Cases Of Thyroid Carcinoma Research Articles

Case Series of Surgical Treatment in Pediatric Thyroid Carcinoma in a Single Institution.

The prevalence of thyroid carcinoma (TC) among pediatric and adolescent populations is infrequent, yet its global occurrence is escalating. Insufficient information pertaining to TC in the pediatric populace of Indonesia presents issues in the identification and management of patients with this condition. The objective of this study is to provide a detailed account of a collection of pediatric TC cases that were recorded at a tertiary care center throughout an extended interval of eight years. The present study conducted a retrospective data analysis of ten patients who received a diagnosis of TC during the period spanning from 2014 to 2022. The present study focused on analyzing the clinical manifestation, diagnostic measures, treatment modalities, and immediate postoperative consequences of TC. All patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer exhibited the presence of neck lump. Nine patients underwent total thyroidectomy, while one patient underwent isthmolobectomy. The histopathologic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of thyroid cancer in every individual. There were a significant number of patients, up to 50%, who encountered complications after undergoing surgery. Two patients reported the hoarseness of voice, whereas two other patients experienced the signs of hypocalcemia. Only one patient exhibited both these symptoms simultaneously. The implementation of total thyroidectomy as a surgical intervention in pediatric patients poses a notable challenge. Postoperative monitoring for potential complications following surgery for total thyroidectomy is imperative. The current study provides evidence that the utilization of total thyroidectomy in combination with lymph node dissection as indicated in patients with lymph node metastases in pediatric patients with thyroid carcinoma leads to a significant reduction in the probability of recurrence of lymph node enlargement. During the performance of surgical procedures, meticulous observation plays a key role in mitigating the risk of postoperative complications, such as hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, and injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Thus, it is imperative to conduct follow-up procedures for post-surgical interventions among pediatric patients diagnosed with TC.

A Misleading Case of NTRK-Rearranged Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Herein, we present a misleading case of advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma with lung, node, and pleural metastases, initially diagnosed as metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with papillary features, based on the histological and immunohistochemical analysis of a pleural biopsy. Between August 2019 and August 2020, the patient received 2 ineffective lines of systemic therapy, including a first line of chemotherapy with cisplatin and pemetrexed, and a second line of immunotherapy with atezolizumab. Comprehensive genomic profiling by next-generation sequencing on the archival pleural biopsy revealed an NTRK1-TMP3 fusion and comutation of the TERT promoter, commonly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma. After palliative partial thyroidectomy that confirmed the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, in February 2021, the patient was enrolled in the STARTRK-2 GO40782 basket trial and received entrectinib, an oral pan-TRK inhibitor specifically targeting NTRK-rearranged tumors. After initially experiencing drug-related grade 2 anorexia, dysgeusia, and neurotoxicity and grade 3 asthenia, the dose was reduced, and an excellent and durable objective response was observed.

DICER1-Mutant Thyroid Carcinoma of Unusual Morphology: A Follicular Carcinoma with Bizarre Nuclei or a Novel Entity?

Abstract Introduction/Objective DICER1 mutations are associated with a host of benign and malignant neoplasms, of which the thyroid ranks among those with the highest prevalence. We present a case of a DICER1-mutant thyroid carcinoma with unusual morphologic features not described in the existing literature. Methods/Case Report A 29-year old 33 weeks pregnant female presented with swelling of the left neck. The patient subsequently underwent an ultrasound, which revealed a thyroid lesion measuring 6.2cm in greatest dimension. Labs including TSH and free T4 wree within normal 3rd trimester limits. Following an unremarkable delivery, FNA revealed loosely clustered cells with marked hyperchromasia and nuclear pleomorphism and variable microfollicular architecture in a colloid-containing background. Though definitively malignant, the anomalous cytomorphology of this neoplasm prompted molecular testing by Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier and Xpression Atlas next-generation sequencing, which was significant for a DICER1 hotspot mutation (p.E1705K c.5113G>A). Follow-up total thyroidectomy was pertinent for a tan-red, nodular mass involving 95% of the thyroid. Histomorphology revealed a neoplasm of primarily macrofollicular architecture with scattered microfollicles and intervening zones that appeared poorly-to-undifferentiated. Cells demonstrated bizarre hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei with multinucleation and Azzopardi effect. Capsular invasion was identified. Inconsistent with a poorly-differentiated or anaplastic carcinoma, the mitotic rate and Ki-67 index were low at < 1/2mm2 and 1-2%, respectively. The tumor was consequently theorized to represent a follicular carcinoma with bizarre nuclei or other entity associated with DICER1 mutations not previously described. To date, no recurrence or metastasis has occurred. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion We report an enigmatic morphology of a thyroid cancer associated with a DICER1 mutation. DICER1 mutations have been hitherto described in follicular carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, poorly-differentiated carcinoma and thyroblastoma, none of which are consistent with the present case. Thus, we conjecture that this morphomolecular profile may constitute a "follicular carcinoma with bizarre nuclei" or other novel entity not previously reported. Further investigation should be pursued to determine the nature of this entity, its pathophysiology, epidemiology, possible association with germline DICER1 syndrome, and relationship between morphology and prognosis in patients with DICER1 mutations.

