Oil Of Thymus Vulgaris Research Articles

Evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal properties of oleuropein, olea Europea leaf extract, and thymus vulgaris oil

BackgroundAlthough synthetic preservatives and antioxidants may have high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, they are usually associated with adverse effects on human health. Currently, there is a growing interest in natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two medicinal plant extracts and one active compound. Olive leaf extracts (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% w/v), oleuropein (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% w/v), thyme oil (0.1%), and oleuropein in combination with thyme oil (0.4% w/v and 0.1% v/v) were used against three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger).ResultsThe use of oleuropein resulted in complete antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In this context, a reduction of 7 logs was achieved during the storage period (4 weeks). Oleuropein showed no fungal activity at low concentrations (0.2%), but Aspergillus niger was reduced by 2.35 logs at higher concentrations (0.6% w/v). Similar antibacterial and antifungal properties were observed for the olive leaf extracts. Oleuropein at a concentration of 0.4 w/v and a mixture of oleuropein and thyme at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.1 (v/v) showed strong antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms.ConclusionOlive leaf extract, thyme oil, and oleuropein have strong antibacterial and weak antifungal properties. There was a good synergistic effect between oleuropein and thymol.

Use of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and its nanoemulsion as an anesthetic during the cultivation of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): anesthesia induction and recovery curve, physiology, performance, and feed consumption

Use of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and its nanoemulsion as an anesthetic during the cultivation of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): anesthesia induction and recovery curve, physiology, performance, and feed consumption

The effect of thymol and carvacrol rich-plant essential oils on controlling postharvest decay molds in orange fruit

The antifungal activity of essential oils of Thymus daenensis, Thymus vulgaris, Satureja hortensis and Satureja khuzistanica as well as their major compounds were studied against mold decays of orange fruit. According to GC-MS analysis, the major compounds of T. danensis essential oil were thymol (65.5%) and alpha-terpinene (11.9%) whereas T. vulgaris was rich in thymol (59%) and p-cymene (15.6%). Carvacrol (88.4%) in S. khuzistanica oil and carvacrol (51%), gamma-terpinene (20.8%) and p-cymene (13.7%) in S. hortensis oil were charecterized as major compounds. The oil of S. khuzistanica and its major compound carvacrol exhibited the strongest fungicide activity against Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides at 300 µL/L. The results on orange fruits exhibited that the use of S. khuzistanica and S. hortensis EOs as spraying and dipping treatments could considerably reduce spoilages decays in the fruit.

Entomocidal Effect of Some Essential Oils: An alternative for Synthetic Pesticides in the Control of Dermestes maculatus Degeer 1774 (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Realizing the detrimental effect of synthetic pesticides on the environment, non-target organisms and human health. The scientific community's interest in searching for and providing safe, natural and effective pesticides Using the residual contact approach, the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. and Syzygium aromaticum L. (TEO and EOSA) were assessed against Dermestes maculatus in a laboratory setting. Steam distillation was used to extract the oils. Four concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) were prepared using acetone as a solvent and applied individually to 15 g of smoke-dried C. gariepinus. For five days, newly emerged adults, third-instar larvae, and newly laid pest eggs were exposed to the treated fish samples. The results showed that both oils had varying larvicidal and adulticidal activities against D. maculatus. Similarly, the EOs significantly decreased the pest's ability to lay eggs and hatch. EOSA was the most effective treatment in all cases; it had the lowest LC50 and LT50 and the most effects at all dosages. Consequently, EOSA and TEO could manage D. maculatus infesting smoke-dried C. gariepinus.

