Thrown Off Research Articles

Eucampia antarctica var. recta (Mangin) stat. nov. (Biddulphiaceae, Bacillariophyceae): life stages at the Weddell Sea ice edge

Eucampia antarctica var. recta (Mangin) stat. nov. is proposed as a truly Antarctic, ice-edge organism. Morphological differences, including symmetry, are noted between this and the nominate variety, which has a subpolar distribution. Observations from four cruises during different seasons in the Weddell Sea area allowed a more complete documentation of the life history. Vegetative cells are lightly silicified. Austral autumn conditions trigger heavily silicified doublet cells, and the vegetative frustule is thrown off. The heavily silicified hypovalves are overlapped by functional, but delicate, girdle bands. Living doublet cells are not packed with storage products. For the first time, winter observations near the ice edge in the water column revealed germination of the doublets into short chains of 4–16 similar, heavily silicified cells. Although these doublets have been called resting spores, they have characteristics of a winter growth stage. Only the specialized terminal valves of the original doublet cells have pointed elevations. As heavily silicified cells often reach the sediment, it is proposed that the proportion of the flattened intercalary to terminal valves can provide an ecological and paleoecological index to the amount of growth from the onset of winter conditions and ice cover until the vegetative stage is triggered in the spring.

Dehiscence of antheridia in thelypteroid ferns

The manner of antheridial opening was investigated in 18 species of the family Thelypteridaceae by scanning electron microscopy. Four different types have been observed: 1) An irregular rupture in the cap cell wall. 2) A rounded opening like a pore. 3) The cap cell being totally thrown off. 4) Opening at one side like a lid, with the cap cell still being attached to the ring cell on the opposite side. Although it has been claimed that the manner of dehiscence is specific to different species, no evidence for this view was found. In 9 of the 18 species studied at least two manners of opening occurred. In 7 of the 18, three or four occurred. In the majority of cases male gametes are in the spermatid stage at time of release from the antheridium. Later on the slimed cell wall dissolves and the spermatozoids are liberated. In a few cases this process is more or less completed within the antheridia, so that spermatozoids are mature already at the time of release.

A World of Difference (review)

198Philosophy and Literature Uterature in die task of improving the world. The first requirement of good reading is, for Massey, a wUlingness to accept punishment. "If literature has any lesson," he writes, "it is that there is never enough punishment." And insofar as we read weU, we recognize that "the lessons of the book are directed against ourselves" rather than the fictional characters who seem to learn or deny them. In effect, readers must become Jews, who, Massey comments, "cannot afford the luxury" of the absolute, and must wish for no more than the relative, than the ethical. Far from being the focus of ethical energy, fiction testifies to "the weakness of an incomplete ethical order"; it yearns for the mythical violence from which it has barely emerged, and at the same time suggests the ethical "effortlessness" it cannot achieve. Only a "minor by-product thrown off by the victory of the ethical" over the mythic, fiction remains beset by "uncertainties, weaknesses, and distinctively unethical implications." Massey provides a tonic resolution of two current exaggerations in contemporary ediical tiieory. In his view, phUosophers such as Stuart Hampshire and Bernard WiUiams promote a view of ethics as an enlightened cultivation of the pleasure principle, a view both describe as Aristotelian. On die other hand, HiUis MiUer and John Rajchman refer to Paul de Man and Jacques Lacan in developing what they portray as an ethic that completes the work of Kant, moving decisively beyond the pleasure principle. In Massey's work, both of these orientations are given voice, but the copresence of them reveals each to be a kind ofwish, or fiction. WhUe Massey's work is too unsystematic to provide the "definitive" view ofethics and literature, it does open up the subject in new and useful ways, and suggests many paths for exploration. Tulane UniversityGeoffrey Galt Harpham A World ofDifference, by Barbara Johnson; xvi & 225 pp. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1987, $24.50. Johnson's earlier book, TL· Critical Difference, examined the deconstructive concept of "difference" as it could be applied to literary texts. Oflate her work has considered the implications ofdeconstruction for feminist criticism and for female theories of discourse. A World ofDifference, then, constitutes an attempt "to transfer the analysis of difference out of its accustomed realm of linguistic universaüty or deconstructive allegory and into contexts in which 'difference' is very much at issue in the 'real world.' " The project depends upon the reader's tacit consent that such realms are possessed of institutional boundaries. This aUows us to proceed with a subject matter which "asks questions of difference as if 'differences between' had referential validity" (p. 2). A World ofDifference coUates what might otherwise be a heterogeneous set of Reviews199 essays and places them into four groups or "Parts of the World." Part One, "The Fate of Deconstruction," consists of pieces written in response to some of the polemics of deconstruction in its North American context. The first essay, "Nothing FaUs Like Success," asserts the need of any discourse based on the questioning of boundary lines to "never stop questioning its own" (p. 14), and is followed by other essays which confront the boundaries of deconstructive discourse: possible political functions ofundecidabüity or the fact that it is "not enough to be a woman writing in order to resist the naturalness of female effacement in the subdy male pseudogenderlessness of language" (p. 41). This section ends by placing deconstruction and feminism into a pedagogical context. In Part Two, "Significant Gaps," "the functioning of what is not known in literature or theory" (p. 4) is examined. The first essay takes the obscurity of Thoreau's symbols in Waiden, the lost hound, horse, and turtle dove, and demonstrates that what is lost is "always intensely particular. Yet it is known only in that it is lost" (p. 53). The great achievement of Waiden is to awaken a consideration of our own losses. In "MaUarmé and the Text of History" what is not known becomes, not obscurity, but erasure, whüe in the third chapter, "Teaching Ignorance: L'Ecole des femmes," Johnson sees the question of education in both Molière and Plato as not the transmission of knowledge...