New insights into histopathological features of Warthin-like papillary thyroid carcinoma

Background. The Warthin-like variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (WLPTC) is a rare papillary thyroid carcinoma that is considered to be a subtype of the oncocytic variant. Purpose of the study: to present the diagnostic and clinical features, the oncological and surgical management of a patient with WLPTC as well as its discussion with other relevant studies. Materials and methods. We report a case of Warthin-like papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 31-year-old woman with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Results. The patient was admitted to the hospital with the presence of a node in the thyroid gland. Thyroid ultrasound showed a 24-mm nodule with oval shape and irregular contours in the left lobe. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed, and a diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma was made. The patient underwent thyroidectomy, bilateral modified and central neck dissection, lymphadenectomy. Histopathological examination suggested a WLPTC coexisting with chronic thyroiditis, metastases to the lymph nodes 2, 3, 4 on the left and 6 neck compartments. The patient underwent postoperative I131 ablation therapy. Conclusions. WLPTC is a recently described variant of papillary thyroid cancer that is frequently associated with lymphocytic thyroiditis. The correct cytological and histomorphological features are of utmost importance to render the diagnosis of WLPTC for better management. A surgical and postoperative treatment is identical to that in classic differentiated thyroid cancer, having a favorable outcome due to a low recurrence rate. A surgical management should be thyroidectomy and dissection of central neck compartment as well as lateral dissection in cases of suspicions for metastases in the lymph nodes or metastases confirmed preoperatively by a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

SAT562 Metastatic Oncocytic (Formerly Hürthle Cell) Thyroid Carcinoma in a Patient With Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome

Abstract Disclosure: S. Vaid: None. R. Klein: None. P. Veeraraghavan: None. D.M. Blakaj: None. A. Agrawal: None. J. Sipos: None. S.I. Sherman: None. J. Klubo-Gwiezdzinska: None. S. Gubbi: None. Introduction: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder due to a germline loss-of-function mutation in the folliculin (FLCN) gene. Clinical manifestations include pulmonary cysts, renal cell carcinoma, and skin tumors, while tumors of other sites such as thyroid are uncommon. Here, we report an extremely rare case of oncocytic thyroid carcinoma (OTC) in a patient with BHD. Clinical case: A 55-year-old male with BHD noted a lump in his neck which was identified as a 3 cm right thyroid nodule on sonogram. Medical history only included BHD, which was diagnosed based on the presence of pulmonary cysts and two family members with BHD. No family members had thyroid tumors, and the patient denied any history of radiation exposure. Fine needle aspiration biopsy was indeterminate (Bethesda III). A total thyroidectomy and central lymph node (LN) dissection was performed as LN metastases were identified on intraoperative frozen section. Histopathology revealed 3 foci of OTC, largest being 3.8 cm, with extrathyroidal extension into fibroadipose tissue, 3/31 LN metastases with the largest deposit of 0.5 cm without extranodal extension. A 156.6 mCi dose of I-131 radioiodine (RAI) was administered. No uptake was noted on the post-therapy scan. Four months later, new right lateral cervical lymphadenopathy was noted on computed tomogram (CT). A right lateral selective neck dissection was performed, which identified 3/28 metastatic LNs without extranodal extension. Next generation gene sequencing testing of the metastatic tumor revealed the pathogenic FLCN (H429fs*27) variant, along with TP53 (R248Q), and DAXX (L666fs*29) pathogenic variants. Over the next 20 months, serum thyroglobulin increased from 1.8 ng/ml to 121 ng/mL (normal: 1.6 - 59.9 ng/mL). Several sub-centimeter lung nodules and new right cervical lymphadenopathy were noted on CT, and these lesions demonstrated increased uptake on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET/CT) and on Ga-68 DOTATATE PET/CT scans. Due to close proximity to the right internal jugular vein, the cervical lymphadenopathy was deemed to be inoperable. Stereotactic radiation was administered to the neck, which resulted in substantial shrinkage of the neck metastases. The patient continues to be on active surveillance, with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy being potential future systemic therapy options in case of disease progression. Conclusion: Thyroid tumors have been occasionally reported in BHD. While most of them are papillary or follicular tumors, only one case of OTC in BHD has been previously reported in the literature [1]. This report underscores the importance of screening for thyroid neoplasms in patients with BHD. Reference: 1. Panagiotidis et al. World J Nucl Med. 2018;17(2):123-125 Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

