Thymbra Spicata Research Articles

Effect of dietary medicinal plants on physiological responses of broiler chickens challenged with Campylobacter jejuni.

Phytogenic additives would be helpful to alleviate the adverse effect of Campylobacter jejuni on the performance and physiological responses of broiler chickens. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of Echinacea purpurea (EP) and Thymbra spicata (TS) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemistry, intestinal morphology, intestinal microbiota and immune responses of broilers challenged with C. jejuni from 0 to 42 days of age. A total of 240 male broiler chickens were divided into 6 groups and fed various diets: a control diet; the control diet supplemented with EP at 0.25% (EP25) or 0.50% (EP50); the control diet supplemented with TS at 0.25% (TS25) and 0.50% (TS50); or the control diet containing erythromycin at 55ppm. Chicks were orally challenged with C. jejuni on Days 21 and 23 of age. EP and TS25 diets enhanced European production efficiency factor, feed conversion ratio and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. TS25 increased duodenal villous height (VH) and surface area on Day 42 of age. EP25 diet increased ileal VH compared to control and erythromycin diets. Diets containing certain EP25 and TS increased the Bifidobacterium population and decreased C. jejuni population on Day 39 of age. EP50 and TS50 diets increased antibody titration against Newcastle disease virus. In conclusion, EP and TS dietary supplementation improved performance, microflora, intestinal morphology and immune responses in C. jejuni-challenged broilers.

Exploring the Antifungal Efficacy of Essential Oils against Alternaria solani, the Causative Pathogen of Early Leaf Blight in Tomato Plants

Alternaria solani is an important necrotrophic fungus that is responsible for the early blight disease which is a common disease in tomato fields. In this research, the antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Satureja hortensis, Thymbra spicata, Thymus sipyleus, Origanum majorana, O. syriacium, O. onites, O. vulgar, Artemisia absinthium, A. santonicum and A. spicigera were tested against Alternaria solani the causative agent of Tomato early blight disease. The study was carried out in two different ways, in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies were conducted on media mixed with essential oils, and different concentrations of oils were examined on fungal growth in petri dishes. In in vivo studies, the effects of essential oils on the development of disease lesions were evaluated by infecting healthy tomato fruits. The concentrations used in the study were 140, 280, 560 and 1000 µl/L in the in vitro and 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µl/fruit under in vivo conditions. Among the in vitro trials, the essential oils extracted from Thymus sipyleus and O. onites exhibited the most pronounced antifungal efficacy, achieving complete growth inhibition of the fungal pathogen across all concentrations whereas the essential oils from Artemisia spicigera and A. santonicum displayed relatively lower efficacy compared to the other oils. Conversely, under in vivo conditions, the essential oils derived from O. majorana and A. absinthium demonstrated the greatest capacity to impede the development of disease lesions on the fruit, yielding inhibition rates of 84% and 64% at 2.5 µl per fruit concentrations, respectively. In contrast the essential oils from Artemisia spicigera and A. santonicum had the least effect on the development of the disease, as there was disease lesions appeared even on the fruits that were applied at 20µl/fruit doses. Although most of the essential oils had some degree of antifungal action, still much effort is needed to put on both in vitro and in vivo trials to strength the reliability and consistency of the future related researches.

Effects of Thymbra spicata extract and Thymol on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice (insights to the liver function, antioxidant, and behavioral responses).