Robust estimation of parameters: A simple modification to all non-linear fitting algorithms to convert from minimizing the sum of squares of deviations to minimizing the sum of the absolute deviations

A simple modification has been derived to convert non-linear fitting procedures from minimizing the sum of squares to minimizing the sum of absolute deviations. The modification has been made to the Levenberg-Marquardt non-linear fitting procedure. A number of cases from the literature have been used to demonstrate the method. Minimization of the sum of absolute deviations is shown to be a much safer procedure than least squares since it is inherently resistant to being thrown off by outliers among the data points. Criteria are given for the choice of the robust least absolute deviation minimization scheme over least squares.

Charged particle depletion surrounding Saturn's F ring: Evidence for a moonlet belt?

Pioneer 11 detected five abrupt depletions in the flux of trapped magnetospheric electrons within a 2000-km-wide band surrounding Saturn's F ring. We reconsider these observations using an improved description of the magnetosphere and of the locations of known rings and moons. We show that two of the five observed abrupt decreases in electron flux are probably due to absorption by the known F ring. However, none of the other three are likely to be caused by the F ring, its “shepherds” (Pandora and Prometheus), or by material sharing their orbits. We infer that the observed depletions of charged particles are caused by clumps of material with low optical depth ( τ ∼ 10 −4−10 −3); we hypothesize that these clumps are composed of regolith ejecta and result from collisions within a belt of unseen objects of moonlet scale and smaller (0.1–10 km radius) which occupies the entire radial region lying between Pandora and Prometheus. We have developed a self-consistent scenario in which these debris clouds are created, spread longitudinally, and are swept up onto surfaces of the belt objects only to be thrown off again in a subsequent collision. Within this framework, the microsignature absorbers are the outcomes of “typical” collisions in such a belt of objects, while the stranded, braided F ring revealed in Voyager images may be the outcome of a much less common collision between some of its largest, least numerous members. The hypothetical belt objects have a steep powerlaw distribution and a total optical depth of about 10 −4 to 10 −3. We expect that some narrow rings and ring arcs in the ring systems of Uranus and Neptune may be similarly indicative of ongoing collisional/accretional processes taking place within moonlet belts at the edge of the Roche zone of their parent planets.