SAT556 An Unusual Case of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Biallelic MEN1 Variants In a Patient With MEN1

Abstract Disclosure: E. Chuki: None. M. Raffeld: None. J. Klubo-Gwiezdzinska: None. S. Gubbi: None. S. Jha: None. Introduction: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1) syndrome is caused by germline variants in MEN1. Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC) is not regarded as a canonical MEN1-related endocrine tumor. Pathogenic variants in MEN1 are rare in PTC. Herein, we report an MEN1 patient with biallelic loss of MEN1 in PTC.Clinical case: A 59-year-old Hispanic female presented with asymptomatic hypercalcemia due to primary hyperparathyroidism [serum calcium: 13.9 mg/dl (8.4-10.2), PTH: 314 pg/ml (15-65) and 25 hydroxy vitamin D: 15 ng/ml (33 – 100)]. Physical examination was unrevealing for any neck mass or lymph nodes. Kidney function was normal with no history of or imaging evidence of kidney stones or calculi. Bone densitometry revealed osteoporosis [lowest T-score of -2.7 in spine]. Germline genetic testing was performed given large size of the parathyroid tumor and biochemical presentation suspicious for parathyroid cancer. A pathogenic MEN1 p.Ile54Serfs*65 was identified. A neck sonogram and 99-technetium sestamibi scan showed a 4.1 cm left parathyroid adenoma and incidental 3.5 cm, heterogeneous right thyroid lobe nodule having smooth margins without microcalcifications, and no cervical lymphadenopathy. Thyroid function studies were normal. Fine needle aspiration of right thyroid nodule revealed epithelial neoplasia containing many atypical cells with enlarged nuclei, nuclear grooves, fine chromatin, and moderate amounts of granular to oxyphilic cytoplasm. Patient underwent left inferior parathyroidectomy and right thyroid lobectomy. Histology was consistent with parathyroid adenoma and a hyperplastic adenomatous thyroid nodule with a 1.1 cm focus of classic PTC with minor follicular and oncocytic components, limited to the thyroid with clear margins and no lymphovascular invasion (pT1bNxMx). Genetic sequencing of the PTC (TSO500 gene panel) revealed two pathogenic frameshift variants in MEN1 p.I54fs*65 and p.D33fs*82 at variant allele frequency (VAF) of 53% and 42% respectively, TERT promoter (TERTp) variant [C228T (c.-124C>T)] at VAF of 44.8% and an NRAS p.Q61K variant at VAF of 39%. The two MEN1 variants were in trans to each other on opposite alleles, suggestive of a second-hit leading to a loss of biallelic function of MEN1.Conclusion: PTC in MEN1 has been rarely reported in the literature [1]. However, per our knowledge, this is the first report of a PTC with second-hit in the MEN1 gene. Somatic MEN1 pathogenic variants have been reported in occasional cases of thyroid oncocytic tumors and NRAS is more frequently associated with follicular or oncocytic thyroid tumors. Thus, whether this tumor should be regarded as a rare manifestation of the MEN1 syndrome is unclear. The histopathologic and molecular characteristics of thyroid tumors in MEN1 warrant further investigation. Reference: 1. Desai et al. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8(4):342-6. Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

SAT542 TDC or Not TDC: Isolated Ectopic Papillary Carcinoma in the Midline Neck with a Benign Native Thyroid

