Throwing Performance Research Articles

Lacrosse Player's Sprint Ability: The Relationship Between 30M Cradle Sprint and Medicine Ball Throw

Background: Few studies have examined the sprinting capacity of female lacrosse players compared to other field-based sports. Sprinting ability in lacrosse, particularly when players are cradling the ball, may differ from traditional sprinting, as handling the ball can affect acceleration and overall speed.Aims: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sprinting ability and medicine ball throws in female collegiate lacrosse players. Specifically, it sought to compare sprint performance with and without cradling and examine how medicine ball throw performance correlates with sprinting ability.Methods: Twenty-two participants (19.9 ± 1.2 years) were recruited from a collegiate lacrosse team. They performed 30m and cradle sprint trials from a standing start. Additionally, participants conducted medicine ball throws with 1kg, 2kg, and 3kg weights. Sprint times were recorded for 0-10m and a total of 30m distances.Results: The time for the total 30m distance was significantly shorter in the regular 30m sprint trial than in the 30m cradle trial. The 0-10m segment was slower in the cradle sprint trial than the regular sprint trial. Faster individuals in the 30m sprint trial were associated with longer distances in the 1kg and 2kg medicine ball throws. In comparison, faster individuals in the 30m cradle sprint trial were correlated with longer distances in the 1kg, 2kg, and 3kg medicine ball throws.Conclusion: The cradle affects acceleration from a stopped position. Additionally, sprinting ability while cradling the ball is correlated with performance in the 3kg medicine ball throw, suggesting a relationship between upper-body strength and sprint performance in lacrosse.

Differences in throwing kinematics due to changes in run-up speed in javelin throwing.

In javelin throw training, although short run-up throwing is more frequently performed than full run-up throwing (throwing like a competition), it is unclear whether the throwing motion of the short run-up throwing is different from full run-up throwing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the differences between the short and full run-up throwing in javelin throw. Twelve male javelin throwers were included in this study. The participants performed one-cross throwing (Cross), which involved throwing from a short run-up, and full run-up throwing (Run), which was similar to a competition. The coordinates of the reflective markers attached to the participant's body and javelin was recorded using an optical motion capture system. The analysis phase was from the time of last foot contact to the time of release. We calculated the kinematic variables related to javelin throwing performance and compared the Cross and Run. The results showed significant differences in the joint angles of the left knee, trunk, and right shoulder between Cross and Run. The results indicate that different throwing motions occur in short run-up throwing compared to full run-up throwing.

Effectiveness of plyometric training in handball: impact on throwing power and speed

Handball calls for a variety of athletic skills, but throwing force is crucial for passing, scoring, and gaining momentum. Plyometric training uses explosive exercises that increase muscular contraction speed and force to improve power and speed. The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether adding plyometric workouts to handball players' training regimens can enhance their throwing ability to a noticeable degree. The research utilized an experimental design with a pretest-posttest methodology for a single group. The Sambas district handball team, which consisted of 15 athletes, picked the participants, who were between the ages of 17 and 22. Plyometric training was the intervention, and it was done in three sessions a week for four weeks. The Medicine Ball Javelin Quadrathlo strength test was used to gather data, and SPSS version 26 was used for analysis. The research showed that the mean throwing power and speed had significantly increased, with improvements of 2.07 between the pretest and posttest values of 19.93 and 22.00, respectively. The significance value obtained was 0.000, indicating a statistically significant enhancement. The plyometric training was found to be highly effective in enhancing the explosive strength and neuromuscular coordination required for powerful and fast throws in handball. In conclusion, the findings suggest that incorporating plyometric training into the training programs of handball players can substantially improve their throwing performance. Coaches and trainers are recommended to integrate plyometric exercises to maximize the athletic potential of their players. Keywords: plyometric training, handball, throwing power, throwing speed, explosive strength, athletic performance

Effects of 34 Weeks of Military Service on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Military Cadets of Angola.