Safe chemicals for drug withdrawal can be extracted from natural sources. This study investigates the effects of clonidine and Thymbra spicata extract (TSE) on mice suffering from morphine withdrawal syndrome. Thymol, which is the active constituent in TSE, was also tested. A total of 90 mice were divided into nine groups. Group 1 was the control group, while Group2 was given only morphine, and Group 3 received morphine and 0.2 mg/kg of clonidine. Groups 4-6 were given morphine along with 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of TSE, respectively. Groups 7-9 received morphine plus 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg of Thymol, respectively, for 7 days. An oral naloxone challenge of 3 mg/kg was used to induce withdrawal syndrome in all groups. Improvement of liver enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine transaminase) (p < .01) and behavioral responses (frequencies of jumping, frequencies of two-legged standing, Straub tail reaction) (p < .01) were significantly observed in the groups receiving TSE and Thymol (Groups 4-9) compared to Group 2. Additionally, antioxidant activity in these groups was improved compared to Group 2. Nitric oxidesignificantly decreased in Groups 4 and 6 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < .01). Superoxide dismutaseincreased dramatically in Groups 5, 8, and 9 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < .01). Groups 5-9 were significantly different from Group 2 in terms of malondialdehydelevels (p < .01). Certain doses of TSE and Thymol were found to alleviate the narcotics withdrawal symptoms. This similar effect to clonidine can pave the way for their administration in humans.

Isolation and identification of Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum, cotton bacterial blight disease agent and determination of the antibacterial activity of various plant essential oils

Cotton is one of the most important industrial crops produced in large areas in Turkey. Cotton bacterial blight disease agent Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (Syn. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum) is a seed-borne pathogen. Plant essential oils are natural antimicrobial compounds that have the potential to be used as an alternative to chemical control of seed-borne phytopathogens. In this study, the bacterial pathogen X. citri subsp. malvacearum was isolated from cotton plants showing typical disease symptoms during the 2023 growing season in Diyarbakır provinces and the antibacterial effect of essential oils obtained from 11 different medicinal plants (Thymus serpyllum, Origanum syriacum, Thymus syriacus, Origanum onites, Cistus laden, Salvia aramiensis, Laurus nobilis, Hypericum perforatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum majorana and Thymbra spicata) were determined by disk diffusion method. Bacterial isolates, obtained from cotton plants showing typical disease symptoms, were identified as X. citri subsp. malvacearum by biochemical and pathogenicity tests and also MALDI-TOF analysis. The essential oils used in the study showed antibacterial activity against the bacterial agent by forming an inhibition zone with a diameter of 6.33-46.33 mm in the nutrient media. T. serpyllum and T. spicata (43.33 mm), O. syriacum (43.00 mm), T. syriacus (38.33 mm) and O. onites (37.3 mm), were identified as the most effective essential oils respectively. The essential oils of H. perforatum (9.67 mm), L. nobilis (9.0 mm) and S. aramiensis (6.33 mm) showed relatively lower antibacterial activity against the disease agent. The results showed that essential oils of Thymus spp., Thymbra spp. and Origanum spp. have the potential to be used as an alternative to chemical control against seed-borne bacterial plant pathogens.

Healing Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Thymbra Spicata and Ferulago Angulata on Second-degree Burn Wounds in Rats

Objective: Burns can be physically and mentally painful, making them one of the worst experiences. In this study, hydroalcoholic extracts of Thymbra spicata and Ferulago angulata were investigated as treatments for second-degree burns in male Wistar rats. Methods: To create the burn wounds, a circular metal tool with a diameter of 2 cm was used, followed by treatment with prepared ointments including Ferulago angulata (1%), Thymbra spicata (1%), Thymbra spicata plus Ferulago angulata (1%), and Adib derm ointment. The wound area was measured and the wound tissue was examined histopathologically on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 in each group. The ointments were applied every day for 21 days to determine the wound healing rate. Results: The experiment showed that on the sixth and eleventh days, the groups treated with a combination of Ferulago angulata and Thymbra spicata, and Ferulago angulata alone, demonstrated significant reductions in wound area. According to histopathology, both Ferulago angulata alone and in combination with Thymbra spicata significantly improved the inflammatory condition, epithelialization process, fibroplasia, arrangement, and density of collagen fibers when compared to the other groups. Conclusion: The study showed that Ferulago angulata extract, either on its own or in combination with Thymbra spicata extract, has significant healing and restorative effects on seconddegree burn wounds in animal models.

