Throw Accuracy Research Articles

Isometric Shoulder and Hip Strength Impact on Throwing Velocity and Reactive Strength.

The aim of the study is to examine relationships between shoulder extension-flexion and internal-external rotation strength of professional male handball players with throwing velocity, and the hip extension-flexion strength with horizontal and vertical reactive strength index. Fifteen professional male handball players participating in 1st League matches took part in the study. The results showed that isometric shoulder flexion and extension strength significantly predicted stable throwing velocity (r2=between 0.27-0.73) and dynamic throwing velocity (r2=between 0.30-0.62). In addition, isometric internal and external rotation strength significantly predicted stable throwing velocity (r2=between 0.32-0.54) and dynamic throwing velocity (r2=between 0.31-0.44). Moreover, isometric hip extension and flexion strength significantly predicted vertical reactive strength index (r2=between 0.31-0.45) and horizontal reactive strength index (r2=between 0.26-0.42). In conclusion, it was observed that shoulder strength has an enhancing effect on handball players' throwing velocity, while hip strength is a determining factor for the reactive strength index. In this context, it is assumed that shoulder weakness during throwing will affect the accuracy and velocity of throwing by disrupting the angular momentum, while weakness in the hip during the jump phase of the throwing motion will negatively affect the explosive power by limiting stabilization during landing.

Increasing the distance of attentional focus improves free throw accuracy in male basketball players

Increasing the distance of attentional focus improves free throw accuracy in male basketball players

The effect of animal name and wall shoot training on the accuracy of shooting free throw in terms of hand eye coordination in beginner athletes

Providing training program treatment to athletes is the most important thing in the success of a coach to get more optimal results, one of which is using modified exercise animals name and wall shoots. This study aims to analyze: 1) the difference in the effect of animals name and wall shoot training on the accuracy of free throw shooting techniques, 2) the difference in the influence between athletes who have high and low hand eye coordination on the accuracy of shooting free throw, 3) the interaction between animals name and wall shoot training and high and low hand eye coordination on the accuracy of shooting free throw in beginner class athletes. This study is a type of factorial 2x2 experimental research with a population of 38 athletes and then the basis for determining samples using purposive sampling techniques based on inclusion criteria set by researchers, so that the sample in this study amounted to 20 athletes who would later be divided into each group using ordinal pairing techniques. The instrument used is to measure the accuracy of shooting free throw, namely drill shoot free throw, while hand eye coordination uses a one-pint image. The data analysis technique used is ANOVA two way. The results of this study show that: 1) there is a significant difference in the effect between animal name and wall shoot exercises on the accuracy of shooting free throw, as evidenced by the results of Fhitung's analysis of 6.741 with sig values. amounted to 0.001. 2) there is a significant difference in the influence on the ability of the hand eye coordination system on the free throw shooting accuracy component, as evidenced by the result of a Fcalculate value of 32.463 with a sig value. amounted to 0.000. 3) there is a significant interaction between the name of the animal and the wall shooting exercise in terms of free throw accuracy, as evidenced by the results of the Fcalculate value of 2.294 with the sig value. 0,003. So it can be concluded that the two exercises significantly affect the accuracy of the free throw shooting itself. These factors need to be considered in planning and implementing training programs to improve athlete performance, especially in terms of optimizing the accuracy of free throw shooting techniques in basketball athletes in the beginner class. Keywords: Animals Name, Wall Shoot, Precision, Shooting Free Throw, Hand Eye Coordination, Athletes.

Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Basketball Shooting Accuracy and Physical Performance Indicators of Trained Basketball Players: A Double-Blind Crossover Trial.