Military personnel need physical fitness to effectively carry out operational military activities within their specific field of operation. This research investigates the effects of a 34-week training program on Angolan cadets' body composition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Seventy-four volunteer recruits, aged 18 to 26 years, were monitored during their eight-month military service, following an exercise program protocol comprising 12 weeks of strength training followed by 24 weeks of endurance training. Anthropometric variables, including body mass, body mass index, and fat mass, were assessed, along with cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), sprint performance, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw, push-ups, and curl-ups. The physical training protocol encompassed running sessions, strength exercises, agility drills, and flexibility exercises. The initial assessment revealed gender differences in various parameters such as body mass, body fat percentage, VO2max, sprinting, countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw, and push-ups. Following the training program, changes were observed in all variables (effect size between 0.48 and 2.33, p < 0.01) for the participants. Significant interactions (sex × time) were found in body mass (F = 5.18, p = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.06), body fat percentage (F = 5.31, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.14), and medicine ball throw (F = 10.84, p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.13). Specifically, males exhibited a greater reduction in body mass (females: 2.70%, males: 3.47%, p < 0.05) and a substantial improvement in ball throwing performance (females: 7.74%, males: 11.47%, p < 0.01), while females experienced a greater reduction in fat mass (females: 5.34%, males: 3.15%, p < 0.01). The physical training regimen effectively influenced body composition, particularly in enhancing strength performance among males. The integration of exercise programs with military service led to a notable reduction in fat tissue and an increase in lean tissue. Hence, the development of tailored training protocols is imperative to enhance the physical capacity and overall health of military recruits, considering sex-specific characteristics and physical attributes.

Test–Retest Reliability of a Motorized Resistance Device for Measuring Throwing Performance in Volleyball Athletes

Throwing performance is a critical aspect of sports, particularly in overhead activities, necessitating reliable assessment methods. This study explores the test–retest reliability of throwing performance metrics measured by the 1080 Sprint, a robotic device integrating linear position technology and an electric motor. Specifically focusing on professional volleyball athletes with scapular dyskinesis, the study draws data from a previously published investigation on the impact of mirror cross exercise. Thirty-nine athletes were recruited, aged 21.9 ± 3.6 years, height 1.79 ± 0.3 m weight 68.5 ± 19.8 kg, and body mass index 21.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2, meeting stringent inclusion criteria. One-sample t-tests indicated no statistically significant differences between test–retest trials. The study revealed excellent reliability of the 1080 Sprint, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values exceeding 0.99 for all metrics, including speed, force, and power. The standard error of measurement (SEM) calculation revealed that the Sprint 1080 motorized resistance device demonstrates high precision in measuring throwing performance. Bland and Altman plots indicated minimal systematic bias across all metrics, encompassing speed, force, and power. The provision of the minimum detectable change (MDC) for each variable of the Sprint 1080 motorized resistance device offers coaches a valuable tool to identify performance improvements in volleyball athletes. In conclusion, the present study shows that the 1080 Sprint is valid and reliable for measuring throwing performance in volleyball athletes for monitoring purposes.

Spatial Accuracy and Variability in Dart Throwing in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder and the Relationship with Ball Skill Items.

The present study aimed to examine precision and variability in dart throwing performance and the relationships between these outcomes and bouncing, throwing and catching tasks in children with and without DCD. Children between the ages of 8 and 10 years (n = 165) were classified according to results obtained on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2) and divided into three groups: 65 children with severe DCD (s-DCD), 45 with moderate DCD (m-DCD) and 55 typically developing children (TD). All children performed the dart throwing test and the ball skill items of the Performance and Fitness Test (PERF-FIT). The accuracy and variability of dart throwing tasks were significantly different between TD and s-DCD (p < 0.01), and also between m-DCD and s-DCD (p < 0.01). Participants with s-DCD were also found to perform significantly worse on all PERF-FIT ball skill items than m-DCD (p < 0.001), and m-DCD were significantly poorer than TD (p < 0.001). The dart score and coefficient of variation of the long-distance task appear to be significant predictors for the ball skills and explain between 24 to 29% of their variance. In conclusion, poor results in aiming tasks using darts in children with DCD corroborate with the explanation of deficits in predictive control since the tasks require ballistic movements.