Investigating the effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil, Allium cepa extract, and their active compounds (thymol and quercetin) on expression profile of genes related to Alzheimer's disease in PC12 model cell

Thymus vulgaris and Allium cepa are plants with great medicinal importance. Thymol monoterpene and quercetin, which are present in these plants, have anti-Alzheimer's and antioxidant effects. The objectives of this research were investigating the effects of these compounds on the pathogenesis and progress of Alzheimer's disease in cells modeled by formaldehyde. MTT, flow cytometry, and RT-PCR were used to investigate the toxicity, survival rate and apoptosis of the cells, and the expression level of PP2A, GSK3, NMDAR, BACE1, and APP genes, respectively. Also, the total antioxidant capacity of the modeled cells was measured. The results showed that the two compounds as well as the plants extract and essential oil were able to increase the percentage of cell survival; among them, Thymus vulgaris essential oil had the greatest effect (93.55316 % in 48 h exposure). In addition, quercetin was able to reduce the rate of apoptosis in Alzheimer's cells (4.73 %) which was greater than the effects of other compounds. In general, the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris compared to thymol; and quercetin compared to Allium cepa extract showed more improving effects on the expression of genes involved in the disease. All four compounds increased the antioxidant capacity of the modeled cells compared to the control group, and these effects were almost equal between the compounds. According to the obtained results, both plants, especially Thymus vulgaris can be proposed as candidates to be included in the diet of Alzheimer's patients. In addition, polyphenols thymol and quercetin as derivates from the studied plants can be used in new drugs development for Alzheimer's disease, with greater safety than currently used drugs. These results are significant because most of the drug for Alzheimer's treatments such as cholinesterases (e.g. rivastigmine and donepezil) and memantine are chemically based and have many side effects.

Thymol as Starting Material for the Development of a Biobased Material with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potential Application.

A biobased material, polythymol (PTF), was prepared using thymol, a monoterpene obtained from the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae), as a starting material with the aim of enhancing the antimicrobial properties of this natural product. Initially, different processes were performed in order to optimize the reaction conditions to obtain a macromolecule with a high purity and yield. PTF was characterized using different techniques, such as NMR, infrared, UV-Vis, and thermogravimetric analyses. The antimicrobial activity of both PTF and thymol was evaluated against different microorganisms, including S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. The obtained MIC values showed a higher potential for PTF than the monomer thymol-for example, against S. aureus (500 and 31.5 µg·mL-1 for thymol and PTF, respectively). Therefore, the obtained results show that the polymerization of thymol afforded more active biomaterial than the starting monomeric antimicrobial compound (thymol), suggesting that PTF is an important biomaterial.

Comparative analysis of content and composition of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. from different regions of Europe

Comparative analysis of content and composition of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. from different regions of Europe

Chemical composition, organoleptic, physicochemical, and antibacterial properties of three plants of the lamiaceae family on Escherichia Coli strains

This study aimed to identify biological control methods for contaminated poultry products and the antibiotic resistance associated with the antibiotics used in poultry farming, which are responsible for toxin infections and therapeutic failures in public health. The antibacterial activity of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Ocimum basilicum, and Mentha pulegium was tested on 78 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from turkey meat marketed at the point of sale. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation, and their organoleptic quality and physicochemical characteristics were assessed following the standard. Their liquid and mobile appearance characterizes essential oils. The three essential oils studied presented different values for the four physicochemical properties. The antibacterial effect of those essential oils was done on Escherichia coli strains using the direct contact technique on agar. The essential oils showed remarkable antibacterial activities with an inhibition diameter ranging from 10.60 to 21.4 mm compared to the positive control (gentamicin) which is used as a preventive, or curative agent in poultry farming. Moreover, MIC and CMB values are equal, with a CMB/CMI ratio equal to 1, making these essential oils bactericidal. These results lead us to conclude that aromatic and medicinal plant EOs can provide a valid alternative to antibiotic and preservative agents in the fight against toxin infections of foodstuffs of animal origin.

Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris and thymol in the control of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens é um dos principais patógenos que acometem sementes de feijão e soja, causando diversos prejuízos às culturas, já que não existe nenhum produto registrado para seu controle. Dentre os métodos de controle que possuem eficiência comprovada frente à diversos patógenos, destacam-se os óleos essenciais e seus derivados. Sendo assim, este trabalho buscou avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial (OE) de Thymus vulgaris (tomilho) e timol contra a bactéria Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens (cff). A cepa foi inoculada em meio BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) e incubada a 28ºC/96h. Os testes com OE e timol foram realizados sob duas perspectivas: prevenção e remediação. As microplacas foram incubadas por 24h e 48h em shaker orbital e posteriormente adicionou-se as soluções em contato com a cepa. As análises antibiofilme foram realizadas após 24h visando a prevenção da formação dessas comunidades. Para verificar o efeito de remediação sobre biofilmes maduros, as análises foram realizadas após 48h. Foram realizadas análises para quantificação de unidades formadoras de colônias e biomassa. Os resultados da análise antibiofilme demonstraram que ambos os antimicrobianos foram efetivos, sendo que, o timol foi mais eficaz, pois apresentou melhores resultados em todas as concentrações testadas. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que a utilização de ambas as substâncias é uma alternativa viável para o controle da murcha vascular causada pelo patógeno.

Thymus Vulgaris Oil Nanoemulsion: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities.

Essential oil nanoemulsions have received much attention due to their biological activities. Thus, a thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (Th-nanoemulsion) was prepared using a safe and eco-friendly method. DLS and TEM were used to characterize the prepared Th-nanoemulsion. Our findings showed that the nanoemulsion was spherical and ranged in size from 20 to 55.2 nm. The micro-broth dilution experiment was used to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of a Th-emulsion and the Th-nanoemulsion. The MIC50 values of the thymol nanoemulsion were 62.5 mg/mL against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella oxytoca, 250 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus, and 125 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, it emerged that the MIC50 values of thymol against four strains were not detected. Moreover, the Th-nanoemulsion exhibited promising antifungal activity toward A. brasiliensis and A. fumigatus, where inhibition zones and MIC50 were 20.5 ± 1.32 and 26.4 ± 1.34 mm, and 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the Th-nanoemulsion displayed weak antifungal activity toward C. albicans where the inhibition zone was 12.0 ± 0.90 and MIC was 50 mg/mL. Also, the Th-emulsion exhibited antifungal activity, but lower than that of the Th-nanoemulsion, toward all the tested fungal strains, where MIC was in the range of 12.5-50 mg/mL. The in vitro anticancer effects of Taxol, Th-emulsion, and Th-nanoemulsion were evaluated using the standard MTT method against breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). Additionally, the concentration of VEGFR-2 was measured, and the activities of caspase-8 (casp-8) and caspase-9 (casp-9) were evaluated. The cytotoxic effect was the most potent against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line after the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (20.1 ± 0.85 µg/mL), and was 125.1 ± 5.29 µg/mL after the Th-emulsion treatment. The lowest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value, 20.1 ± 0.85 µg/mL, was achieved when the MCF-7 cell line was treated with the Th-nanoemulsion. In addition, Th-nanoemulsion treatments on MCF-7 cells led to the highest elevations in casp-8 and casp-9 activities (0.66 ± 0.042 ng/mL and 17.8 ± 0.39 pg/mL, respectively) compared to those with Th-emulsion treatments. In comparison to that with the Th-emulsion (0.982 0.017 ng/mL), the VEGFR-2 concentration was lower with the Th-nanoemulsion treatment (0.672 ± 0.019ng/mL). In conclusion, the Th-nanoemulsion was successfully prepared and appeared in nanoform with a spherical shape according to DLS and TEM, and also exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, as well as anticancer activities.

Application of Thymol Vapors to Control Postharvest Decay Caused by Penicillium digitatum and Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Grapefruit.

Two of the major postharvest diseases impacting grapefruit shelf life and marketability in the state of Florida (USA) are stem-end rot (SER) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and green mold (GM) caused by Penicillium digitatum. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of vapors of thymol, a natural compound found in the essential oil of various plants and the primary constituent of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil, as a potential solution for the management of GM and SER. Thymol vapors at concentrations lower than 10 mg L-1 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of both pathogens, causing severe ultrastructural damage to P. digitatum conidia. In in vivo trials, the incidence and lesion area of GM and SER on inoculated grapefruit were significantly reduced after a 5 d exposure to 50 mg L-1 thymol vapors. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo sporulation of P. digitatum was suppressed by thymol. When applied in its vapor phase, thymol had no negative effect on the fruit, neither introducing perceivable off-flavor nor causing additional weight loss. Our findings support the pursuit of further studies on the use of thymol, recognized as safe for human health and the environment, as a promising strategy for grapefruit postharvest disease management.