(1) Background: This study investigated the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on the basketball-specific performance of trained basketball players. A double-blind, randomized crossover design was employed. (2) Methods: Fifteen participants (age: 20.9 ± 1.0 years; height: 180.9 ± 5.4 cm; mass: 77.2 ± 7.5 kg; training age: 8.2 ± 0.3 years) were recruited and divided into a caffeine trial (CAF) and placebo trial (PL). The participants in the CAF trial chewed gum containing 3 mg/kg of caffeine for 10 min, while those in the PL trial chewed a placebo gum without caffeine. Following a 15 min rest, all the participants completed basketball-specific performance tests. (3) Results: The free throw accuracy for the CAF trial was significantly higher than that for the PL trial (CAF: 79.0 ± 4.31%; PL: 73.0 ± 9.16%; p = 0.012; Cohen's d = 0.94). Additionally, the CAF trial demonstrated significantly better performance in the 20 m segmented dash (CAF: 2.94 ± 1.12 s; PL: 3.13 ± 0.10 s; p < 0.001; Cohen's d =1.8) and squats (p < 0.05), and exhibited lower fatigue indexes (CAF: 3.6 ± 1.6%; PL: 5.2 ± 1.6%; p = 0.009; Cohen's d =1.0). (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that chewing gum containing 3 mg/kg of caffeine offers moderate-to-large improvements in key performance aspects relevant to professionally trained basketball players.

Adaptation to Simulated Hypergravity in a Virtual Reality Throwing Task

According to previous research, humans are generally poor at adapting to earth-discrepant gravity, especially in Virtual Reality (VR), which cannot simulate the effects of gravity on the physical body. Most of the previous VR research on gravity adaptation has used perceptual or interception tasks, although adaptation to these tasks seems to be especially challenging compared to tasks with a more pronounced motor component. This article describes the results of two between-subjects studies ( n = 60 and n = 42) that investigated adaptation to increased gravity simulated by an interactive VR experience. The experimental procedure was identical in both studies: In the adaptation phase, one group was trained to throw a ball at a target using Valve Index motion controllers in gravity that was simulated at five times of earth’s gravity (hypergravity group), whereas another group threw at a longer-distance target under normal gravity (normal gravity group) so both groups had to exert the same amount of force when throwing (approximated manually in Study 1 and mathematically in Study 2). Then, in the measurement phase, both groups repeatedly threw a virtual ball at targets in normal gravity. In this phase, the trajectory of the ball was hidden at the moment of release so that the participants had to rely on their internal model of gravity to hit the targets rather than on visual feedback. Target distances were placed within the same range for both groups in the measurement phase. According to our preregistered hypotheses, we predicted that the hypergravity group would display worse overall throwing accuracy and would specifically overshoot the target more often than the normal gravity group. Our experimental data supported both hypotheses in both studies. The findings indicate that training an interactive task in higher simulated gravity led participants in both studies to update their internal gravity models, and therefore, some adaptation to higher gravity did indeed occur. However, our exploratory analysis also indicates that the participants in the hypergravity group began to gradually regain their throwing accuracy throughout the course of the measurement phase.

Effects of self-controlled practice and focus of attention on free throw accuracy: Exploring optimal theory among skilled basketball players

Based on the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (Wulf & Lewthwaite, 2016), optimal motor performance and learning will occur through the influence of the two motivational factors of enhanced expectancies and autonomy support (self-controlled practice) as well as the attentional factor of the external focus of attention. Recently, some researchers tested this theory on different motor tasks using novices. However, it seems that this theory has not been tested in skilled athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled practice and focus of attention on the accuracy of free throws of skilled basketball players. The participants were 56 skilled adult basketball players (28 men; average age = 27.75 ± 3.31 years; 28 women, average age = 27.18 ± 3.63 years) who were randomly divided into two self-control and yoked groups. Each group performed 80 basketball free throw trials in four different attention conditions (external, internal, holistic, control) as a counterbalance, so that each participant made 20 basketball free throws in each attention condition. The results showed that skilled basketball players in the self-controlled group performed better than the yoked group when they could choose the color of the ball. The results also showed that focusing on external or holistic cues compared to focusing on internal cues improved basketball free throw performance in skilled players. However, the results did not show a difference between external and holistic attention with the control condition. The control condition was also similar to the internal attention condition. In summary, the results of this research could only partially support the OPTIMAL theory and showed that each of the two variables of self-controlled practice and external or holistic focus of attention separately and independently affect the motor performance of skilled basketball players and their additive effect was not observed. It is suggested that coaches try to use autonomy support as well as external or holistic focus of attention in practical situations to improve the motor performance of skilled athletes.