The Effects of Spectators on National Basketball Association Free Throw Performance

Free throw shooting percentage has averaged around 75% for nearly five decades. However, free throw percentages significantly increased to 79% during the 2020 spectator-less National Basketball Association season. The current study investigated if the elevated free throw shooting percentage observed during the spectator-less season has returned to the 50-year average now that spectators have returned to National Basketball Association arenas. Moreover, home and away free throw percentages were examined to determine if a potential home-field advantage contributed to this phenomenon. Analyses revealed that the free throw shooting percentage from the spectator-less season was significantly higher than the two spectator-filled seasons preceding and following the spectator-less season. Furthermore, the analyses found no differences in free throw percentages between home and away games. While the free throw shooting percentage increased to 79% during the spectator-less season, the free throw shooting percentage returned to the 50-year average (i.e., ∼75%), following the spectator-less season. Additionally, it does not appear that a perceived home-field advantage influenced the increased free throw performance observed in the spectator-less season. Multiple factors likely contributed to this free throw phenomenon, including the environmental characteristics shaped by the lack of spectators.

The Effect of Core Strength Training on Free Throw and Vertical Jump Performance in Basketball

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of core training on free throw and vertical jump performance in basketball. The study sample consisted of 18 female basketball players with an average age of 11.36 ± .505 years who had been playing basketball for 2 years and voluntarily participated in the study. The sample group was selected using the convenience sampling method, so no power analysis was performed. The athletes were randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group and the control group, with 9 athletes in each group. The average age of the experimental and control groups was 11.36 ± 0.505 years and 12 ± 0.632 years, respectively, the average height was 151.64 ± 9.124 cm and 142.45 ± 4.634 cm, respectively, and the body weight was 40.55 ± 7.461 kg and 45.55 ± 5.298 kg, respectively. While the participants in the experimental group completed the core training program twice a week for eight weeks, no training program was carried out in the control group. Participants were asked to make 10 free throws each, including before and after the test, and those who hit 10 were recorded. The t-test for independent samples was used to analyze the data (p &lt; 0.05). As a result of the study, it was found that core training positively influenced the free throw performance of 11-13 year old basketball players (p=.017), while no statistical significance was reached for vertical jump performance (p=.351).

Does Deep Squat Quality Affect the Propulsion of Baseball Throwing?

This study investigates the influence of the quality of the "deep squat" movement, adapted from the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) system, on the lower extremity movement pattern during baseball throwing, and its potential impact on throwing performance and propulsion efficiency. Twenty-two baseball players were recruited and categorized into two groups: 13 in the high-score squat group (HSS) and 9 in the low-score squat group (LSS), based on their deep squat screening results. This research explored disparities in ball velocity, propulsion efficiency, propulsion ground reaction force (GRF) characteristics, and throwing kinematics between these two groups. The findings revealed no significant difference in ball velocity between the groups. However, the LSS group demonstrated a lower propulsion GRF efficiency (p < 0.030, ES = 0.46), along with a higher vertical peak GRF (p < 0.002, ES = 0.66). In the pivot leg, the HSS group exhibited significantly lower impulse forces in the Impulse Fresultant (p < 0.035, ES = 0.45), throwing direction (p < 0.049, ES = 0.42), and vertical direction (p < 0.048, ES = 0.42). Additionally, the contribution to the ball velocity of the pivot leg was significantly greater in the HSS group, along with significantly better efficiency in Impulse Fresultant (p < 0.035, ES = 0.45), throwing direction (p < 0.053, ES = 0.41), and vertical direction (p < 0.032, ES = 0.46). In the leading leg, the HSS group demonstrated significantly lower impulse forces in the Impulse Fresultant (p < 0.001, ES = 0.69), throwing direction (p < 0.007, ES = 0.58), and vertical direction (p < 0.001, ES = 0.70). Moreover, the contribution to the ball velocity of the leading leg was significantly greater in the HSS group, accompanied by significantly better efficiency in Impulse Fresultant (p < 0.003, ES = 0.63), throwing direction (p < 0.005, ES = 0.60), and vertical direction (p < 0.021, ES = 0.49). In conclusion, this study suggests that squat screening is a valuable tool for assessing propulsion efficiency. Coaches and trainers should be mindful of players with low squat quality but high throwing performance, as they may face increased impact and injury risks in the future.

