Channel Throughput Research Articles

СИНТЕЗ ПОДСИСТЕМЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО МОНИТОРИНГА ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИОННОЙ СЕТИ ВЕДОМСТВЕННОГО СИТУАЦИОННОГО ЦЕНТРА

The problem statement: based on the analysis of the features of the development of modern public information and telecommunications networks (ITN), which consist in the geographical dispersion of network resources, sources and recipients of information; the pulsating nature of network traffic; heterogeneity of elements and applied network technologies; randomness of functioning; “intolerance” to management; the essential inconsistency of the main char-acteristics and the impossibility of a complete mathematical description, make it impossible to use the existing methods of control of the information and telecommunications system and the need to synthesize its subsystem of intellectual monitoring, as well as to develop new methods based on intelligent approaches. The purpose of the work is to provide synthesis of the subsystem of intelligent monitoring of the information and telecommunications network of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, as one of the key segments of the situation center of the department being created at the present time. Structuring of the controlled space by the terms “monitoring zone”, “critical element” and “technical condition classes” form the basis of a new approach to intelligent monitoring, regardless of the constant improvement (evolution) and heterogeneity of heterogeneous network infrastructures. The values obtained in the course of parametric synthesis of acceptable optimal values of the degree of loading of channels with measuring information make it possible to calculate the throughput of technological channels of tele-measurement-tele-signaling and the necessary amount of buffer memory with a known network topology and a given gravity matrix, providing the average minimum delivery time of intelligent agents (packets of measuring information) and the value of the maximum probability of failure 
 in their service within acceptable limits. Based on the proposed hypergraph of the topological relationship of the monitoring zones of ITN of a household, the structure of its monitoring subsystem is constructed at the levels of fragmentation during the aggregation of controlled processes. The obtained results of the structural and parametric synthesis form the basis of the conceptual model of intelligent monitoring of ITN of the department

Distributed optimal congestion control and channel assignment in wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks have numerous advantages in terms of connectivity as well as reliability. Traditionally the nodes in wireless mesh networks are equipped with single radio, but the limitations are lower throughput and limited use of the available wireless channel. In order to overcome this, the recent advances in wireless mesh networks are based on multi-channel multi-radio approach. Channel assignment is a technique that selects the best channel for a node or to the entire network just to increase the network capacity. To maximize the throughput and the capacity of the network, multiple channels with multiple radios were introduced in these networks. In the proposed system, algorithms are developed to improve throughput, minimise delay, reduce average energy consumption and increase the residual energy for multi radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks. In literature, the existing channel assignment algorithms fail to consider both interflow and intra flow interferences. The limitations are inaccurate bandwidth estimation, throughput degradation under heavy traffic and unwanted energy consumption during low traffic and increase in delay. In order to improve the performance of the network distributed optimal congestion control and channel assignment algorithm (DOCCA) is proposed. In this algorithm, if congestion is identified, the information is given to previous node. According to the congestion level, the node adjusts itself to minimise congestion.

A collision feedback based multiple access control protocol for very high frequency data exchange system in E-navigation

AbstractThe very high frequency data exchange system (VDES) is promising in promoting electronic navigation (E-navigation) and improving navigation safety. The multiple access control (MAC) protocol is crucial to the transmission performance of VDES. The self-organising time division multiple access (SOTDMA) protocol, as the only access mode given by current recommendations, leads to a high rate of transmission collisions in the traditional automatic identification system (AIS), especially with heavy traffic loads. This paper proposes a novel feedback based time division multiple access (FBTDMA) protocol to address the problems caused by SOTDMA, such that collision of transmissions can be avoided in information transmission among vessels. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FBTDMA outperforms the traditional SOTDMA in terms of channel utilisation and throughput, and significantly reduces the transmission collision rate. The study is expected to provide insights into VDES standardisation and E-navigation modernisation.