Abstract Disclosure: M. Fasen: None. L. Kosmiski: None. Background: Thyroglossal duct carcinoma is a rare entity, occurring in about 1% of all thyroglossal duct cysts (TDC). Several cases have reported PTC within a thyroglossal duct cyst. Initially thought to be a TDC, we present an unusual case of a midline ectopic papillary thyroid carcinoma with absence of features characteristic of a TDC in the context of benign native thyroid tissue. Clinical Case: A 19 year old female presents to the clinic with a progressively growing midline neck mass over the past five years associated with mild dysphagia. Physical exam was notable for 2 x 2 cm mobile nontender midline mass. Neck ultrasound demonstrated a complex cystic lesion measuring 3.8 x 3.4 x 2.5 cm with partial calcification and mildly vascular. The thyroid itself had no nodules. She underwent a Sistrunk procedure with follow-up pathology revealing 1.6 cm classical PTC that extended into surrounding soft tissue and focal invasion into skeletal muscle without a definitive remnant thyroglossal duct lining despite cystic architecture. The differential included PTC completely replacing the thyroglossal duct cyst, PTC arising from ectopic thyroid tissue or metastatic PTC. Due to the unclear origin of the PTC, decision was made to perform total thyroidectomy. Pathology of the thyroid and four lymph nodes were negative for malignancy confirming a PTC origin from an extra-thyroidal remnant. The patient’s course was complicated by post-operative hypocalcemia resolved with calcitriol and calcium carbonate. She is pending discussion with endocrinology regarding adjuvant radioactive iodine. Conclusion: Thyroglossal duct carcinoma, most commonly papillary carcinoma, is a rare condition that should be considered in patients presenting with cystic midline neck masses. Sistrunk surgery should be performed in all cases for tumor removal. Thyroidectomy in individuals with normal thyroid can be considered due to the probability of concomitant intraglandular thyroid cancer and enables management with adjuvant radio-iodine if needed. In this particular case, PTC was found without evidence of a TDC and suggests PTC arose from ectopic thyroid tissue. Ectopic thyroid tissue can undergo malignant transformation along with the native thyroid gland. There are only a few other reports of isolated ectopic thyroid tissue malignancy with a benign thyroid gland. Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

SAT552 Thyroid Mass With Both Anaplastic, Papillary Carcinoma Treated With Surgery, Radiation Therapy, Paclitaxel Chemotherapy

Abstract Disclosure: T.H. Hoang: None. D. Whiteman: None. P. Luceri: None. V. Del Signore: None. Introduction: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, while rare, is extremely aggressive and overall survival is poor. Median survival is a mere 4 months from time of diagnosis and mortality approaches 100%. We present a case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in the setting of differentiated thyroid carcinoma that has shown response to total thyroidectomy, radiation, and chemotherapy over the course of several months. Case Presentation: A 58 year old female who originally presented with the sensation of a lump in her throat in 2012. Thyroid ultrasound at that time revealed a thyroid mass (3 x 2 x 2 cm, mixed echogenicity) of the right thyroid lobe. Two thirds of the mass was solid with increased vascularity; the remaining was cystic. Originally, cytology revealed benign follicular cells, colloid, Hurthle cells and macrophages, and was negative for malignancy. She was diagnosed with a nodular goiter and she was lost to follow up. She again complained of a 15 pound weight loss associated with a lump in her neck in 2021. A repeated thyroid ultrasound revealed a 7cm right sided thyroid nodule with mass effect on the trachea. Repeated cytology showed atypia of undetermined significance. Molecular analysis was positive for EIF1AX, NRAS, & TERT mutations. ENT recommended a total thyroidectomy due to the molecular mutations and the patient’s compressive symptoms. Surgical pathology was consistent with a right-sided, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma arising from an encapsulated, well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma confined to the thyroid and measuring 5.5 cm (Stage IV CT3a, cN0, cM0). Interestingly, the anaplastic component of the tumor was only 15% of the overall mass with the other portion being well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma. She received 6000cGy of external beam radiation with concurrent paclitaxel (60mg/m2) for 6 weekly cycles. A PET/CT four months later showed no evidence of local or distant metastatic disease. CT Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis with contrast did not reveal metastatic disease either. Later, CT soft tissue of her neck showed no residual or recurrent tumor. MRI Brain was negative for acute findings, including metastatic disease. At the current time, she is 18 months from her original diagnosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. She continues to follow with medical oncology and endocrinology and there has been no evidence of recurrent disease. Discussion: When present, it is common for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma to be associated with both papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma. Regardless of association, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma remains aggressive and median survival is measured in months. Treatment includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy which can contribute to an increase in 2 year survival to 42% from 18% without treatment. Advancements in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma are needed as the recurrence of aggressive disease is unfortunately expected. Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

SAT560 A Case of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with Increasing Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Stable Calcitonin Levels