The effects of mental fatigue on fine motor performance in humans and its neural network connectivity mechanism: a dart throwing study.

While it is well known that mental fatigue impairs fine motor performance, the investigation into its neural basis remains scant. Here, we investigate the impact of mental fatigue on fine motor performance and explore its underlying neural network connectivity mechanisms. A total of 24 healthy male university students were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: a mental fatigue group (MF) and a control group (Control). Both groups completed 50 dart throws, while electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected. Following the Stroop intervention, participants in the MF group exhibited a decrease in Stroop task accuracy and throwing performance, and an increase in reaction time along with VAS and NASA scores. The EEG data during dart-throwing revealed that the network connectivity strength of theta oscillations in the frontal and left central regions was significantly higher in the MF group compared with the Control group, while the network connectivity strength of alpha oscillations in the left parietal region was significantly enhanced. The interregional connectivity within the theta and alpha rhythm bands, particularly in the frontal-central-parietal network connections, also showed a significant increase in the MF group. Mental fatigue impairs dart throwing performance and is accompanied by increased connectivity in alpha and theta.

The effect of time of day on Special Judo Fitness Test in active judokas: Evaluation in terms of chronotype

ABSTRACT The present cross-sectional study aims to examine the effect of time of day on the judo-specific performance in judokas, considering their chronotypes. Twenty-four male judokas participated in the study where the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was administered, and on it, they were divided into morning-type (MT:12-judokas) and evening-type groups (ET:12-judokas). Afterwards, the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) was applied to both groups at three different times (morning: 09:00 h, afternoon: 13:00 h and evening: 17:00 h) with body temperature measured before and after every SJFT performance. As a result, the Group*Test Time interaction significantly affected overall throwing performance during SJFT [F(2,44) = 29.437, p = 0.001, η2p: .572]. Furthermore, a significant time effect was found for the SJFT index [F(2,44) = 5.118, p = 0.010, η2p: .189] and for the Group*Test Time interaction with the mean value of the index [F(2,44) = 24.424, p < 0.001, η2p: .526]. Furthermore, body temperature had a significant time effect [F(2,44) = 301.454, p < 0.001, η2p: .932] and the Group*Test Time interaction [F(2,44) = 5.802, p = 0.006, η2p: .209]. In conclusion, coaches and exercise experts should consider judo athletes’ chronotype when planning special training programs to improve judo-specific anaerobic capacity. Furthermore, to minimize the impact of time of day and chronotype on athletes’ performance in competitions, it is recommended that MT athletes develop their judo-specific anaerobic capacity in the evening hours, when their performance is lower, while ET athletes should do so in the morning hours when their performance is lower via randori training.

Do Different Times of The Day Affect Dart Throwing Performance?