Saturation Throughput Analysis of Steganography in the IEEE 802.11p Protocol in the Presence of Non-Ideal Transmission Channel

Vehicular network is a communication technology designed to provide comfort and improve life safety and driving efficiency on the road. In vehicular network, trustworthy communication is very important as fake applications may lead to disastrous road accidents. Several information hiding methods are used to enable vehicles to communicate secretly or to covertly report a misbehaving vehicle. The work in this paper focuses on a performance analysis based on 2-D Markov chain model for the system throughput of steganographic scheme in relation to the IEEE 802.11p standard. This model studies wireless padding (WiPad) that is used to hide data into the padding of packets at the physical layer of wireless local area networks (WLANs). The analytical study is under non-saturated conditions with non-ideal transmission channel. The study also considers the rate of packet arrival with the first order of buffer memory, back-off timer freezing, back-off phases, and short retry limit to satisfy the IEEE 802.11p specifications. It emphasizes that taking these factors into account are significant in modelling the system throughput of the steganographic channel. These factors typically provide a precise channel access estimation, yield more accurate findings of system throughput, use the channel efficiently, prevent overestimation of saturation throughput, and ensure that no packet is served indefinitely. The model is validated by comparing the numerical and simulation results under different network parameters. Analytical and simulation results stated that the values of the system throughput of the steganographic channel based on data and control frames are low as the vehicles number $n$ , traffic arrival rate $\lambda $ , packet size, and the value of Bit Error Rate (BER) increase.

ЗБІЛЬШЕННЯ ПРОПУСКНОЇ ЗДАТНОСТІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ КАНАЛІВ ПЕРЕДАЧІ БАГАТОСПЕКТРАЛЬНИХ ЦИФРОВИХ ЗОБРАЖЕНЬ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО ЗОНДУВАННЯ

Запропоновано метод збільшення максимальної швидкості передачі (пропускної здатності) розподілів яскравості сканерних багатоспектральних зображень дистанційного зондування, отриманих у довільній кількості спектральних інтервалів випромінювання – носія видової інформації. Метод базується на компресії безпосередньо зафіксованих розподілів яскравості, оптимізованої за критеріями максимізації енергії, що збережується у компресованих зображеннях та їхньої енергетичної інформаційної ентропії. Компрессія здійснюється на основі розкладів розподілів яскравості по повних функціональних базисах, обнулінням частини коефіцієнтів розкладів та наступною реконструкцією розподілів яскравості. Визначення порогів обнуління коефіцієнтів розкладів розподілів яскравості різних спектральних каналів сформульовано у вигляді двокритеріальної оптимізаційної задачі максимізації відношення енергій компресованого та вихідного зображень та максимізації відношення їхніх енергетичних інформаційних ентропій. Реалізація пропонованого методу включає наступні етапи: попарну ортогоналізацію розподілів яскравості зображень спектральних каналів; компресію ортогоналізованих представлень за зазначеними критеріями; реконструкцію розподілів яскравості компресованих зображень спектральних каналів функціональним перетворенням, оберненим стосовно використаного на етапі розкладу розподілів яскравості безпосередньо зафіксованих багатоспектральних зображень. Показано, що пропонований метод забезпечує звуження частотного спектру компресованих розподілів яскравості, збільшуючи внаслідок цього пропускну здатність каналу передачі багатоспектральних цифрових зображень, та збільшення їхньої стійкості до завад передачі. Зіставлення різних дискретизованих функціональних базисів як основи для компресії розподілів яскравості показало найбільше ефективність за зазначеними критеріями дискретного функціонального базису Хартлі Показано, що пропонований метод забезпечує високий рівень збереження структурної схожості функцій розподілу яскравості вихідних та компресованих зображень спектральних каналів.