Abstract Disclosure: K.N. Youssef: None. L. Salej: None. A. Gavrila-Filip: None. Background: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor arising from the parafollicular or C cells of the thyroid gland that secretes different tumor markers, including calcitonin (CT) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). CT is only produced by parafollicular cells, while CEA is a non-specific marker produced in various normal tissues, such as epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, and prostate. Different benign and malignant conditions are associated with elevated serum CEA levels. Clinical case: A 69 years-old active smoker male with a history of nasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) status post resection in the remote past and bilateral pulmonary nodules underwent total thyroidectomy for a thyroid nodule with FNA positive for medullary carcinoma. Surgical pathology revealed a unifocal 1.5 cm medullary carcinoma with clean surgical margins and no lymphadenopathy. Pre-operative studies included an elevated serum CT of 388 pg/mL (normal ≤ 10 pg/mL), normal serum calcium and PTH levels and a normal 24-hour urinary test for pheochromocytoma. Family history was irrelevant, and the RET proto-oncogene test was negative. Initial post-operative serum CT levels were undetectable and CEA levels were normal (0-4 ng/mL). CT levels increased slowly over the next five years and then they remained stable in the range of 32 to 45 pg/mL. Serum CEA started to rise progressively 7 years after the thyroid surgery up to 6.5 pg/mL. Follow-up neck ultrasounds showed no local recurrence or lymphadenopathy. An extensive evaluation was performed to search for possible MTC metastases and other etiologies for the elevated CEA levels. Bone scan was negative. Chest CT scans revealed enlarging small bilateral pulmonary nodules; stable calcified mediastinal lymph nodes were noted, consistent with chronic granulomatous disease. PET-CT scan showed pulmonary nodules, too small to characterize. The patient underwent a left lower pulmonary lobe robotic-assisted wedge resection. Surgical pathology revealed keratinizing SCC, though to represent primary lung SCC versus metastases from his prior nasal SCC. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy with biopsy were negative for malignancy. On further workup, the patient was diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma and underwent surgery followed by external beam radiation with hormonal therapy. Serum CEA levels normalized one year after the prostate cancer treatment. Serum CT levels remained stable. Conclusion: In patients with MTC who show increasing serum CEA and stable CT levels during follow-up after the initial treatment, it is important to exclude other etiologies before concluding that this change is related to a progression of the medullary cancer. Reference: Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Kankanala VL, Mukkamalla SKR.2022 Jan 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

THU682 Long-term Outcomes Of Prophylactic Lateral Neck Dissection In Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Abstract Disclosure: A. Matsui: None. Y. Kuga: None. Y. Saito: None. K. Yoshioka: None. C. Masaki: None. J. Akaishi: None. K.Y. Hames: None. C. Tomoda: None. A. Suzuki: None. K. Matsuzu: None. W. Kitagawa: None. K. Sugino: None. K. Ito: None. Background: Prophylactic lateral neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma is no longer recommended in guidelines of each country. Since 2010, it is not employed at our hospital as well. Thereafter, however, no long-term study has been conducted to investigate the differences in postoperative lymph node recurrence rate between patients who underwent prophylactic lateral neck dissection and those who did not; in this study, we have re-examined these differences. Object and Methods: There were 1732 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma with no distant metastasis operated between January 2010 and December 2011. Among them, 1542 cases, excluding the cases with clinical lateral neck lymph node metastasis, were included in this study. Lymph node metastases were confirmed based on the diagnosis via cytological or histopathological examination. No exclusion criteria were established for the extent of thyroidectomy, and cases with lobectomy and total or subtotal thyroidectomy were included. Of the 1542 cases, 140 cases had lateral neck dissection (Group A) and 1402 cases did not have prophylactic lateral neck dissection (Group B), and both were compared. The study design was a retrospective study, comparing each group using the Kaplan-Meier method with lymph node recurrence as the endpoint. Results: Comparing the backgrounds of Group A and Group B, respectively, significant differences for age (49.2 years vs. 52.9 years, P = 0.003), macroscopic tumor invasion into the perithyroidal soft tissues (13 [9.3%] vs. 27 [1.9%], P < 0.001), and tumor size (24.8 mm vs. 13.1 mm, P < 0.001), were observed. And significant differences were observed in the 10-year postoperative lymph node recurrence-free rates (92.6% vs. 96.6%, P = 0.012) in Group A and Group B, respectively. When the backgrounds were matched by age, sex, macroscopic tumor invasion into the perithyroidal soft tissues, and tumor size using propensity score matching (138 matched pairs), no significant differences were observed in the 10-year recurrence-free rates (92.5% vs. 95. P = 0.208) in both groups. Conclusions: The results of this study showed no significant difference in postoperative lymph node recurrence rates between the two groups, suggesting that the presence or absence of prophylactic lateral neck dissection does not affect postoperative lymph node recurrence during the long-term observation period. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