Background: Dart sport has become a sport that has recently become widespread among sports branches and its popularity is increasing rapidly day by day. With this popularization, research on darts is increasing. It is stated that athletes can do the training they do at any time of the day with a much better performance at a different time, as in many changing conditions. In addition, at a different time of day, fatigue may be reached later or recovery may occur more quickly. For these reasons, knowing the effect of training at different times of the day is important for both the coach and the athlete. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different times of the day on throwing performance in darts, an indoor skill in which focus, attention, concentration are at the forefront and environmental factors are less effective than outdoor skill. Methods: In this study, 16 dart athletes (8 boys, 8 girls) with a sport age of 2 - 3 years and an age of 12 - 14 years, who did not have any health problems in Mardin province, participated voluntarily: 2 m and 2.37 m from two different distances at 8.00 and 17.00, 1 day apart. Before the dart throws, the Daily Rhythm Determination Scale for Children was administered to the participants. The center of the dartboard was placed at eye level for each subject. After the throws, the Perceived Difficulty Scale was applied. In the analysis examining the relationship between perceived degree of difficulty, morningness-eveningness and throwing, the subjects’ evening throwing scores and evening perceived degree of difficulty scores were examined; a negative and significant relationship was observed in the eveningist group (r = -1, P = 0.01). No significant relationship was observed in the morning group. Results: In the study, a statistically significant difference was found between the subjects’ morning and evening throws at 2 m and 2.37 cm. In both morning and evening groups, it was determined that the throwing performance increased in the evening measurements. Conclusions: As a result, this study concluded that there is an effect of time of day in dart sport and that dart throws made in the evening give better results than dart throws made in the morning. Based on these results, it is recommended that a program should be made by the coaches considering the school programs and daily routines to reduce the effect of time of day. It is thought that this study will be important for chronobiological researches to reveal the factors affecting performance as well as the effect of time of day in darts sport.

Influence of trunk rotator strength on rotational medicine ball throwing performance.

The strength of the trunk musculature plays an essential role in performance. The aims of this study were to analyze the relationship between the strength of the trunk rotation muscles with rotational medicine ball throwing velocity and distance, to study differences between sex in rotational medicine ball throwing and to compare the asymmetries of trunk rotational strength and rotational medicine ball throwing. Thirty physically active college students participated on the study. Horizontal and low cable woodchop exercises were assessed with a functional electromechanical dynamometer and throwing was measured with a radar and a measuring tape. A Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated for the relation between trunk rotational strength and rotational medicine ball throwing. Independent samples t-test was performed to determine the differences between sex in rotational medicine ball throwing and a paired samples t-test was performed to study the asymmetries. Large and very large correlations were obtained between trunk rotational strength and rotational medicine ball throwing (r=0.68-0.79). Significant differences and a large effect size were found between males and females for all throwing velocity and throwing distance variables (P<0.05; ES>0.90) and asymmetries in performance of mean velocity throwing (P=0.003; ES=-0.60) and peak velocity throwing (P=0.025; ES=-0.43). No significant differences were found between dominant and non-dominant side in any of the trunk rotator strength assessment conditions (P>0.05). There is a large or very large correlation between the STRM and the RMBT in all its modalities. Differences in strength were found between sexes, with no significant differences between dominant and non-dominant sides.

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL PROFILE OF FEMALE ADOLESCENT ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS AND THE FACTORS AFFECTING THROWING PERFORMANCE

The musculoskeletal (MSK) profiles of water polo players and other overhead athletes has been shown to relate to injury and throwing performance (TP). There have been no robust studies conducted on the MSK profiles and the variables affecting TP amongst female, adolescent, elite water polo players.A prospective quantitative cohort design was conducted amongst eighty-three female adolescent, elite water polo players (range 14–19 years). All participants filled out the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic questionnaire, followed by a battery of screening tests aimed to identify possible MSK factors affecting TP. Pain provocation tests, range of motion (ROM), upward scapula rotation (USR), strength and pectoralis minor length measurements were all included. Participants also performed throwing speed (TS) and throwing accuracy (TA) tests.All the data collected were grouped together and analysed using SPSS 28.0. The condition for statistical significance was set as p &lt;0.05. Multi-collinearity was tested for among variables to find out inter-variable correlations. Finally, a multiple regression analysis was performed.The mean KJOC score was 82.55 ± 14.96. 26.5% tested positive for at least one of the impingement tests. The MSK profile revealed decreased internal rotation ROM, increased external rotation ROM, a downwardly rotated scapula, weak external rotators, weak serratus anterior strength, strong lower trapezius and gluteus medius strength and a shorter pectoralis minor length all on the dominant side.Age, pectoralis minor length, upper trapezius and serratus anterior strength as well as upward scapula rotation were all positively correlated with TS, while sitting height, upper trapezius and serratus anterior strength and glenohumeral internal rotation ROM were positively correlated with TA.Multiple MSK parameters were found to be related to TS and TA in elite, adolescent water polo players.