Unveiling Therapeutic Effects of Thymbra spicata L. on Cystic Echinococcosis

Background: The hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis) is the larval stage of Echinococcusgranulosus sensu lato, which accounts for significant zoonotic infections worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the essential oil derived from Thymbra spicata L. (TSEO) against protoscoleces (PSCs) and hydatid cysts of E. granulosus. Methods: The components of TSEO were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro effects of TSEO on PSCs were determined using the eosin exclusion test. The effect of TSEO on caspase-3 gene expression and exterior ultrastructure of PSCs was investigated using real-time PCR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. In vivo effects of TSEO at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day were also studied in mice with hydatid cysts. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the main compounds in TSEO were carvacrol (65.88%), γ-terpinene (9.71%), and p-cymene (7.82%), respectively. The results showed the highest lethality of TSEO at 30 µg/mL after 60 minutes of exposure. The IC50 value was 18.60 µg/mL after 60 minutes of exposure to TSEO. After exposing PSCs to TSEO, the expression level of the caspase-3 gene increased over time with increasing concentration (P &lt; 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy images of the cyst treated with 50 µL/mL of TSEO showed ultrastructural damage, rostellar disorganization, alterations in the teguments, and deformation of the cyst structure. In the in vivo assay, it was found that the average number, size, and weight of hydatid cysts decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) after treatment with TSEO. The maximum efficacy was observed after treatment with TSEO at a dose of 40 mg/kg, resulting in a significant decrease in the number, weight, and size of hydatid cysts by 9.6 ± 1.51, 2.64 ± 0.39 g, and 0.18 ± 0.022 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The study findings confirmed the promising in vitro and in vivo effects of TSEO against hydatid cyst infection. Considering the possible mechanisms, TSEO provoked cell wall damage and induced apoptosis. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify the precise mechanisms of action.

An eco-friendly and facile method for oil-water separation using the bio-Zn oxide-based superhydrophobic membrane.

This manuscript presents a novel approach for developing an environmentally friendly and effective oil-water separation membrane. Achieving a superhydrophobic (SH) coating on textile fabric (TF) involved a two-step process. Initially, the surface roughness was enhanced by applying bio-zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles obtained from Thymbra spicata L. Subsequently, the roughened surface was modified with stearic acid, a material known for its low surface energy. The bio-ZnO nanoparticles exhibit a circular morphology with an average size of 21 nm. The coating demonstrated remarkable mechanical stability, maintaining SH properties even after an abrasion length of 300 mm. Chemical stability studies revealed that the prepared membrane retained SH properties within a pH range of 5-11, which ensures robust performance. Absorption capacity measurements showcased different capacities for n-hexane (Hex), corn oil (C.O), and silicone oil (S.O), with consistent performance over 10 absorption-desorption cycles. High oil-water separation efficiencies were achieved for hexane, C.O, and S.O, emphasizing the coating's versatility. Flux rate measurements demonstrated that oil passed through the membrane efficiently, with the highest flux observed for Hex. The prepared SH membrane has superior mechanical and chemical stability and high separation efficiencies, which positions it as a promising candidate for diverse industrial applications.

Nutritional and Physiological Properties of Thymbra spicata: In Vitro Study Using Fecal Fermentation and Intestinal Integrity Models.

(Poly)phenolic-rich Mediterranean plants such as Thymbra spicata have been associated with several health-promoting effects. The nutritional value, as well as physiological interaction of T. spicata with the gastrointestinal tract, has not been investigated before. The nutritional composition of T. spicata leaves was here characterized by standard analytical methods. T. spicata leaves were subjected to ethanolic extraction, simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and anaerobic microbial gut fermentation. Phenols/flavonoid contents and radical scavenging activity were assessed by colorimetric methods. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The effect on intestinal integrity was evaluated using a Caco-2 monolayers mounted in a Ussing chamber. T. spicata contains a high amount of fiber (12.3%) and unsaturated fatty acids (76% of total fat). A positive change in VOCs including short-chain fatty acids was observed without significant change in viable microbe. T. spicata and carvacrol (main phenolic compound) enhanced ionic currents in a concentration-dependent manner without compromising the Caco-2 monolayer's integrity. These effects were partially lost upon simulated digestion and completely abolished after colonic fermentation in line with polyphenols and carvacrol content. Conclusion: T. spicata represents a promising nutrient for the modulation of gut microbiota and the gut barrier. Further studies must better define its mechanisms of action.