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL PROFILE OF FEMALE ADOLESCENT ELITE WATER POLO PLAYERS AND THE FACTORS AFFECTING THROWING PERFORMANCE

The musculoskeletal (MSK) profiles of water polo players and other overhead athletes has been shown to relate to injury and throwing performance (TP). There have been no robust studies conducted on the MSK profiles and the variables affecting TP amongst female, adolescent, elite water polo players.A prospective quantitative cohort design was conducted amongst eighty-three female adolescent, elite water polo players (range 14–19 years). All participants filled out the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic questionnaire, followed by a battery of screening tests aimed to identify possible MSK factors affecting TP. Pain provocation tests, range of motion (ROM), upward scapula rotation (USR), strength and pectoralis minor length measurements were all included. Participants also performed throwing speed (TS) and throwing accuracy (TA) tests.All the data collected were grouped together and analysed using SPSS 28.0. The condition for statistical significance was set as p &lt;0.05. Multi-collinearity was tested for among variables to find out inter-variable correlations. Finally, a multiple regression analysis was performed.The mean KJOC score was 82.55 ± 14.96. 26.5% tested positive for at least one of the impingement tests. The MSK profile revealed decreased internal rotation ROM, increased external rotation ROM, a downwardly rotated scapula, weak external rotators, weak serratus anterior strength, strong lower trapezius and gluteus medius strength and a shorter pectoralis minor length all on the dominant side.Age, pectoralis minor length, upper trapezius and serratus anterior strength as well as upward scapula rotation were all positively correlated with TS, while sitting height, upper trapezius and serratus anterior strength and glenohumeral internal rotation ROM were positively correlated with TA.Multiple MSK parameters were found to be related to TS and TA in elite, adolescent water polo players.

The Effect Of Imagery Training On The Accuracy Of Free Throws In Basketball Players In Terms Of Concentration

This study aims to determine: (1) the difference in the influence between internal imagery and external imagery exercises on the accuracy of free throws; (2) the difference in the influence of players who have high and low concentrations on the accuracy of free throws; and (3) the interaction between internal imagery and external imagery exercises and the concentration on the accuracy of free throws in basketball players. This type of research is an experiment using a 2 x 2 factorial design. The population in this study was 38 basketball SME players from Universitas Islam Indonesia. The sample in this study was 20 people who were taken using purposive sampling techniques, then ordinal pairing was carried out to divide each group. The instrument used is to measure concentration, namely the Grid Concentration Test, while the accuracy of free throw uses a free throw test. The data analysis technique used is a two-way ANOVA. The results showed that: (1) There was a significant difference in influence between internal imagery and external imagery exercises on the accuracy of free throws in basketball players, with an F value of 51.984 and a significance value of p 0.000 &lt; 0.05. The internal imagery exercise group was higher (good) compared to the external imagery exercise group with a posttest average difference of 4.00. (2) There is a significant difference in influence between players who have high and low concentrations on the accuracy of a basketball player's free throw, proven by an F value of 38.416 and a p-significance value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05. Players who have a high concentration are higher (good) compared to players who have a low concentration, with a posttest average difference of 4.00. (3) There is a significant interaction between imagery exercises (internal imagery and external imagery) and concentration (high and low) on the accuracy of a basketball player's free throw, with an F value of 4.264 and a significance value of p 0.047 &lt; 0.05. There is a significant difference in the influence between internal imagery training methods and external imagery training methods on the accuracy of free throws in basketball players. The internal imagery training method is better than the external imagery exercise on the accuracy of free throws on basketball players. There is a significant difference in the effect of high concentration and low concentration on the accuracy of free throws in basketball players. Players who have high concentration are better than those with a low concentration on the accuracy of free throws in basketball players. There is a significant interaction between both methods of exercise imagery (internal imagery and external imagery) and concentration (high and low) on the accuracy of free throws in basketball players. Keywords: Internal Imagery, External Imagery, Concentration, Accuracy Free throw, Basketball.