Unterschiedliche Teilungsverläufe bei den Phytomonaden (Chlorophyta)

Summary The Phytomonads have like other flagellates heteropolar cells. The extremity commonly bearing the flagella is marked off as the anterior (apical), whilst the opposite one is the posterior (antapical) pole. The typical division of the flagellates is longitudinal, it takes place along the longitudinal plane. In walled flagellates (Chlamydomonadales, Volvocales) the division takes place inside of the cell wall (sporangium). The plane of division is here mostly longitudinal, but in many cases before or during the division the protoplast rotates through a right angle. That's why the plane of division comes to be transverse to the old cell, but the protoplast itself divides always longitudinally (seemingly transverse division). In few cases the walled flagellates divide transversely (true transverse division). Chlorogonium is one of the best known genera in this way. The division takes place along the transverse plane of the cell and protoplast — vertically to the longitudinal axis. In spite of the inner change of cell polarity, given by the new basal bodies during the division, the old flagella together with the stigma persist in the original position. They keep their function during the whole process of division (schizogonie) and also during the differentiation of the zoospores. The sporangium is motile and phototactic even all zoospores are formed and possess their own flagella. The anterior part of the old protoplast and later the anterior zoospore keeps the old flagella in its anterior pole while the new ones appear in the opposite pole. At last the old flagella are thrown off and the new ones take over the function of motility. The extremities have changed their position and function, they have turned round. A similar transverse division occurs as well in the genus Haematococcus as in Volvox rousseletii . In the last species the single zoospore escapes during the germination of the zygote. A true transverse division in the genus Chlamydomonas was not known up to the present time and there were doubts about it. Now as well a semitransverse as a true transverse division were found. Comparing the progress of the division in the Phytomonads we are able to distinguish 4 types: I. The schizotomous longitudinal division of naked Phytomonads into two morphologically equal sister cells. The flagella are distributed among the sister cells. II. The schizogonous (multiple) longitudinal division of the walled Chlamydomonadales and Volvocales into morphologically equal sister cells which number is a power of two. The flagella are drawn in or thrown off. III. The semitransverse division of walled Chlamydomonadales into morphologically unequal parts of the protoplast which number is a power of two. From the number of the daughter protoplasts one is the rest of the mother cell. The protoplast rotates after the first division, but the old flagella are connected with the rest of the mother cell. IV. The true transverse division without rotation of the protoplast into morphologically unequal parts of the protoplast. The number of the daughter protoplasts is a power of two, but one of them is the rest of the mother cell. The old flagella are connected with the rest of the mother cell. This type of division is up today known only in few genera. Both the semitransverse and transverse division look like a variant of unequal cell division. The rest of the mother protoplast remains as long as all zoospores are differentiated and able to exist independently. At the end of the process the rest of the mother protoplast gets a new wall and turns round to a zoospore. It is possible that the transverse division shows the way of coenobia formation in the Volvocales and the differentiation of the cells into coenobia. In any way the modus of division should be an important character in the classification of the Chlamydomona-dales.