Mixing intensification using sound-driven micromixer with sharp edges

Strong acoustic streaming can be generated inside a microchannel near sharp-edge structures. In this study, three Sharp-Edge Acoustic Streaming (SEAS) micromixers with multiple sharp edge patterns actuated by piezoelectric transducers are investigated. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) is used to numerically solve the multi-physics phenomenon involving acoustics, fluid dynamics and mass transfer. Experiments are carried out to validate the numerical results by visualization, as well as to evaluate micromixing performance with Iodide–Iodate Reactions. Influence of the sharp edge pattern (i.e. the spacing between individual structures, the number of sharp edges), channel throughput as well as acoustic intensity are studied. The shape of flow streamlines first unveils the interaction between acoustic streaming and main flow, which is shown to be a key for mixing enhancement. Following this, an optimal structure is found among the three mixers which allows achieving a decrease of micromixing time from 0.28 s to 0.03 s. Finally, a comparison with literature on passive mixers confirms the micromixing performance of SEAS mixer in terms of micromixing time at low Reynolds flow.

Toward Programmable DOCSIS 4.0 Networks: Adaptive Modulation in OFDM Channels

The sixth generation of DOCSIS standard is currently under development for the provisioning of multi-Gbps services over cable networks. Building upon DOCSIS 3.1 (D3.1), DOCSIS 4.0 (D4) introduces several features including full-duplex transmission and extended-spectrum, which benefit from subcarrier-level OFDM modulation configurations to adapt to varying channel conditions. To exploit the full potential of D4, we propose a softwarized adaptive subcarrier modulation management framework. The optimization system consists of (i) a clustering mechanism that classifies CMs (Cable Modems) with a similar channel condition into the same group using a sparsified K-means algorithm and (ii) an efficient profile generation mechanism to balance achieved channel throughput and packet error rate within the same group. Then, we implement key elements of the softwarized system using a virtualized network function in our DOCSIS experimental testbed that enables the programmatic control of OFDM channels using D4 performance parameters. Our experimental results show that the proposed optimization function offers significant improvements in OFDM channel throughput over current industry management practices. Furthermore, we confirm via simulations that using a novel clustering algorithm for the classification of CM populations and a new bit-loading method measurably enhances channel performance in large-scale distributed deployment scenarios.

On Performance Comparison of Multi-Antenna HD-NOMA, SCMA, and PD-NOMA Schemes

In this letter, we study the uplink channel throughput performance of a proposed novel multiple-antenna hybrid-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (MA-HD-NOMA) scheme. This scheme combines the conventional sparse code multiple access (SCMA) and power-domain NOMA (PD-NOMA) schemes in order to increase the number of users served as compared to conventional NOMA schemes and uses multiple antennas at the base station. To this end, a joint resource allocation problem for the MA-HD-NOMA scheme is formulated that maximizes the sum rate of the entire system. For a comprehensive comparison, the joint resource allocation problems for the multi-antenna SCMA (MA-SCMA) and multi-antenna PD-NOMA (MA-PD-NOMA) schemes with the same overloading factor are formulated as well. Each of the formulated problems is a mixed-integer non-convex program, and hence, we apply successive convex approximation (SCA)- and reweighted ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> minimization-based approaches to obtain rapidly converging solutions. Numerical results reveal that the proposed MA-HD-NOMA scheme has superior performance compared to MA-SCMA and MA-PD-NOMA.

Statistical Analysis of a Distributed Queuing Random Access Protocol in a Massive Communication Environment

Most of the networks deployed for massive IoT communications use Aloha-based algorithms for channel access. However, those algorithms are known to be unstable and inefficient when the network size is high. Since recently, a Distributed Queuing (DQ) algorithm is being proposed as a solution to mitigate several of the Aloha issues in IoT networks. In this paper, a statistical performance analysis of the DQ algorithm without any prior consideration of any physical layer is presented. We evaluate the DQ algorithm in a massive communication environment and give the average values for these performance metrics: collision resolution time, access delay per sensor, channel throughput, number of attempts required by a sensor to complete the contention process, number of nodes contending per frame and the distribution of contention slots into idle, successful, and collided. The goal of this paper is to provide a statistical baseline performance evaluation of the DQ algorithm in general.