Supplementation with Thymbra spicata extract ameliorates lifespan, body-weight gain and Paraquat-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster: An age- and sex-related study

Aging represents a decline in function over time. Polyphenols are dietary antioxidants that could exert beneficial effects on aging. This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with two extracts from Thymbra spicata L. aerial parts on the lifespan, body-weight control, and antioxidant responses of Drosophila melanogaster cohorts distinguished for age and sex. The aqueous extract extended the lifespan of young female flies, and this pro-longevity potential was associated with a reduction in the body-weight gain. Furthermore, the aqueous extract promoted the antioxidant defense when young females were exposed to Paraquat by reducing oxidative stress and mortality. This study provides the first insight into the beneficial effects of T. spicata supplementation in an animal model, suggesting that the healthy effect could mainly depend on strengthening the antioxidant defenses which reflect on the lifespan. Further investigations will better clarify the mechanisms and potential of T. spicata as nutraceutics in anti-aging strategies.

Traditional Foraged Spice, Sauce, and Egg-Painting Plants of Hatay, Türkiye: Bringing the Traditional into Commerce

In the province of Hatay in Turkey, which has been added to the UNESCO Creative City of Gastronomy list in recent years and has made significant progress in gastronomy tourism, answers were sought to the following questions: What kinds of change have these developments caused in traditional foraging spice/sauce uses? In the 21st century, is it still possible to introduce new herbal products from the wild into agriculture? What effects does the multi-ethnic structure have on the traditional use of spices/sauces/food coloring plants? How have the uses of spices and sauces changed over the years? In addition, what level of spice/sauce variety was obtained by foraging in this Eastern Mediterranean province? Some spices, e.g., Thymbra spicata, which were supplied by foraging, have started to be obtained through agriculture due to the increasing demand following the city's entry into the UNESCO gastronomy cities list, and have become an important income source for the city. These plants, which are brought into agriculture from the local flora, are also important as alternative agricultural products that can be easily grown with minimum agricultural input in the climate and therefore water crisis conditions our world is facing. Some unique plant usages presented here, e.g., egg painting plants used by spring fests of various ethnoreligious populations, show how different ethnoreligious populations can affect each other when living in harmony for centuries. &#x0D; Hatay was the province that suffered the most destruction in the earthquake of February 6, 2023. We hope that this article, written just before the earthquake, will provide socio-economic guidance in the rebuilding of the city.

Determining the Toxicity of Thyme Essential Oils against Sitophilus granarius L. and Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adults

The present study aimed to determine the effects of three different doses of three thyme essential oils on Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The present study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions (25°C temperature and 65% relative humidity) in 2020. Various thyme varieties (Origanum majorona (L.), Origanum saccatum P.H. Davis, Thymbra spicata var spicata L. ( Lamiaceae)), cultivated in Diyarbakır province ecological conditions were employed in the study. After the 4th day of the experiment, the highest mortality rates (100%) were observed with the highest doses of T. spicata var spicata and O. majarona on S. granarius adults, while the mortality rate was 73.75% with O. saccatum. The LC90 values for T. spicata var. spicata, O. majarona, and O. saccatum were 0.9, 0.1, and 1.3 µl/ml respectively. After the 4th day, 100% S. oryzae adult mortality was observed with higher doses of O. majarona (0.5%; 1% v/v), while 1% (v/v) T. spicata var spicata dose led to a 72.50%, and 1% (v/v) O. saccatum oil dose led to 46.25% mortality.