The Woman at Otowi Crossing by Frank Waters

Essay Review The Woman at Otowi Crossing, revised edition. By Frank Waters. (Athens: Swallow Press/ Ohio University Press, 1987. 314 pages, $9.95.) Frank Waters’ The Woman at Otowi Crossing, one of the truly great books in American literature, was originally printed under the restrictions and judgmental limitations of its publisher. Artistically successful, it nevertheless did not contain the full narrative scope of Waters’ initial vision. Now, thanks to Swallow Press/Ohio University Press, Waters’original version, a full Otowi Crossing, has been made available to readers. I have to admit that while I enthusiastically supported the possibility of the revised edition, I approached the new book with some trepidation. One hates to have a work that one loves tampered with, even by its author. I harbored a secret fear that the incredibly tight and thoroughly original time sequence—the flash forwards and flashbacks so crucial to the reader’s emo­ tional involvement—might not function as smoothly and as effectively as it does in the previously published version. But readers with such an apprehen­ sion can relax. The revised version functions as effectively as ever. The myth of the Woman at Otowi Crossing comes through, and there is no loss of focus on Helen because of the additional material. Indeed, the older parts seem to shine more brightly as a result of the light thrown off by the new. The novel was originally intended to be five or six hundred pages in length. At one stage in its growth it apparently achieved seven hundred pages. The version finally published by Swallow Press in 1966, and retained in all subsequent continuous printings, had been reduced to three hundred pages, the result of the merciless cutting and condensation urged for publication (Tanner 95).* The new volume actually appears thinner than the previous ones. But the type face is smaller, obscuring the fact that Waters has added over a hundred typed pages of new material and has, of course, restructured the original material to accommodate it. He has restored the book to its fullest form and then pruned from the point of view of his mature artistic judgment. The result is even deeper characterization, more detailed description, and more information about practically everything in the book. It isdifficult to describe how these additions, some ofwhich require whole new chapters, interact, influencing all the other parts of the book. One of them, which tells of Helen and Emily attending a party in nearby Pojoaque, illustrates well the complexity and the interconnected influences of these addi­ * Readers will find the correspondence on pages 189-196 of special interest in regard to the augmentation in the 1987 edition. Waters protested repeatedly against the reduction of his original manuscript. 46 Western American Literature tions. The party is given by the wealthy Mrs. Laura Cartier and presents us with a totally new element in the local society. It shows the kind of social life from which Helen first withdraws, as she comes more and more to prefer the company of the simple women of the village and the pueblo. It also reveals to Emily a level of society of which she was undoubtedly aware in the East but which she did not know existed in New Mexico and one to which she certainly did not think her Mother had access. Helen had warned her that she would meet here a group of valley residents she didn’t expect. It was as if Emily had discovered more— a New Mexico hidden within New Mexico. Never again would she be surprised at finding such little oases of luxury hidden behind crumbling adobe walls. All attested the gradual influx of people dis­ tinctive and strangely different from the Indians and Spanish and early Anglo settlers. Retired refugees from Europe and the crowded cities of the east coast, enormously oil-rich Texans, homosexual and lesbian couples seeking escape from the restrictive prejudice of orthodox society, writers, painters and sculptors, mere esthetes and dabblers, and invalids forced to live in the high dry air, they all somehow fused into a common type whose hallmark was a vociferous love of the Land of Enchantment. With money and taste they were bringing it to...

Adding More Buckram: Scott and the Amplification of Peveril of the Peak

A D D I N G M O R E B U C K R A M : S C O T T A N D T H E A M P L I F I C A T I O N O F P E V E R I L O F T H E P E A K JA N E M ILLGATE Victoria College, University of Toronto M o s t of Scott’s novels made their first appearance as three duodecimo volumes. When these texts were republished in the annotated edition pre­ pared by Scott at the end of his life — the 48-volume magnum opus edition of 1829-33 — fitted fairly comfortably into its standard format of two royal i8mo volumes per title, the smaller type and increased page length of the new volumes accommodating both the novel text and the specially com­ posed introductions and annotations.1 The three series of Tales of M y Land­ lord constituted something of an anomaly, since each series had originally appeared between 1815 and 1819 in four volumes, and the component tales varied from one volume for The Black Dwarf to four for The Heart of M id­ lothian. By printing the three series as a single sequence in the magnum the problem could, however, be readily solved, the twelve original volumes, together with the added introductions and notes, fitting quite easily into seven of the new volumes. For all Scott’s other novels up to and including Kenilworth the basic formula of three old into two new volumes worked quite satisfactorily. Any adjustments required by variations in length of either the original novel text or the newly written supplementary material were readily achieved by a slight increase or decrease in the page length of the magnum volumes. Writing to his publisher Robert Cadell on 28 December 1828, after he had sent the marked-up interleaved volumes together with the introductions, annotations, and other supplementary materials for all the novels up to and including A Legend of Montrose, Scott commented: “You can now make your calculations clean and clear with all the volumes before you. Notes might be added if desired to make up any inequality of the volumes.” 2 The first serious difficulties seem to have occurred with The Pirate. This novel had appeared in the usual three volumes in 1822, but Scott’s initial preparation of the annotated text for the magnum left it markedly short of the desired length. Part of the problem arose from the fact that The Pirate had possessed a considerable number of notes in the first edition. When these were printed in the much reduced type used for all annotations in the E n g l is h S t u d ie s in C a n a d a , x iii, 2, June 19 87 magnum the normal equation of so many first-edition pages to so many magnum pages was thrown off. The new introduction was an additional complicating factor: at just over eight pages as finally printed it was among the shortest Scott had composed for the new edition. The solution adopted was not to extend the introduction, but to amplify the notes. Scott himself, however, had been willing to contemplate an even more drastic course of action. Although the revised text of the novel had already been sent off, he was prepared to receive it back with a view to the insertion of either more notes or, more radically, of substantial additions to the narrative itself: “ I can stick in more bombast & binding into the Pirate. But I will need the Copy and also will require to know what quantity you will need. I believe I had better put in a chapter or two at once into the main body of the work instead of more notes I can easily do this & it will have a better effect than cramming the notes. I suppose an addition of twenty four pages to each volume would be about the mark.”3 In the event the new chapters were not written, but The Pirate, already well freighted with notes on its first appear­ ance, became in the magnum one of...