Energy flow in men's javelin throw and its relationship to joint load and performance.

Performance in javelin throwing is dependent on the release speed and therefore the energy transferred to the javelin. Little is known about the flow of mechanical energy in javelin throwing and whether there is a connection to joint loading and throwing performance. The purpose of the study was therefore to investigate (1) the energy flow within the kinetic chain of the throwing arm, (2) how it is related to performance and joint loads and (3) how joint forces and torques are used to transfer, generate and absorb mechanical energy. The kinematics of 10 experienced javelin throwers were recorded using a 12-camera infrared system. 16 markers were placed on the athlete's body, five on the javelin to track the movement of each segment. A segmental power analysis was carried out to calculate energy flow between upper body, upper arm, forearm and hand. Stepwise regression analysis was used to calculate the variable that best predicts release speed and joint loads. The results indicate that the higher the peak rate of energy transfer from the thorax to the humerus, the higher the release speed and the joint loads. While there were no differences between the peak rate of energy transfer in the different joints, the energy transferred differed depending on whether joint forces or torques were used. It can be further shown that higher joint torques and thus higher rotational kinetics at the shoulder are linked to higher release speeds. Thus, the movements of the upper body can be of great influence on the result in javelin throwing. Furthermore, the data show that athletes who are able to transfer more energy through the shoulder, rather than generate it, experience a smaller joint loading. An effective technique for improved energy transfer can thus help perform at the same level while lowering joint stress or have higher performance at the same joint loading.

Problem-solving prior to instruction in learning motor skills - Initial self-determined practice improves javelin throwing performance

BackgroundA question that many parents face when their child learns motor skills like riding a bicycle concerns the temporal order of explicit instruction (I) and self-determined practice (problem solving, PS). In physical education, a systematic evaluation of effects of the temporal order on learning outcomes is so far missing. AimsWe tested if the beneficial effects of the PS-I sequence over I-PS found in cognitive domains also applies to motor learning in physical education. Therefore, the influence of the temporal order of I and PS on performance improvements was investigated for the case of learning javelin throwing. Javelin throwing was chosen as learning task as it shares similarities with cognitive tasks. SampleNinety 7th graders learned javelin throwing. MethodsThe subjects either received explicit instruction on technical movement features of javelin throwing before self-determined practice (I-PS), or they started with self-determined practice and received the instruction afterwards (PS–I). We measured changes in throwing distance and changes in performance of technical features of the throws. ResultsStudents with PS-I, but not students with I-PS, showed increased javelin throwing distance and increased number of executions of technical features from pre- to post-test. ConclusionsThis study extends results found in cognitive domains to motor learning in physical education. We discuss potential underlying mechanisms of these effects, in particular the role of awareness of knowledge gaps through initial practice that could be elaborated on during subsequent instruction, and the suppression of implicit learning processes with explicit instruction.