SAT532 A Rare Case of Thyroid Carcinoma Noted in a Patient with Thyroid Nodule Showing Prior Benign Biopsy and Prior Negative Molecular Testing

Abstract Disclosure: M.M. Hillhouse: None. P. Madhavan: None. F.M. Woron: None. Background: Molecular studies have a high sensitivity for ruling out malignancy (1). This patient was diagnosed with the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma despite negative molecular testing and benign cytology in multiple prior biopsies. Clinical Case: 31 y.o. female with a past medical history of Hashimoto's disease on levothyroxine presented for follow up of thyroid nodules. She does not have a family history of thyroid cancer or personal history of neck radiation. The patient was noted to have a right thyroid nodule around 14 years of age and this was monitored during her childhood. The nodule measured 2.3 x 0.6 cm on ultrasound in 2015. The nodule measured 2.0 x 1.6 x 1.5 cm in 2017. FNA in 2017 revealed benign cytology (Bethesda II). On ultrasound in 03/2019, the nodule measured 2.2 x 1.5 x 1.8 cm. The nodule demonstrated a greater than 20% increase in all dimensions on ultrasound images in 12/2020 to 2.9 x 2.0 x 2.6 cm. A repeat ultrasound in 04/2021 demonstrated no significant change in size. Repeat FNA performed in 07/2021 demonstrated clusters of follicular cells in flat and microfollicular groups and was interpreted as atypia of undetermined significance (Bethesda III). AFIRMA testing was benign (∼4% of malignancy. The nodule increased in size to 3.5 x 2.6 x 3.1 cm on ultrasound in 07/2022. It appeared solid and hyperechoic and was classified as TI-RADS 3. A new 0.8 cm nodule on the left lobe was also identified. Repeat FNA of the right nodule in 09/2022 demonstrated macrophages, colloid and groups of follicular cells and was classified as non-diagnostic (Bethesda I). She reported difficulty breathing in the supine position and she underwent a right hemithyroidectomy and isthmusectomy in 11/2022. Pathology results were remarkable for invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with focal angioinvasion and tumor capsular invasion. The margins were negative for tumor. The parenchyma was consistent with lymphocytic thyroiditis. Ultrasound after interval right hemithyroidectomy in 12/2022 in an outside facility demonstrated an unchanged subcentimeter left thyroid nodule and multiple bilateral anterior cervical/level 6 lymph nodes suspicious for metastatic disease given the absence of hilum. Patient is currently undergoing repeat imaging and work up for the lymphadenopathy. Conclusion: This case study highlights the importance of maintaining high clinical suspicion for thyroid malignancy in cases of increasing thyroid nodule size and compressive symptoms despite negative cytological and molecular testing.

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma within a Thyroglossal Cyst: A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature.

Thyroglossal cyst (TGC) is the most common congenital anomaly of the thyroid gland and is found in approximately 7% of general population. It represents cystic degeneration of a remnant of the thyroglossal duct that failed to involute during gestation. Malignancy occurring in TGC is rare entity, accounting only for 1% of all thyroglossal cysts. We are presenting such a rare case of papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal cyst.30-year-old female presented with a painless, gradually progressive swelling below the chin extending to left side. On examination, swelling was noted in submental region and measuring 4 × 3 × 1cm, firm in consistency and moves with deglutition and movement of tongue.On radiological investigations, lobulated cystic lesion in midline with thin septations was seen, suggestive of thyroglossal cyst. The thyroid of the patient was normal. Patient underwent Sistrunk procedure. On histopathology, papillary thyroid carcinoma in thyroglossal cyst was seen and it was invading cyst wall and superficial skeletal muscle.The 1st case of thyroglossal duct carcinoma was reported by Brentano in 1911. Till now 300 cases have been reported in literature. Carcinomas occurring in thyroglossal cyst are extremely rare, (< 1% cases). The most frequent histological type is papillary pattern followed by mixed(papillary and follicular), squamous cell, Hürthle cell, follicular and anaplastic variety. The etiology of thyroglossal duct carcinoma is unknown and neither good clinical history nor examination can lead to a preoperative diagnosis. Diagnosis is often incidental on histopathology as in present case.Thyroglossal duct carcinoma is a rare condition that comes as a surprise to both the patient and surgeon and should be considered in patients presenting with cystic midline neck masses.