La campagne nord-vietnamienne de la dépression économique de 1930 à la famine de 1945

North Vietnam's rural economy constantly deteriorated during the 1930s and 1940s. The colonial administration endeavoured to preserve communal stability through différent agrarian measures, but the village community was finally thrown off balance with the outburst in 1944-1945 of the worst famine that the peasants of former Tonkin ever witnessed.

1984年長野県西部地震による震央付近の大加速度

Many boulders were thrown off out of their former sockets by the Western Nagano Prefecture Earthquake of September 14, 1984. Anomalous high accelerations of 5-30g, in the frequency range of 5-10Hz, are estimated from the displacement of these thrown out boulders.Almost all of the thrown out boulders were found on the tops, ridges and suddles of the mountains covered with the volcanic ash. The amplification effects by topography and soil sediment of the surface are estimated from the observation of the aftershocks recorded on the mountain-top, -foot and rock. The spectral ratios of seismic waves with the frequencies of 5-10Hz, namely mountain-top/-foot and soil/rock, are 2-7 and 2-10, respectively.The accelerations on the basement rock are obtained dividing the accelerations estimated on the mountain-tops. The high accelerations exceeding 1g distribute within a small area with a length of 3km and a width of 1km. This small area corresponds to the large dislocation portion of the assumed fault and the low active region of aftershocks.

What Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return Never Did Require (includes associated papers 15324 and 15327 and 15331 and 15332 and 15681 and 15910)

Summary A misunderstanding exists on the reinvestment of cash flows froma project to meet a calculated rate of return for an investment. Severaltextbooks state that cash flow from project must be reinvested at thecalculated rate of return in order for that cash flow rate of return for aninvestment to be realized. We demonstrate mathematically and logicallythat such reinvestment is not required. Introduction For an investment to yield the calculated discounted cashflow rate of return for an investment, ir, must the cashflows be reinvested from receipt to the project's end atir?. The correct answer is .. no." But a recent articlecites frequently used financial textbooks that teach the incorrect interpretation. Confusion occurs, because if ir, is to be earned on the initial investment. the correctanswer is "yes." This requirement is sensible only whena single cash flow occurs at the project's end, such aswith zero coupon bonds, so that reinvestment isimpossible. For any project with cash flow before its end, thesensible requirement is for i, to be earned on theunamortized investment, in which case the disposition ofthe cash flows is not a consideration. This confusion pervades SPE literature. At a recentsymposium, while I was proving the correct answer mathematically, two other speakers were stating thecontrary. Boyle and Schenck state, "IRR (ir)..... assumes that all cash thrown off by a project will bereinvested at the high IRR of that Project. Because suchreinvestment is unlikely, . . projects with a highIRR . . . will return significantly less than isforecast.....". My mathematical demonstration isrepeated here, and the correct intepretation illustratedwith an example. Continuous Discounting Procedures The use of continuous discounting, simplifies themathematical demonstration. Discounting formulasmeasure economic equivalence between cash flows at different times while taking into account interest earned during theintervening time. With interest compoundedcontinuously at rate i, the rate of increase in wealth,(future worth) is given by (1) The solution to Eq. 1, giving PFt at any time, t, is (2) Multiplying Eq. 2 by exp( -it) gives the present worth ofPFt at t=0:(3) Thus, if PF, is a lump sum cash flow at t, the discountfactor that gives its present worth is exp(-it). With auniform and continuous payment of P. the rate ofincrease of future worth is given by (4) From Eq. 4, when P is received from t=0 to t=t, PFt is given by (5) From Eq. 3, it follows that the present worth of this payment is (6) so that the discount factor that gives present worth of acontinuous payment at its start is [1-exp(-it)]/i. Rate of Return andPresent Worth Equation With a single investment (Ci, at t=0), the all-importantnet present value (PNPV) is given by (7) The discount rate for which PNPV = 0 is ir. Thenumerical value of ir, depends upon the discountingmethod. but this variation need not concern us if thesame discounting procedure is used with all projects. Meaning of Rate of Return We use the cumulative cash balance, CBt, todemonstrate that i, is the earnings rate on theunrecovered portion of the investment regardless of whatis done with the project's cash flows. CBt theunamortized investment at any time, equals the future worth at tof the project's discounted cumulative cash flow at t. The following example with ir=0 illustratesCBt- SUP-pose an investment (Ci = $1,000) yields P= $500/yr for2 years, so that at t=2, Ci is returned with no interest. JPT P. 85^