Effect of lower body, core and upper body kinematic chain exercise protocol on throwing performance among university shot put athletes: A pilot study

A coordinated sequence of movements is required to generate maximum power and velocity in shot put. Kinematic chains emphasize the interactions between various body segments during a movement. They suggest that force production and transfer are optimized by coordinating multiple joints and muscle groups. In previous research, the kinematic chain has been attributed to shot put performance. Few studies have examined the effects of a comprehensive kinematic chain exercise protocol on throwing performance among shot put athletes, particularly at universities. Pilot study investigating lower body, core, and upper body kinematic chain exercise protocol on university shot put athletes' throwing performance. A total of twenty-four young athletes specializing in shotput, with an average age of 19.87 years and a standard deviation of 1.31 years, were divided into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group, using a random assignment method, the experimental group, consisting of 12 participants, underwent an 8-week kinematic chain training program alongside their regular training sessions. On the other hand, the control group, also consisting of 12 participants, only participated in their regular training sessions without any additional intervention. Pre- and post-training assessments were conducted to measure shotput throwing performance, preference for throwing style, and the participants' satisfaction with the exercise protocol, using a questionnaire. The athletes who took part in the kinematic chain program demonstrated a significant improvement in throwing distance compared to the control group (p = 0.01). Additionally, the athletes in the experimental group reported higher levels of satisfaction with the exercise protocol (p = 0.005). These findings indicate that incorporating an 8-week Lower Body, Core and Upper Body kinematic chain exercise protocol into regular training sessions can lead to more pronounced improvements in sport-specific throwing performance among young shotput athletes.

Effect of core-shoulder stability exercises on shoulder performance among throwers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit

The study aimed to find out the effect of core-shoulder stability exercises on shoulder performance among throwers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). Out of Forty-two athletes who participated, 30 subjects were selected who fulfilled the selection criteria and were randomized into 2 groups with 15 subjects in each group. Throwing accuracy (functional throwing performance index), throwing distance (overall medicine throw test), and shoulder range of motion were assessed and recorded at baseline, 3rd week, and 6th week of intervention. The control group received shoulder stability exercises while the study group received core-shoulder stability exercises 4 days per week for 6 consecutive weeks. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to see the difference between groups (groups 1 and 2) and time (baseline,3rd week, and 6th week ) Averaged across times statistically significant improvement was found in overhead medicine ball throw in the study group (Group 2) as compared to the control group with p&lt;0.05. No significant difference was found in the functional throwing performance index and range of motion when groups were compared across times. However, for all the outcome measures when compared across groups, a significant difference was found between 6th and 3rd-week scores as compared to baseline scores. This indicates improvements were seen in both groups independently. We conclude that core stability and shoulder stability training both improve the range of motion with throwing accuracy and distance. Core stability training improves throwing distance compared to shoulder stability training in subjects with GIRD.

Shoe upper and baseball throwing performance

Shoe upper and baseball throwing performance

Randomized Trial Comparing Barbell and Dumbbell Bench Press on Maximal Strength and Power Output

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess a) the effects of 12-week training intervention programme with barbell and dumbbell bench press on one repetition maximum (1-RM); b) the impact of these exercises on increases in throw performance; and c) the transfer effect of the training from barbell to dumbbell bench press and vice versa. Methods: Thirty resistance trained men (age 18.1 ± 0.5 years; body mass 97.4 ± 11.3 kg; stature 183.7 ± 11.3 cm) were randomly assigned to either a barbell [G1 (n = 16) or dumbbell [G2 (n = 14)] bench press and completed 2 weekly training sessions at a relative percentage of the respective 1 repetition maximum (1RM) during a 12-week period. Study outcomes included strength levels measured using 1RM in barbell (BBP) and dumbbell (DBP) bench press, and power measured by seated medicine ball throw (SMBT) test.Results: There was a significant main effect of time for 1RM BBP (F (1,28) = 212.952, p < 0.001, ⍵2=.387), 1RM DBP (F (1,28) = 88.325, p < 0.001, ⍵2=.336), and SMBT (F (1,28) = 66.579, p = .001, ⍵2=.241). No significant interactions between group and time were observed for any of the dependent variables.Conclusions: Findings indicate that BBP and DBP exercises may be equally efficacious in improving measures of upper-body strength and power in resistance trained men.