A Case of Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Neck Lymph Nodes Without Primary Tumor in Thyroid Gland.

Metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma in the lymph nodes without a primary tumor in the thyroid gland is rarely reported. We report the case of a 63-year-old male who had a left neck level II palpable mass. A left cervical mass had previously undergone 2 central needle biopsies, but only atypical cells had been identified. His prior medical history included surgical treatment for prostate cancer 11 years ago. There was no suspicious primary tumor in the endoscopic examination. After the excisional biopsy, the pathologic finding was metastatic papillary carcinoma from the thyroid, and there were no aberrant findings in the thyroid sonography. The patient underwent a complete thyroidectomy, bilateral central neck dissection (CND), and left level IV dissection, along with postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. No thyroid lesion and no more positive lymph nodes were found in the final pathology report. Three months later, a radioiodine nuclear scan was performed, although it revealed no abnormal iodine uptake.

Incidental Findings of Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroid Observing patients of Previously Operated Clinical Specimens of Multinodular Goiter

Background: Papillary carcinoma is one of the common malignancy among all thyroid malignancies and constitutes about 57-75%. In most of cases this lesion is an incidental finding in biopsies specimens operated for MNG. But the incidence of papillary carcinoma in the setting of various thyroid disorders including MNG remains unclear. Hence, we conducted a study of five years from 2017 till 2021 to address this question. Aim: To rule out the incidence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) especially associated connection with MNG Methodology: From retrospective study carried out in the pathology department of Ibne-Sina Hospital, Multan, the date of 631 cases of thyroid carcinomas were retrieved. All the patients underwent different thyroid surgeries. Data regarding the age, gender, clinical diagnosis as well as pathological diagnosis was recorded and results were analyzed on SPSS 25. Results: We reviewed 631 cases of thyroid and included in the analysis. Overall, n=558 cases were operated with clinical diagnosis of MNG. Among them, 54(10%) cases were reported as papillary carcinoma on the basis of histopathological examination. Conclusions: Incidentally discovered papillary thyroid carcinomas are more commonly identified in surgical specimens from cases with MNG. These findings highlighted the high risk of malignancy in MNG emphasizing on the fact that the carcinoma should never be underestimated as majority of these patients were presented with clinically diagnosis of MNG. Keywords: MNG, papillary thyroid carcinoma, malignancy

Four cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Four cases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Impact of BRAFV600E Mutation on Event-Free Survival in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Retrospective Study in a Romanian Population.

We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of BRAFV600E mutation in a series of 127 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases as a single factor, and in synergic interaction with other standard risk factors. BRAFV600E mutation was assessed by real-time PCR. Event-free survival (EFS) was calculated between the date of the first evaluation and the date of occurrence of an adverse event or the date of the last known status. The prevalence of BRAFV600E mutation was 57.2%. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant reduction of EFS among cases harboring BRAFV600E mutation compared to non-mutated cases (p = 0.010). In addition, BRAFV600E mutation was found to better predict adverse outcomes when associated with the following risk factors: age ≥ 55 years old (p < 0.001), male gender (p < 0.001), conventional (p = 0.005) and tall cell (p = 0.014) histology, tumor size > 40 mm (p = 0.001), extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.001), multifocality (p = 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, a 3.74-fold increased risk for a reduced EFS (p = 0.018) was found for BRAFV600E-mutated cases, but no increased risk was further confirmed by multivariate analysis. Our results highlight that BRAFV600E mutation cannot be used alone as an independent predictive factor in PTC patients, but is prognostically valuable if integrated in the context of other clinicopathological risk factors.

HRAS-mutated primary thyroid malignant melanoma or medullary thyroid carcinoma with melanocytic dedifferentiation? A singular case with an ontogeny-phylogeny quandary.