Using Wearables to Monitor Trunk Kinematics and Accuracy in the Sport of Axe Throwing: A Pilot Study

The sport of axe throwing has gained popularity. Axe throwing is defined as a striking sport in which competitors are required to throw an axe with accuracy and appropriate velocity. However, evidence on the role of the trunk center of mass (CoM) in axe throwing, based on in-the-field experimental settings, is lacking. The aim of this study was to understand the variation in the magnitude of trunk CoM acceleration between male and female axe throwers and its relationship to throwing accuracy. The sample consisted of 10 adult axe throwers (five males: 35.9 ± 7.5 years; five females: 25.2 ± 3.2 years) of varying skill level and experience. The axe throwers completed five single-handed overarm axe throws using their right hand. The accuracy of the axe throws was recorded, along with CoM acceleration. The overall magnitudes of trunk CoM acceleration were significantly different between the male and female axe throwers (male CoM acceleration vector: 3.6 ± 1.1; female CoM acceleration vector: 2.2 ± 0.4; p = 0.001), with males recording a higher level of accuracy (males: 76%; females: 36%) in the axe throwing task combined with greater magnitudes of vertical acceleration. Female kinematics of the trunk were observed to have significantly higher magnitudes of mediolateral acceleration (3.55 ± 1.78, p = 0.016). The overall results identified that the vector magnitude of trunk CoM acceleration was significantly correlated (r = 0.87) to performance accuracy in the male throwers. It is suggested that axe throwers should consider using trunk CoM acceleration as a viable performance metric.

The Influence of Shotloc Training on Accuracy Shooting Free Throw Women’s Basketball Singaperbangsa University Karawang

This research is difficult to positionreturnorgrippingpalmlack of handsconsistencyin a releaseshe wasmomentshooting,causeclearanceWhichlesswell in one game. As a result of the grip on holding the ball wrong then it causes when doing it shooting free throw accuracy is not right on the basketball hoop, therefore researchers provide toolsshotloc. The purpose of this research is to improve accuracy in shooting free throws. This type of research is experimental with a quantitative approach and research design in fact-group comparison. The population is 83 athletes and the sample is 40 female athletes with technique purposive sampling. This research instrument uses a free-throw test. Data analysis used t-test analysis and previously tested for normality and homogeneity. The pretest data has an average of 23.35 and the post-test has an average of 11.58. The normality test using the Shapiro-Wilk pretest results has a significant 0.121 &gt; 0.05, so the pretest data is normally distributed, and the normality test using the Shapiro-Wilk on the posttest results has a significant 0.089 &gt; 0.05, so the posttest data is normally distributed. The homogeneity test has a Sig value. 0.405 &gt; 0.05, it can be obtained that the data distribution is homogeneous. Then the Paired t-test shows that the value of Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the results usingshotloc on the Pretest and Posttest data.

Application of the ADDIE Model in the Teaching Practice of Basketball Skills

Abstract This paper establishes a mathematical model of basketball sports based on an ADDIE model. This paper takes basketball players’ pitching as the research object. Then use the ADDIE model method to analyze the best angle of the goal to improve the accuracy of basketball throwing. Firstly, this paper establishes the dynamic model of basketball movement and then shows the equation of basketball movement trajectory. Then this paper uses the ADDIE model to optimize and solve the best angle of basketball. At the same time, this paper proposes a motion control of basketball rotation motion using adaptive trajectory correction technology. Finally, this paper analyzes the optimal angle of a basketball's rotation projection. The numerical simulation proves that it is feasible to use the ADDIE model to solve the optimal angle of the basketball's rotating body. The method proposed in this paper achieves good results in angle correction and trajectory tracking. This method has a good application prospect in establishing the rotational projection motion model of sports tourism basketball.