Implementation of Single Band Dual-Polarized for Satellite Communication using MISO System

MISO (Multiple-Input Single-Output) similar architecture of most terrestrial wireless network networks instead of more and more scientists striving to apply MISO technology to satellite technology, it can be used to achieve a lower rate of application bit error and risk of complications, while managing increased power boost technology. In mitigating the phenomenon increasingly crowded networks, sites, and increasingly strained sources and frequency of orbital interacting. That channel electricity, bit error rate, and single-band dual-polarized probabilities of MISO outage communication systems are evaluated in the paper. In the first step, when the XPD (Cross-Polarization Discrimination) antenna in a certain organism is greater than 1. With the XPD change, the channel throughput increases in scale linearly. Second, under BPSK modulation, it analyses the bit error rate BER of the specification. The design incorporates a sufficiently low (BER) when the SNR is substantial; analysis of the frequency of outage of a distributed MISO system demonstrated when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is massive, the handset would maintain the prospect of an outage low enough. Assessment of the spectral range of satellite communication, in the analysis process, the criteria of the rice channel are applied to the channel, review excluding certain traits of the dual-polarized satellite MISO. The public would provide great feedback for the productivity of the future of MISO satellite technology. In a previous paper, the author designed a channel modeling dual-band for satellite communication using the MIMO technique. Using this technique, the system cannot achieve greater performance and at the same time using a dual-band will decrease the system's capability. To decrease the above issues, the paper introduces a new method called the MISO system. Using the MISO technique, the system can gain high performance and the system will get greater bandwidth, BER, and SNR. The advantage of using single-band dual-polarized is, uplink and a downlink frequency of the satellite can be calculated very easily and accurately.

Game Theory-Based Multi-Objective Optimization Interference Alignment Algorithm for HSR 5G Heterogeneous Ultra-Dense Network

The high-speed railway wireless communication network architecture is gradually transforming from a traditional GSM-Railway (GSM-R) cellular network to a 5G heterogeneous ultra-dense communication network. How to effectively deal with the interference while obtaining the capacity gain has become an inevitable problem. This article proposes a power allocation interference alignment algorithm based on game equilibrium with the goal of joint optimization about throughput and energy efficiency for imperfect channels in high-speed railway communication. Firstly, the imperfect Channel State Information including delay and fading is calculated. Then, in order to improve system throughput and energy efficiency, we establish a game model and prove the existence of Nash equilibrium in the model. At the same time, a power allocation iterative algorithm based on Recurrent Neural Network is proposed. Finally, combined with the interference alignment algorithm based on a maximal signal-to-noise ratio, the optimal power matrix is calculated by iteration to achieve interference management optimization. The simulation results prove that our algorithm has superior performance in improving the system throughput, energy efficiency and transmission reliability in high-speed railway wireless communication with imperfect channels.

Methodology for Evaluating the Impact of Communication Channel Throughput on the Efficiency of Satellite Constellation

Theuse of low-orbit constellation of small or super-small satellites for solving problems of remote sensing of the Earthisa promising direction for the development of space activities. The implementation of this perspective requires the studyof a wide range of fundamentally new tasks, one of which is the development of control systems for such constellations. Afundamentally new aspect in the content of this task is the possibility of using communication between satellites and thecommunication network of the space system as a whole. At the same time, the choice of approach to the development of thecontrol system depends on the mode in which information exchange can take place, in real time or with time delays. Thearticlediscusses various options for the orbital construction of satellite groupings that determine the modes of informationexchange. The object of research is a space system in which information exchange can occur with time delays. The aim ofthe research is to develop a methodology for assessing the impact of the communication network bandwidth on the efficiencyof the space system. Efficiency indicators are the time of request execution and the performance of the space system — the data volumedelivered by a satellite constellation to the Earth over a certain period. The basis of the methodology is a simulation model that simulates the operation of satellites and ground infrastructure objects, the use of the developed prototypeof the control system and the corresponding information exchange in the communication network.