On the initial phase of interaction between expanding stellar envelopes and surrounding medium

The initial stages of deceleration in the circumstellar medium of a stellar envelope, thrown off by a shock wave, are investigated. The equations of spherical-symmetric adiabatic hydrodynamics are shown to have a similarity solution in the case of the density of the expanding envelope being approximated by a reasonable power law. The overall flow pattern has such a form that the stellar material is decelerated in the internal shock wave while another shock propagates through the circumstellar matter. Between the shocks there is a contact discontinuity separating the circumstellar and stellar matter. The characteristics of the similarity solution are calculated for various exponents in the density laws of an expanding envelope and circumstellar matter and for two values of the adiabatic index (γ=5/3, 4/3). Some parts of the flow exhibit Rayleigh-Taylor instability.

A quasi-periodic time dependence of interfacial tension in an oil-water-surfactant system

A strong fluctuation of interfacial tension (IFT), that is quasi-periodic in time, has been observed for the water-dodecane interface, with 8-phenylhexadecane sodium sulfonate (“Texas no. 1”) surfactant. This fluctuation was observed with sessile but not pendant drops, and in a massive cell. It ceased when vibrations were introduced. The periodic effect was probably caused by the growth of the interfacial layer, from a monolayer of surfactant, into a layer of liquid crystal (LC) material of appreciable thickness, which can be considered to be a degenerate (or underdeveloped) middle phase. Growth would occur by capture of upward-drifting liquid crystal particles from the aqueous phase. The IFT on the aqueous side of the middle phase is probably relatively high, and controls the overall drop shape. The IFT on the oil side of the middle phase is low, and falls with time, to a value so low that, when the layer attains sufficient thickness, droplets can be thrown off by small random vibrations. With a vibration-insulated cell, vibrations of sufficient amplitude come along only at widely separated intervals. When the excess liquid crystal material is thrown off, the layer thickness decreases to a small enough value that the oil-LC layer boundary prevents the water-LC layer boundary from achieving its maximum IFT. A brief discussion is given of the relation between the phenomenon we have observed and the disjoining pressure.

Electron Microscopical Examination of Worn Tire Treads and Tread Debris

Abstract Tire wear is an important phenomenon, and the industry needs to know as much as possible about the mechanism of rubber abrasion that results in wear. A wealth of information can be obtained by studying tread surfaces and debris particles using the scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Such an examination was conducted on the worn tread surface of an SBR compound containing 75 phr N285 carbon black and 45 phr oil. A liquid-like layer composed of an intimate mixture of degraded rubber and road silt could be seen on the worn tread surfaces. The thickness of this layer is variable but generally in the micron and submicron region, except where it had been rolled up and was about to be thrown off as a debris particle. A general examination of NR and BR tread compounds revealed a similar appearance. Several collections of rubber debris particles were also examined and found to have the same composition of degraded rubber and road silt that was observed on the tread surface. These observations are in agreement with the results of Boonstra, Heckman, and Kabaya with respect to the analysis of road silt materials on tread surfaces. Since the silt is within the thin layer of degraded rubber, it cannot be washed off the tread surface with soap and water. It can be removed with benzene swabbing. In addition, this report provides visual documentation of tire wear that serves to support previous speculations. These results emphasize the importance of considering the abrasion of tire treads as a three-bodied system: the tread compound, the road surface and the layer between the two, which is composed of an intimate mixture of degraded rubber and road silt. Previous references to the presence of road silt particles on worn tread surfaces implied their incidental nature. This study shows that road silt penetrates into and becomes a part of the substructure of worn tread surfaces. Furthermore, the internal morphology of this substructure is identical to the morphology of the tread debris thrown off from the tread surface.