Error-based and reinforcement learning in basketball free throw shooting

This study investigates the effects of error-based and reinforcement training on the acquisition and long-term retention of free throw accuracy in basketball. Sixty participants were divided into four groups (n = 15 per group): (i) the error-based group (sensory feedback), (ii) the reinforcement group (binary feedback including success or failure), (iii) the mixed group (sensory feedback followed by binary feedback), and (iv) the control group (without training). Free throws success was recorded before training (PreT), immediately after (Postd0), one day later (Postd1), and seven days later (Postd7). The error-based group, but not the reinforcement group, showed a significant immediate improvement in free throw accuracy (PreT vs Postd0). Interestingly, over time (Postd0 vs Postd1 vs Postd7), the reinforcement group significantly improved its accuracy, while the error-based group decreased it, returning to the PreT level (PreT vs Post7). The mixed group showed the advantage of both training methods, i.e., fast acquisition and retention on a long-term scale. Error-based learning leads to better acquisition, while reinforcement learning leads to better retention. Therefore, the combination of both types of learning is more efficient for both acquisition and retention processes. These findings provide new insight into the acquisition and retention of a fundamental basketball skill in free throw shooting.

The Effect of Mental and Muscular Fatigue on the Accuracy and Kinematics of Dart Throwing.

In this study, we analyzed the effect of mental and muscular fatigue on the accuracy and kinematics of dart throwing. For this purpose, 28 young adults (19 females and 9 males) aged 25-35years, without any regular experience in dart throwing, participated in this study. We evaluated their dart throwing skills in mental fatigue, muscular fatigue, and non-fatigue conditions. To induce mental fatigue, we used the Stroop task for 70minutes and a simulated dart throwing exercise with an elastic band. In all three conditions, we collected accuracy data, based on the score of the dart on the board and the kinematic properties with a motion capture device. For analyzing the data and testing the research hypotheses, we employed ANOVA analyses with repeated measures after examining the normality of data distributions using skewness and kurtosis. We observed a significant decrease in the accuracy of dart throwing following mental fatigue (p = 0.027) and muscular fatigue (p = 0.001) compared to non-fatigue and following muscular fatigue compared to mental fatigue (p = 0.001). In the kinematic results, we observed a significant difference in the mean velocity of the elbow between different experimental conditions (p = 0.001). This variable decreased due to muscular fatigue, compared to the other two conditions. On the other hand, there was no significant difference among the three experimental conditions for the variables of elbow range of motion, shoulder range of motion, and mean velocity of the shoulder joint. These findings affirm mental and muscular fatigue effects on dart throwing and provide further detail regarding the specific aspects of these effects on dart throwing skills or other fine motor activities.

Shooting Free Throws Under Pressure: A Social Media Self-Talk Intervention

The present study sought to investigate the effects of a self-talk intervention on free-throw performance under pressure. The experimental manipulation was designed using a video from a social media platform. Thirty male college basketball players were randomly assigned into two groups (i.e., control and experimental). The experimental protocol incorporated three trials of three free throws each. Psychophysiological stress was assessed by use of heart rate variability. The illusion of pressure was created using arena recordings of large crowds along with instructions for participants to visualize a high-pressure scenario. The results indicate that the self-talk intervention was sufficient to improve free throw shooting accuracy during the postintervention phase. Short-term heart rate variability reduced significantly for the control group and remained relatively stable for the experimental group. Self-talk appears to influence free throw accuracy during situations of psychosocial stress by inhibiting the influence of negative thoughts on peripheral physiological reactions and movement automaticity.

PENGARUH LATIHAN SHOOTING DENGAN METODE BEEF TERHADAP AKURASI FREE THROW SISWI EKSTRAKURIKULER BASKET SMK NEGER 4 BANDAR LAMPUNG

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an effect of shooting practice with the beef method on the accuracy of free throws for basketball extracurricular students at SMK Negeri 4 Bnadar Lampung. This study consisted of 15 samples with a total sampling technique using the experimental method of one groups pretest posttest. The results of the study indicate that there is a significant effect of shooting practice with the beef method with the results of the t-test count 9.909 t table 1.761. Then there is a difference after being given treatment of 2.13 from 1.87 to 4.00

