group, one patient whose thyroid function returned to normal after 1 month of being diagnosed was not treated. The remaining patients received LT4 treatment at their diagnosis or during follow-up. The patient with hyperthyroidism was treated with methimazole after diagnosis, but treatment was discontinued 11 months later and LT4 was initiated 26 months after diagnosis. One in four patients with global developmental delay approached normal mental development after LT4 treatment. Four in six patients with short stature achieved height catch-up.ConclusionAt their initial HT diagnosis, most of the children showed hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothyroidism. Children with global developmental delay require continual screening, even if the thyroid function is normal after birth, to determine whether they have HT-induced hypothyroidism. Thyroxine replacement could partially relieve the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for improving patient prognosis.

Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy vs. OAGB on Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with Morbid Obesity and Subclinical or Clinical Hypothyroidism.

As one of the major problems for the health sector, morbid obesity is associated with many hormonal dysfunctions, including thyroid hormone disorders. Few studies have been performed on improving subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism following bariatric surgery. Therefore, we designed and conducted this study to evaluate the effect of various types of bariatric surgery on thyroid hormone levels and to assess the change of levothyroxine requirement in these patients. The data of all patients who underwent either sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) surgery in the 5years from 2016 to 2020 at our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. From 1486 patients (792 cases of SG and 694 cases of OAGB), 281 patients had preoperative abnormal thyroid function tests: subclinical hypothyroidism (102 patients) and clinical hypothyroidism (179 patients). The T4 level did not change significantly in any of the groups and subgroups. However, the TSH level at the end of the sixth month after SG and OAGB in both groups significantly lowered. Nevertheless, there is no significant difference between the effect of SG and OAGB surgical procedures on the rate of TSH and T4 alterations in both subclinical and clinical hypothyroid patients. In the sixth month after surgery, 49% of clinically hypothyroid patients in the SG group (n = 179) reduced or stopped taking the medication. Whereas bariatric surgery reduces TSH levels, it does not significantly alter T4 levels. Furthermore, there is no apparent difference between subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism and different types of bariatric surgery.

COVID-19-related thyroiditis: A novel disease entity?

The literature on COVID‐19‐related thyroid complications has accumulated over the past year or so as the pandemic has accelerated throughout the world. In particular, several recent case reports have been published describing a possible correlation between COVID‐19 disease and subacute thyroiditis (SAT). In this review, we briefly present one of our own patients and review the current published literature in this area up to January 2021, including analyses of major series of thyroid function tests in patients with significant COVID‐19 infection. We conclude that while the great majority of patients with severe COVID‐19 infection may show manifestations of the sick euthyroid syndrome, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of SAT, especially in the early weeks and months following even mild COVID‐19 infection.