Nanoemulsion-Based System as a Novel and Promising Approach for Enhancing the Antimicrobial and Antitumoral Activity of Thymus vulgaris (L.) Oil in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells.

The utilisation of medicinal plants and their essential oils is receiving more attention due to the ineffectiveness of current therapeutic methods in the treatment of various cancers and the rising incidence of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Thymol, an active ingredient of Thymus vulgaris, is known to have hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. To overcome major obstacles to their usage, such as quick oxidation and high volatility, plant essential oils must be administered through a system to improve the delivery of their active pharmaceutical ingredient. The bioavailability of active substances may be enhanced by the colloidal dispersion nanoemulsion. Therefore, this study aims to derive a comparative evaluation of the thyme oil nanoemulsion formulation and the characterisation of its antibacterial and antitumorigenic activities. A nanoemulsion (NE) with a droplet size of 122.2 ± 1.079nm was discovered to be stable and mono-dispersed for 4months and inhibited the growth of B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. It also displayed antitumorigenic capabilities in HepG2 cells by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and upregulating the gene expression levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Caspase 3, 8, and 9, as well as a concomitant concentration-dependent decrease in B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 protein (BCL2). Along with an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, upregulation of the expression levels of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways was also seen, indicating of ROS formation in the cancer cells.

Insecticidal activity of selected essential oils

Abstract The present work aimed to determine the insecticidal effects of three selected essential oils (EOs) of Pogostemon cablin, Thymus vulgaris, and Citrus aurantifolia against three insect species Melolontha melolontha, Halyomorpha halys, and Pyrrhocoris apterus. EO P. cablin showed very strong insecticidal effects against M. melolontha when it inhibited the insect species by more than 50% at concentrations of 50–6.25%. Against H. halys it also showed strong insecticidal effects at concentrations of 50–12.5%. The insecticidal activity against P. apterus was significantly lower than against the other insect species tested. The insecticidal activity of at least 50% was only observed at a concentration of 50%. EO T. vulgaris showed very strong insecticidal activity against M. melolontha which reached at least 50% at concentrations of 50–6.25%. When tested for its effect against H. halys, high efficacy was observed at concentrations of 50–12.5%. Against P. apterus, the efficacy was the lowest as 50% insecticidal activity was observed only at concentrations of 50% and 25%. EO C. aurantifolia showed only weak insecticidal activity against M. melolontha where the highest concentration tested killed 50% of the individuals. The very weak insecticidal activity was observed against H. halys where none of the tested concentrations had efficacy higher than 50%. The most pronounced effect of EO C. aurantifolia was observed against P. apterus where concentrations of 50% and 25% killed more than 50% of individuals. All tested EOs showed insecticidal effects and could potentially represent a natural alternative to synthetic insecticides.

The impacts of chitosan-essential oil nanoemulsions on the microbial diversity and chemical composition of refrigerated minced meat

Essential oils of Mentha piperita, Punica granatum, Thymus vulgaris and Citrus limon in olive oil as a carrier were mixed with biopolymer chitosan to prepare nanoemulsions. The formulations were prepared using the following ratios: 0.5:0.5:4, 1:1:4, and 2:3:4 of chitosan: essential oil: olive oil, respectively, representing 12 formulations based on four essential oils. Based on the characterization of nanoemulsions, M. piperita, T. vulgaris, and C. limon oils produced the smallest droplets. However, P. granatum oil produced high droplets size. The products were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against two pathogenic food bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimunium. The in vivo antibacterial activity was further investigated on minced beef meat during storage at 4 °C for ten days. Based on the MIC values, E. coli was more susceptible than S. typhimunium. Chitosan was more effective as an antibacterial than essential oils (MIC = 500 and 650 mg/L against E. coli and S. typhimunium). Among the tested products, C. limon had a more antibacterial effect. In vivo studies proved that C. limon and its nanoemulsion were the most active products against E.coli. These results suggest that chitosan-essential oil nanoemulsions may help extend the shelf life of meat by acting as antimicrobial agents.

Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil in Beta-Cyclodextrin for Solid-State Pharmaceutical Applications

Antimicrobial resistance related to the misuse of antibiotics is a well-known current topic. Their excessive use in several fields has led to enormous selective pressure on pathogenic and commensal bacteria, driving the evolution of antimicrobial resistance genes with severe impacts on human health. Among all the possible strategies, a viable one could be the development of medical features that employ essential oils (EOs), complex natural mixtures extracted from different plant organs, rich in organic compounds showing, among others, antiseptic properties. In this work, green extracted essential oil of Thymus vulgaris was included in cyclic oligosaccharides cyclodextrins (CD) and prepared in the form of tablets. This essential oil has been shown to have a strong transversal efficacy both as an antifungal and as an antibacterial agent. Its inclusion allows its effective use because an extension of the exposure time to the active compounds is obtained and, therefore, a more marked efficacy, especially against biofilm-producing microorganisms such as P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, was registered. The efficacy of the tablet against candidiasis opens their possible use as a chewable tablet against oral candidiasis and as a vaginal tablet against vaginal candidiasis. Moreover, the registered wide efficacy is even more positive since the proposed approach can be defined as effective, safe, and green. In fact, the natural mixture of the essential oil is produced by the steam current method; therefore, the manufacturer employs substances that are not harmful, with very low production and management costs.

Effects of Thymus vulgaris Oil on Sodium Hypochlorite-Induced Damage in Rats.

We aimed to determine the potential damage mechanisms of exposure to widely used sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and the effects of Thymus vulgaris on this exposure. Rats were divided into six groups: control, T. vulgaris, 4% NaOCl, 4% NaOCl + T. vulgaris, 15% NaOCl, and 15% NaOCl + T. vulgaris. Serum and lung tissue samples were taken after applying NaOCl and T. vulgaris by inhalation twice a day for 30 min for four weeks. The samples were examined biochemically (TAS/TOS), histopathologically, and immunohistochemically (TNF-α). In serum TOS values, the mean of 15% NaOCl was significantly higher than in 15% NaOCl + T. vulgaris. This was the opposite in terms of serum TAS values. Histopathologically, there was a significant increase in lung injury in 15% NaOCl; significant improvement was observed in 15% NaOCl + T. vulgaris. Immunohistochemically, there was a significant increase in TNF-α expression in both 4% NaOCl and 15% NaOCl; significant decreases were observed in both 4% NaOCl + T. vulgaris and 15% NaOCl + T. vulgaris. The use of sodium hypochlorite, which is harmful to the lungs and is widely used in homes and industries, should be limited. In addition, using T. vulgaris essential oil by inhalation may protect against the harmful effects of sodium hypochlorite.

Colored shade nets and different harvest times alter the growth, antioxidant status, and quantitative attributes of glandular trichomes and essential oil of Thymus vulgaris L.

Its popularity in Mediterranean cuisine and gastronomy in general, as well as its medicinal and aromatic value, contributes to the high demand for Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme). Light is the source of energy, a signaling agent for growth, and a modulator of physiological responses in plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cultivating T. vulgaris in tropical conditions under differently colored shade nets on vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant activity, and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of its essential oil (EO) in two seasons. The treatments were cultivation in sunlight and under blue, black, and red nets in tropical conditions in the fall and spring seasons. The plants were harvested 100 days after transplanting. Leaf, stem, root, and total dry weight were evaluated; photosynthetic pigments and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities were quantified; and parameters related to the production of EO were determined. With the exception of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and some EO chemical compounds, the cultivation of thyme in the spring brought significant gains to the plants regardless of the light conditions. The cultivation of T. vulgaris under sunlight produced an increase of up to 82.2 % in dry weight and 639 % in EO yield compared to cultivation under nets. It also supported the highest antioxidant activity, regardless of the growing season. On the other hand, cultivation under sunlight provided the lowest chlorophyll a and b and thymol contents. Thus, cultivation in the warmer seasons and under full-sun conditions are the best options for cultivating T. vulgaris in a region with a tropical temperate rainy climate (mesothermal).