The Effect of Triceps Brachii Fatigue Due to Isometric Contraction on Elbow, Velocity and Accuracy of Overhead Smash in Badminton

Introduction: In order to execute the overhead assault with the front racket in badminton, the triceps brachii muscle must stretch the elbow joint. Even though this muscle is crucial for accomplishing this talent, it's crucial to investigate how localised triceps brachii exhaustion affects the ability to execute the overhead shot with the front racket. Therefore, the central continuous contraction was chosen to cause local fatigue in the triceps brachii muscle. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to ascertain how the central isometric contraction, which causes triceps brachii muscle exhaustion, affects the elbow movement, velocity, and accuracy of the shuttlecock when performing the forehand overhead jump smash skill. Method: The study sample consists of 12 international badminton players who have participated in the World Championships and Olympic Games and use the right hand as a favorite according to the following averages (age 25.3 ± 1.2 years, mass 70.20 ± 2.31 kg, height 1.81 ± 0.11 m, training age 7.9 ± 2.1 years, Medicine ball throw test (1) kg overhead 2.96 ± 2.31 kg, distance 1.81 ±0.11 m). They were asked to perform a crushing throw accuracy test, and then they were subjected to a maximal voluntary isometric contraction test. After that, they were asked to repeat the crushing throw accuracy test. The two tests of shooting the crushing throw, before and after, were filmed for the purposes of kinetic analysis through the Kinovea 0.9.5 program. The Automatic Shuttlecock Launcher and the Stalker Sport 2 Radar devices were used. Results: After using statistical means such as statistical averages, standard deviations, and the Wilkeson test, the results showed a negative effect with statistical significance at the level (α < 0.05) of the triceps brachii muscle fatigue caused by the isometric contraction on the movement of the elbow, the velocity and accuracy of the crushing blow against the front racket overhead among the badminton players. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it was recommended that the muscle strength of the triceps brachii should be raised to increase its tolerance to local fatigue resulting from its continuous use among badminton players.

Developing Female Students’ Motor Skills and Improving Basketball Playing Techniques by Means of Special Exercise Machines

Introduction: The article presents the technology of using technical equipment to develop the accuracy of ballistic movements, spatial-dynamic sensitivity during ballthrows and rebounds, as well as speed and strength qualities to improve jumping movements, implementation of fast breakthroughs, strong and long passes in basketball. Methods: The research involved 96 female students aged 17-23 years forming the experimental (EG, n = 54) and control (CG, n = 42) groups. The female students of EG played basketball in the conditions of group physical education training sessions using the exercise machines developed by us, and the female students of the CG were engaged in basketball playing according to the traditional program without the use of developed exercise machines and had an initial level of basketball technique. The EG was divided into EG1 (n = 37) and EG2 (n = 17) subgroups, which included female students having initial and high levels of basketball technique mastery, respectively. Female basketball players with an initial level of training (EG1 and СG) had experience of up to 3 years, athletes with a high level of training (EG2) - playing experience of more than 10 years. The technology of technical equipment application in basketball is built on the basis of the use of designed portable exercise machines to implement the tasks of motor and technical training of female basketball players of different levels of training. Results The results of the conducted experiment showed that the accuracy of throws from the average distance increased by 40.9% and 29.4% in the EG1 and EG2 female students, and it grew by 9.9% in the CG; from the long distance – by 61.5%, 37.0% and 31.3% respectively; the level of development of speed and strength qualities of female students of all groups improved i. e. the rate of growth in the results of the long jump made 9.7%, 3.2% and 6.5%, respectively; the rate of growth in the results of the high jump made 20.0%, 6.3% and 8.7%, respectively. Conclusion: Experimental testing of the technology of using designed exercise machines for the development of motor skills of female basketball students confirmed its effectiveness in terms of improving the spatial and dynamic accuracy of movement, speed and strength, as well as game performance of basketball players at competitions of various levels.