Thymbra spicataleaf extract driven biogenic synthesis of Au/Fe3O4nanocomposite and its bio-application in the treatment of different types of leukemia

AbstractHerein, the bio-inspired synthesis of Au nanoparticles (NPs) adornedThymbra spicataextract functionalized Fe3O4NPs as a novel magnetic nanocomposite has been demonstrated. The plant phytochemicals act as a natural and non-toxic reductant as well as thein situstabilizing agent of the NPs. The Au–Thymbra@Fe3O4composite was characterized over a range of advance physicochemical techniques like fourier transformed infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental mapping, vibrating sample magnetometer and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Toward its bio-applications, the material was employed investigating the cytotoxicity and leukemic potential against several related cell lines, viz, 32D-FLT3-ITD, HL-60/vcr (acute myeloid leukemia) and MOLT-3, TALL-104 (acute lymphoblastic leukemia)in vitro, following MTT assay. The corresponding inhibition concentration by 50% level, i.e., IC50were evaluated as 125, 150, 133 and 170 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the Au–Thymbra@Fe3O4nanocomposite proved to be a good antioxidant, which was validated from DPPH radical quenching assay and a significantly good IC50value.

Qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals of essential oils and extracts of Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata L. as a spice for diabetes mellitus

AbstractThe aim of this paper was to evaluate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts, n‐hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, aqueous subextracts and essential oils of flowers, roots, leaves and aerial parts of Thymbra spicata subsp. spicata, which has been utilized in the public medicine systems of Turkey, Greece, Egypt and Rome for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis, as well as for flavour and aroma in the food industry and protection. Quantitative determination of secondary metabolites in the most effective samples of the plant was also analysed by LC–MS/MS. Moreover, the chemical composition of essential oils of different parts of the plant was analysed via GC‐FID and GC/MS. The main constituents in the flower, leaf and aerial part were found to be carvacrol (75.6%), γ‐terpinene (10.5%), carvacrol (73.3%), γ‐terpinene (9.5%), p‐cymene (8.6%), carvacrol (76.1.8%) and p‐cymene (7.3%), respectively. Quinic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, naringin, hesperidin and rosmarinic acid were measured in four ethyl acetate subextracts, and rosmarinic acid was found to have the highest amount in the flower subextract with a value of 48095.1083 ng/mL. The ethyl acetate extract of flowers showed the best activity with a 326 ± 12 μg/mL IC50 value, while the standard acarbose IC50 value was 4143 ± 243 μg/mL. It was determined that the leaf ethyl acetate extract, in particular, had a very high % inhibition value on ABTS·+ (99.137 ± 0.011% inhibition) and DPPH• (41.068 ± 0.031% inhibition). It is thought that the plant, which has been used as a spice in the kitchen for centuries by the public, can be safely used due to its high antidiabetic and antioxidant effects.

Screening of medicinal plant extracts as novel DNA gyrase inhibitors

Bioactivities of a number of medicinal plants; Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Calamintha nepeta Willk. and C. nepeta, Centaurea iberica Trevir. ex Spreng., Citrus paradisi Macfad., C. paradisi, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Colutea cilicica Boiss. & Balansa, Cotinus coggygria Scop., Cuscuta arvensis Beyr. ex Engelm., Equisetum palustre L., Lapsana communis L., Laurus nobilis L., Olea europea L., Plantago major L., Rhus coriaria L, Salvia verticillata L., Sambucus ebulus L., Sedum acre L, Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link, T. capitatus, Thymbra spicata L., T. spicata (n: 20), which are used for the prevention and treatment of diverse diseases, were investigated. The antimicrobial activities of extracts were evaluated using broth microdilution assay. The cytotoxicities of extracts were investigated on HeLa cell line by MTT assay. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (5.0). The effects of the extracts, which have the highest antimicrobial activity, on the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase gene expression were determined by using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The MICs (µg/ml) of extracts were determined as 32-64, 2-128, 8-128,1-128, 4-128 against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and Mycobacterium spp., respectively. No cytotoxicity has been observed in plant extracts tested. DNA gyrase activity was determined for T. capitatus-SFE (128 µg/mL) and L. nobilis-Hx (128 µg/mL) extracts according to the inhibition of DNA gyrase gene expression. Overall, T. capitatus-SFE and L. nobilis-Hx are good candidates for further antimicrobial studies.