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Bioautography Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Amazon Plant Clinopodium brownei (Sw.)

The Amazonian region of Ecuador has an extremely rich vegetal biodiversity, and its inhabitants have proven to have a millennial ancestral knowledge of the therapeutic and medicinal use of these resources. This work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil obtained from the medicinal plant Clinopodium brownei (Sw.) Kuntze, which is widely spread in tropical and subtropical America. This species is traditionally used for treating respiratory and digestive diseases and is also known for its analgesic properties. Most of the molecules detected on a non-polar column were ethyl cinnamate 21.4%, pulegone 20.76%, methyl cinnamate 16.68%, caryophyllene 8.17%, β-selinene 7.92% and menthone 7.51%, while those detected on a polar column were: pulegone 29.90%, ethyl cinnamate 18.75%, methyl cinnamate 13.82%, caryophyllene 10.0% and menthone 8.04%. The antioxidant activity by the assays, DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2.2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), shows the following values of 50% inhibition of oxidation, IC50 DPPH 1.77 mg/mL, IC50 ABTS 0.06 mg/mL, which, compared to the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (natural positive control), turn out to be less active. Bioautography indicates that the molecules responsible for the antioxidant activity are derived from cinnamic acid: ethyl cinnamate and methyl cinnamate, and caryophyllene. The antimicrobial activity on the nine microorganisms evaluated shows bacterial growth inhibitory concentrations ranging from 13.6 mg/mL for Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990 to 3.1 mg/mL for Candida albicans ATCC 10231; the results are lower than those of the positive control. Bioautography assigns antimicrobial activity to caryophyllene. The results indicate a very interesting activity of the essential oil and several of its molecules, validating the traditional use and the importance of this medicinal plant from Ecuador.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Thymus vulgaris essential oil contained and synthesis thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles.

Several species of thymus have therapeutic properties, so they are used in traditional medicine. In this work was carried out to synthesize Thymus vulgalis silver nanoparticles (TSNPS) and evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of TSNPS and T. vulgalis essential oil extract (TEOE). The essential oils analyzed by GC-MS and were characterized. Major compounds of phenol, 2 methyl 5 (1 methylethyle) (CAS), thymol and 1,2 Benzene dicarboxylic acid, 3 nitro (CAS) (48.75%, 32.42% and 8.12%, respectively) were detected. Results demonstrated that the TSNPS gave a highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, it was obtained 97.2 at 1000 ug/ml. TSNPS, Thymus + Hexane (T+H), Thymus + Ethanol (T+E) gave the greatest antimicrobial activity than amoxicillin (AM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). In conclusion: The essential oil of thymus (Vulgaris) and thymus (Vulgaris) silver nanoparticles can be a good source of natural preservatives as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for increasing the shelf life of foodstuffs.

Antibacterial activity of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) essential oil against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from meat product.

Meat products represent an important component of the human diet and are a good source of nutrients. Food-borne microorganisms are the main pathogens that cause human diseases as a result of food consumption, especially products of animal origin. The objective of the present research was to verify the antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris against strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from meat products. For this, the analyses of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were performed in microdilution plates. The association of the product with antimicrobials was also studied using disk diffusion. And the anti-adherent activity, which was determined in the presence of sucrose, in glass tubes. Thyme oil showed a strong inhibitory activity against K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. saprophyticus, with the MIC values ranging from 64 to 512 μg/mL, and bactericidal effect for most strains, with MBC values ranging from 256 to 1,024 μg/mL. T. vulgaris oil exhibited varied interactions in association with the antimicrobials, with synergistic (41.67%), indifferent (50%) and antagonistic (8.33%) effects. Regarding the anti-adherent activity, the test product was effective in inhibiting the adherence of all bacterial strains under study. Therefore, thyme oil presents itself as an antibacterial and anti-adherent agent against K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. saprophyticus, being a natural product that can represent an interesting alternative in the efforts to combat foodborne diseases.