Die betekenis van die filosofie vir die ander wetenskappe

In the treacherous rapids of scientific tradition and schools scientists are easily thrown off course if they do not involve themselves consciously and creatively with a specific tradition. The author gives a survey of some formulations within the Reformatory philosophical tradition regarding the relationships of Philosophy, subject philosophy and specific scientific disciplines. Through reference to three generations of philosophers within this tradition the unmistakeable meaning of Philosophy for the other disciplines is stressed. Although there is a warning against a philosophy which would so over-estimate itself as to o vet play its hand, Philosophy is still described us the critical conscience of the subject disciplines, and mention is made of the role of subject philosophy which constitutes a bridge enabling two-way traffic to move between Philosophy and subject disciplines.

The spray volume shed by an uncambered planing hull in steady planing

Earlier papers (Payne, 1981 a,b,c) have developed what might be called a virtual mass theory which in principle permits the forces on any planing hull form to be calculated. In the present paper, this methodology is extended to calculate the thickness and momentum of the jet or spray sheet thrown off by the planing surface. For a two-dimensional flat planing plate—the only case where comparison is possible—the theory gives essentially the same result as that of Pierson and Leshnover (1948). For a three-dimensional flat plate and prismatic hulls, the results seem physically reasonable. For the small trim angles associated with efficient planing, on a weightless inviscid fluid the total pressure drag of any hull can be reduced to close to zero by deflecting the jet rearwards and parallel to the undisturbed surface, the residual resistance being due to the cross-flow force which varies as (trim angle) 2.

Lollianos and the desperadoes

‘Without exaggeration and oversimplification little progress is made in most fields of humanistic investigation.’ With this disarming quotation from A. D. Nock, Albert Henrichs begins his book-length interpretation of P. Colon, inv. 3328. In the same spirit of humanistic progress, I would like to reconsider some aspects of the text and to offer a different assessment of its place in the history of religion and literature.The fragments are from three pages of a hitherto unknown Greek novel, Lollianos'Phoinikika. Frags A and B luckily include book-ends, from whose subscriptions we know the author and title of the work. Frag. C is just scraps which yield no continuous sense. Frag. A brokenly and confusedly mentions youths, women dancing, (furniture?) being thrown off the roof, sobriety, kissing, and then, in a slightly more intelligible scene, the male narrator's loss of virginity with a woman named Persis, her gift to him of a gold necklace which he refuses, the assistance of one Glauketes in taking the necklace elsewhere, and finally what seems to be a confrontation between Persis' mother and the two lovers. This last is similar to Achilles Tatius ii 23–5. Achilles Tatius also offers the closest parallel to frag. B, a ghastly description of human sacrifice and cannibalism. This scene is the focus of most of Henrichs' interpretation and I will limit myself to it in the present article.The central question raised by this new novel fragment is how to assess the relative importance of religious and literary parallels. Is thePhoinikikato be regarded as a document in religious or in literary history, or perhaps somewhere on the borderland of both? There has been a lively discussion in the last half century of the thesis that the ancient novels were written and read as religious documents, deriving their basic structure and many details from the myths and cults of particular religions. Henrichs devotes most of his book to arguing that the sacrifice scene in Lollianos is inspired by an actual rite, probably of a Dionysian character, and that thePhoinikikaserves to illuminate a little-known corner of religious history. His views are based on an extensive collection of liturgical, mythical and ethnological parallels concerning oath rituals, the sacrifice of children, cannibalism, and face-painting. Of all the parallels cited, the two which are closest in every way to Lollianos are Achilles Tatius iii 15 and Cassius Dio lxxi 4. On the strength of these Henrichs asserts that Lollianos' description of a ritual murder represents, more or less directly, the cultic practice of the Egyptian Boukoloi. Without postulating a religious message for thePhoinikikaas a whole, Henrichs does claim that this scene yields valuable information about the structure of ancient mystery rituals (78 n. 6) and that these new fragments support the methodological correctness of Kerenyi's and Merkelbach's approach to the ancient novels.