Characterization of a Thymbra spicata essential oil–pectin nanoemulsion, and antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria

Characterization of a Thymbra spicata essential oil–pectin nanoemulsion, and antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria

Effect of &lt;i&gt;Althaea rosea&lt;/i&gt; flower gum loaded with &lt;i&gt;Thymbra spicata&lt;/i&gt; (Zahter) essential oil coating on shelf life and quality of beef patties (Koefte) during cold storage

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of Althaea rosea flower gum loaded with Thymbra spicata essential oils coating on packaged beef patties during cold storage. For this purpose, samples were evaluated in terms of pH, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and microbiological properties. In addition, texture profile analysis (TPA) was performed to evaluate the textural properties of the beef patties. The essential oil treatment to the beef patties had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on the pH values at the end of storage. The coating significantly affected the L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values (p&lt;0.05). A similar situation was also found for lipid oxidation (1.00 µmol MDA (g). The coated samples with essential oil-treated had the lowest values of total aerobic bacteria (3.29 log CFU/g), yeast and mold (2.99 log CFU/g), lactic acid bacteria (2.23 log CFU/g), and total psychrophilic bacteria (2.58 log CFU/g). While the effect of the coating on the adhesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness values of the beef patties at the end of storage was significant (p&lt;0.05), it did not affect other textural properties. Current research has shown that Althaea rosea flower gum can be used in edible coatings and, when fortified with Thymbra spicata essential oil, can be used in muscle foods for preservation and shelf-life extension.

Identification of Potential Inhibitors for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 and the Main Protease from Anatolian Traditional Plants

Background: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a global health catastrophe by affecting the human population around the globe. Unfortunately, there is no specific medication or treatment currently available for COVID-19. Objective: It is extremely important to find effective drug treatment in order to put an end to this pandemic period and return to normal daily life. In this context and considering the urgency, rather than focusing on the discovery of novel compounds, it is critical to explore the effects of existing herbal agents with proven antiviral properties on the virus. Method: Molecular docking studies were carried out employing three different methods, Glide extra precision (XP) docking, induced fit docking (IFD), and molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA), to determine the potential antiviral and antibacterial effects of 58 phytochemicals present in Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymbra spicata, Satureja thymbra, and Stachys lavandulifolia plants against the main protease (Mpro) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) enzymes. Results: 7 compounds stood out among all the molecules, showing very high binding affinities. According to our findings, the substances chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and rosmanol exhibited extremely significant binding affinities for both Mpro and ACE2 enzymes. Furthermore, carnosic acid and alphacadinol showed potent anti-Mpro activity, whereas caffeic acid and carvacrol exhibited promising anti- ACE2 activity. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, carnosic acid, alpha-cadinol, caffeic acid, and carvacrol compounds have been shown to be powerful anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents in docking simulations against Mpro and ACE2 enzymes, as well as ADME investigations.