Melanotic pigment in the thyroid is practically synonymous with chronic minocycline therapy and rare cases of melanotic medullary thyroid carcinoma. However, primary melanoma of the thyroid has not been reported yet. We report a rare case of a 25-year-old male with a locally aggressive thyroid mass and distant metastases at presentation. Radiologically, a 8.3×7.6-cm nodule was identified in the right thyroid lobe. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed discohesive atypical plasmacytoid cells with prominent nucleoli and no cytoplasmic pigmentation. Serum calcitonin levels were normal. A trucut biopsy showed a malignant tumor with a similar cytomorphology, including marked nuclear pleomorphism. In addition, intracytoplasmic melanin was seen in <1% of cells. Tumor cells were immunonegative for AE1/AE3, TTF1, synaptophysin, and chromogranin while positive for SOX10, S100P, HMB45, and Melan A, confirming the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, without any detectable MTC component in the biopsy. An HRAS G13R mutation was detected on NGS, which, intriguingly, is a known mutation in MTC, and exceedingly rare in melanocytic lesions. No other clinically or radiologically apparent primary lesion was identified elsewhere in the patient. The unusual histology and hitherto unreported molecular findings make this case of primary thyroid melanocytic neoplasm worth reporting. Abstruse origin of melanoma cells in the thyroid gland with molecular signature suggestive of MTC in our case raises a nomenclature and management conundrum, prompting us to revisit the "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" theory.

A Case of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Diagnosed With Sustained High Level of Procalcitonin in a Critically Ill Patient. The Importance of Clinical Suspicion

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a thyroid cancer that originates from the parafollicular C cells and accounts less than five percent of all thyroid cancer cases [1]. It can be sporadic or part of a familial syndrome [2]. Diagnosis in the routine clinical practice is difficult since the detection rate is low with fine needle aspiration and the ultrasonographic features are not reliable [3]. Although serum calcitonin is the most accurate marker for the diagnosis there is no specific cut off for excluding MTC with certainty and different potential cutoff values have been reported in literature [4]. There are also few cases of MTC without calcitonin elevation in the literature [5]. Serum calcitonin levels can vary during the day because of its pulsatile secretion [6]. Calcitonin also can be in different immunoreactive isoforms leading different results with different assays. Moreover, calcitonin is an unstable peptide and is rapidly degraded by protease enzymes in the room temperature. Even it is refrigerated 23% decays in the first twelve hours that can lead a false test result [7].

An interesting case of papillary thyroid carcinoma with heterotrophic ossification

Calcification in thyroid gland is associated with both benign and malignant lesion. However calcification is most frequently seen in malignant lesions. Calcification can give rise to metaplasia and bone containing marrow tissue. Papillary carcinoma with heterotrophic ossification has been associated with high incidence extrathyroidal invasion, multifocality, lymphnode metastsasis and older age group than in those without heterotrophic ossification. It has not been described as a specific entity in WHO classification because of its rarity. Expression of both basic fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein was highest in papillary carcinoma with intratumoral heterotrophic ossification. In this case report we described a 71-year-old female patient who sought medical care for swelling in the neck for the past 4 years. The cervical ultrasound showed a 2 well defined nodules measuring 2x2 cms and 4mm in the right lobe with larger lesion showing peripheral rim of calcification and left lobe and isthumus shows well defined lesions measuring 5mm and 4 mm each. The clinical diagnosis was multinodular goitre. Patient subsequently underwent thyroidectomy. On histopathological investigation right lobe showed follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma thyroid with extensive heterotrophic ossification and calcification within the tumor. The margins were free of neoplasia and there was no extrathyroidal extension. No preineural/ vascular invasion noted. One lymphnode was identified which was free of tumor. pTNM staging was pT1bNxMx.

Current Approach of Small Field Electron Beam for Head and Neck Cases

Regarding the increasing use of small-field photons in clinical treatment, in this study, we investigate the use of small-field electron beams in clinical treatment. This study aimed to evaluate small-field electron beam dosimetry of the nasopharyngeal, thyroid, and ethmoid sinus carcinoma cases. Dose measurement was done using EBT3 film. In nasopharyngeal cases with a homogenous area and irregular surface, the dose discrepancies for 6 MeV energy were unpredictable except for the 5×5 cm2 field size. For all energies in 5×5 cm2 field size, the dose discrepancies were less than 3%. In these cases, we found that a smaller electron beam field will increase the percentage of the dose discrepancy. This is caused by the effect of the lateral scatter disequilibrium in a small field electron beam. For ethmoid sinus cases, dose discrepancy depends on the field size and inhomogeneity of bone and tissue organ. Based on the evaluation of doses on the spinal cord, chiasm, and larynx (OAR), it can be seen that these organs received a very small dose. From this result, a small field electron beam is recommended for cases with a homogeneous target. However, in cases with a heterogenous target, further investigation is needed.