The effect of a 6-month physical literacy intervention on preschool children's gross and fine motor skill: The Active Early Learning randomised controlled trial

ObjectivesThe Active Early Learning intervention was designed to support childcare educators to imbed physical literacy promoting activities into the daily childcare curriculum. The objective of this study was to determine whether this physical literacy intervention had any influence on motor skill development. Design22-week stratified cluster randomised controlled trial. MethodsFifteen childcare centres (8 intervention, 7 control centres; 314 children, 180 boys, 4.3y ± 0.4) participated in the study. Six motor skills were assessed: object control (ball drop/catch and bean bag throw accuracy), locomotor control (10 m shuttle run), stability (one-leg balance and tiptoe walking on a line), and fine motor control (coin manipulation). Intervention effects were evaluated using linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, socio-economic status, and centre clustering. ResultsThere was evidence for an intervention effect on fine motor control (−0.47 s, CI [−0.93 to −0.02], p = .041) and the ball drop/catch task (0.68, CI [0.01–1.35], p = .046), but not for locomotor control, stability, or throw accuracy. ConclusionsImprovements in children's gross and fine motor skills can be achieved with a physical literacy intervention delivered by childcare educators. However, broad enhancement of motor skills cannot be assumed by simply introducing more physical literacy promoting activities into the daily routine, and specific motor skill instruction seems warranted in childcare settings.

The Effect of Manipulating Task and Environment Constraints on Performance of Selected Fundamental Movement Skills

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of task and environment manipulation on the performance of selected basic motor skills. For this purpose, 30 children aged 4 to 6 years were selected using the available sampling method. First, the pre-test of over hand throwing was performed using the accuracy of throwing and kicking, and then the participants were randomly divided into 3 groups: manipulation of task restraints, environment constraints, and control. According to the research plan, the intervention groups performed the program for 6 weeks and two 60-minute sessions each week. The task constraint group practiced according to the task ecological analysis method, the environment constraint manipulation group practiced in the based on enrichment of the environment and the control group had no activity. After the last training session, a post-test was performed and the results were recorded. The data were analyzed with analysis of covariance test and Bonferroni was used for paired comparisons. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the remaining mean scores of kicking and over hand throwing of the subjects in terms of group membership (experimental and control groups) (P &lt;0.05). Also, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the groups of manipulation of task constraints and performance environment had better than the control group in the studied skills, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P &lt;0.05). The finding generally support and provide an insight into the idea of the effect of constraints manipulation on performance. Therefore, when teaching and working with children, manipulation of task constraints and environment can be used to improve the performance of children's fundamental movement skills.

Use of Active Games in Physical and Tactical Training of Young Handball Players at the Initial Stage

The purpose of the study is to increase the effectiveness of physical and technical training of young handball players aged 10-11 by means of moving games, game exercises and relays at the stage of initial training during the pedagogical experiment in 2020-2021.&#x0D; Methodology. The following methods were used in the study: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, control and pedagogical checking (tests), pedagogical observations, anthropometry. Statistical processing of experimental data was performed using the statistical processing package STATGRAPHICS Plus for Windows (according to standard methods). The study involved young handball players aged 10-11, the first and second year of training in sport school №3 in Kharkiv during a year. The technique was implemented for 9 months (74 lessons), 3 times a week, and lasting 20 minutes.&#x0D; Results. We claim that the physical fitness of handball players is closely related to various aspects of training. The selected tests fully characterize the physical development and functional state of the main life support systems of a body and allow determining the effectiveness of the proposed authors’ method. The specially selected combinations with the use of moving games, game exercises and relays help to increase the level of technical training of young handball players. Analysis of the final indicators in the experimental group revealed a significant increase corresponding to the 5% level of significance in terms of execution of free throws and movement in the protective rack of the handball player. The average group values of the accuracy of free throws increased by 49.5%, and the average speed of movement in the protective rack of a handball player after the experiment increased by 8.3%. The rate of transfer of the ball to the wall in the experimental group increased by 25.1%, which indicates a significant increase in the result at P &lt;0,01.&#x0D; Conclusion. The results obtained during the experiment confirmed the effectiveness of our developed methods of training with the purposeful use of moving games, game exercises and relay races at the initial stage of training young handball players.