Altı Tıbbi Bitkinin Sitotoksik Etkileri ve SARS-CoV-2'ye Karşı Antiviral Etkinliğinin Araştırılması

Aim: Today, the COVID-19 pandemic, which causes deaths in 224 countries around the world, continues to show its effect all over the world. However, unfortunately, there are few studies that determine the effect of natural products derived from plants on COVID-19. However, as it is known, the source of most drugs is plants and medicinal aromatic plants have been used frequently for therapeutic purposes since the existence of humanity. The aim of this study is to investigate the cytotoxic effects of six medicinal plants such as Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Laurel (Lauris nobilis), Buckwheat (Lavandula stoechas) and Zahter (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata) and their antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions.&#x0D; Material and Method: This study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, plants were collected and extracts were obtained. At the beginning of the second stage, cytotoxic effects on vero cells at non-cytotoxic broad-spectrum concentrations against SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture of six medicinal plants were investigated. In this step, the concentration of six ethnobotanically important medicinal plants that were not cytotoxic to SARS-CoV-2 was determined. In the continuation of the second stage, the plants were evaluated for the determination of viral replication inhibition and their antiviral effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. In this step, in vitro antiviral effects of plants against SARS-CoV-2 were determined at a concentration that did not show cytotoxic effects.. &#x0D; Results: The concentration of six plants used in the study without cytotoxic effects was determined.. Among the plants examined, it was determined that the only plant that was effective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions was the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra). The licorice plant was found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro at the 2nd dilution (1:4) after the initial concentration.&#x0D; Conclusion: According to the findings obtained from our study, it was determined that the licorice plant was effective against the SARS-CoV-2 in vitro conditions. Supported by further studies, it can be thought that our findings may contribute to the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Antiviral Efficacy, Plant Extract, Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.), Laurel (Lauris nobilis), Buckwheat (Lavandula stoechas), Zahter (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata).

INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTIMETASTATIC POTENTIAL OF T. SPICATA IN HUMAN BREAST ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS COMBINED WITH STANDARD CHEMOTHERAPY

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hexane extract prepared from Thymbra spicata (TS) on the cytotoxic, antioxidant and metastatic process in human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231, BT-474) in combination with the chemotherapeutic drug Paclitaxel (PAC). Materials And Methods: IC25 and IC50 concentrations of TS and PAC in MDA-MB-231 and BT-474 cell lines were determined by the modified MTT method we developed in our laboratory. Cell motility as an indicator of metastatic potential was evaluated by in vitro wound healing method. MDA was evaluated in cellular cytotoxicity in MB 231 by TAS and TOS analyses. Results: IC25 and IC50 concentrations of TS and PAC in MDA MB 231 and BT-474 cell lines were determined by the modified MTT method we developed in our laboratory. Cell motility as an indicator of metastatic potential was evaluated by in vitro wound healing method. MDA was evaluated in cellular cytotoxicity in MB 231 by TAS and TOS analyses. In wound healing experiments where migration and invasion were tested: MDA MB 231; There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of PAC and TS25/PAC25 doses on cell migration. BT-474; TS and TS25/PAC25 doses were found to be effective in stopping cell migration. Conclusion: The findings revealed the prediction that TS may be among the candidate agents in terms of giving as supportive treatment.

Bıldırcın Diyetlerine Farklı Düzeylerde Nar Çekirdeği Yağı İlavesinin Besi Performansı ve Karkas Özelliklerine Etkisi

Bu çalışma, besiye alınan bıldırcınların diyetlerine ilave edilen farklı düzeylerdeki (%0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 ve 2) nar (Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata) çekirdeği yağının bıldırcınların besi performansları ve karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, günlük yaşta 135 adet Japon bıldırcını civcivi kullanılmış olup, hayvanlar 42 gün süreyle besi denemesine alınmışlardır. Çalışmada, kontrol ve muamele gruplarına ait bıldırcınlarda, canlı ağırlık, yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı, karkas ağırlığı ve karkas randımanlarına ait ortalamalar arasındaki farklılıkların istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olduğu saptanmıştır. Benzer şekilde, karkas kısımları ve iç organlara ait ortalamalar bakımından, göğüs ağırlığı, kanat ağırlığı, boyun ağırlığı, karaciğer ağırlığı, kalp ağırlığı ve testis ağırlığı arasındaki farklılıklar da önemsiz bulunmuştur. Ancak, but ağırlığı bakımından dişiler arasındaki farklılıklar önemli olmuştur (P