Mishima's Cosmic Noh Drama: "The Damask Drum"

tions and opinions . . . and after discarding all our everyday pretenses . . . shows us in a state of absolute helplessness, disclosing, giving and finding ourselves. Through shock . . . we will be able to give ourselves to that something that we cannot describe, but in which Eros and Caritas live.5 literary text, which for Grotowski had never been anything more than a point of departure reduced to its essentials, can now be dispensed with entirely. Performance likewise was never more than a means, not an end in itself. In Grotowski's paratheatrical activities, actor and viewer merge into participant or celebrant in a process whereby inner inhibitions and acquired habits are thrown off in an effort to reach the spiritual essence common to all. evolution of Grotowski's visionary goals has ever been toward greater purification: first the playwright was abolished, then the stage, finally the actor. All that remains are the celebrants and the master. In his paratheatrical seminars and exercises Holiday, The University of Explorations of the Theatre of Nations, Opening, Special Projects, Venture Mountain and The Tree of People Grotowski has brought together people of various nationalities and professions, ages and races, meeting in different countries and settings, as part of his unending quest to break down barriers that prevent man from reaching what lies hidden in his soul. Both Grotowski's poor the tre and his paratheatrical activities have in common the desire o strip away false layers of convention, to penet ate the myths that link past, present and future, and to uncover the symbols that are common to all. In his ay, Grotowski declares, we can re-create the feeling of unity and purification known in ancient tragedy but lost to us in modern society. Suggesting that each of us can participate in the cosmic drama that constantly surrounds us, Grotowski most recently advises that we should forget ourselves, make less nois and e rn to coexist with the wind, trees and s ars.6 true theatre is everywhere around us.

Effect of the thymus on precursor cells of the hematopoietic stroma

The physiological saline was injected into the excretory duct of the cat parotid gland under the pressure of 30, 70 and 120 cm H2O. It was found with the aid of transmission electronic microscopy, morphometry and statistical analysis that the liquid injection into the gland produces compression of the blood capillaries weaving the acinus. The compression of the capillary tubes is shown by a significant reduction in space given to the lumen of the capillaries and their endothelial layer. The compression of the capillary tubes is combined with a two-fold lessening suggest that the additional blood volume entering the gland in response to its perfusion by the liquid does not reach the blood capillaries and is thrown off into the vein vessels through the shunt communications and that regulation of the blood volume getting into the cat parotid gland capillaries is likely to depend on the hydraulic and osmotic state in the interstitial space of glandular lobes.

Conflict and Consensus in the Designation of Deviance

This paper identifies theoretical and empirical problems in a perspective on crime and deviance. We then propose an alternative apposition of and viewpoints. This new approach is grounded in empirical definitions of the conditions under which and can be said to exist, and is used to generate propositions about attitudes toward empirically identified consensus and conflict crimes. The support found for these propositions encourages a shift from regarding attitudes toward deviance as simple instruments of coercion, to a view in which these attitudes are accorded a wider significance in the combined processes of deviance definition, status allocation and, eventually, the cooptive maintenance of political authority. Where sociologists of past decades (e.g., Friedmann) commonly assumed that behaviors designated as criminal reflected a broad among social groups, recent work asserts that such designations are a consequence of between social groupings, particularly social classes. Although a growing literature surrounds this perspective (Chambliss; Platt, b; Quinney, a, b; Taylor et al. a, b), fundamental theoretical and empirical problems remain unresolved. First, orthodox Marxists (e.g., Hirst; Mugford) note that criminologists neither use Marxism's explanatory units nor appreciate Marxism's tendency to see criminals as a . . . 'dangerous class,' the social scum, (and) that passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of the old society . . . (Marx and Engels, 44, cited in Hirst, 39). Also neglected by the criminologists are the more recent neo-Marxian and Weberian theoretical innovations of critical (see Mullins and Mullins) and (see Collins, b) sociology. *Order of authorship is alphabetical and does not reflect seniority or priority; the authors share equal responsibility for this paper.