Securing Multi-User Broadcast Wiretap Channels With Finite CSI Feedback

In this work, we investigate the problem of secure broadcasting over block-fading wiretap channels with limited channel knowledge at the transmitter. More particularly, we analyze the effect of having a finite rate feedback on the throughput of multi-user broadcast wiretap channels. We consider that the transmitter is only provided by a $b$-bits feedback of the main channel state information (CSI) sent by each legitimate receiver, at the beginning of each fading block, over error-free public links with limited capacity. Also, we assume that the transmitter is aware of the statistics of the eavesdropper's CSI but not of its channel's realizations. Under these assumptions of CSI uncertainty, we characterize the ergodic secrecy capacity of the system when a common message is broadcasted to all legitimate receivers, the ergodic secrecy sum-capacity when multiple independent messages are transmitted, and the ergodic secrecy capacity region for the broadcast channel with confidential messages (BCCM). In all three scenarios, we show that as long as the transmitter has some knowledge of the main CSI, obtained even through a 1-bit CSI feedback, a non-zero secrecy rate can still be achieved. The impact of having the feedback sent over a binary erasure channel (BEC) is also investigated for the BCCM case. Here again, and even with the possibility of having the feedback bits erased, a positive secrecy rate can still be achieved as long as the erasure event is not a probability-one event. An asymptotic analysis of the obtained results is provided for the high SNR regime, and the scaling law of the system, when the number of legitimate receivers is large, is also presented.

Improvement of Semiconductors Quality Using Isotopic Nanoengineering

The article covers a solution of a modern electronics problem: improvement of data transmission device speed using the example of fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL). The data processing rate and throughput of transmission channels are determined by capabilities of the optoelectronics and, first of all, by the performance of its hardware components. The article presents all possible ways to improve the performance of FOCL. Design and production of communication devices moves to the nanotechnological level that opens up new possibilities for creation of semiconductors with advanced characteristics. The methods and means chosen for production of the nanostructures are crucial for creation of the new generation hardware components. Graphene is considered as the most promising material for creation of the new generation hardware components for semiconductors. Potential capabilities of the material are not yet fully explored. Isotopic nanoengineering is used as the method for production of the nanostructures with improved characteristics. In particular, we use the neutron transmutation doping technology based on irradiation of a graphite sample with a neutron flux. This method increases content of the 13C isotope (natural graphite contains only about 1.1% of this isotope). As a result, the band gap opens bringing the properties of the material closer to the properties of a semiconductor. The closer the width of the graphene band gap to the width of the silicon band gap, the closer the properties of graphene to the properties of semiconducting silicon. Furthermore, all properties of the natural graphite (high throughput and sensitivity to almost the entire optical spectrum) are preserved.

Unification of RF energy harvesting schemes under mixed Rayleigh-Rician fading channels

In this work, a generalized approach is proposed to review the performance of relaying designs with energy harvesting capability. The unified modeling of generalized energy harvesting relaying (GEHR) design covers the non-energy harvesting designs and the well-known energy harvesting designs, i.e., time-based relaying (TR) and power-based relaying (PR). Moreover, the hybrid of both TR and PR designs is also catered. We find the mathematical representations for the outage probability, ergodic capacity and average throughput in Rayleigh fading channels for amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relaying modes. The closed-form expressions are derived for the outage probability. To validate that GEHR design is a generalization of TR and PR designs, we study the individual cases of GEHR design from the perspectives of schematic diagram, signal analysis and the performance evaluation parameters comparison. Furthermore, the GEHR design is studied for the mixed Rayleigh-Rician fading channels. We considered two sub-cases of mixed fading, i.e., in case 01, source to relay (SR) link is considered as Rayleigh channel and relay to destination (RD) link is considered as a Rician channel. Conversely, in case 02, SR link is taken as Rician channel and RD link is a Rayleigh channel. We find the mathematical expressions for the ergodic capacity, outage probability and average throughput for DF and AF relaying for both cases of mixed fading channels. The analytical results in both channel configurations are presented for throughput and verified using extensive Monte-Carlo simulations. The results show that the proposed GEHR design can be set to work as not only for the conventional TR and PR designs but also for hybrid of them. Furthermore, with some slight modifications in the proposed design, it can work as a conventional non-energy harvesting cooperative relaying model.

Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control channel assignment algorithm

Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.

Throughput Maximization by Optimizing Secondary Users in a Cooperative Cognitive Radio Network using Hard Fusion Rules

Cognitive radio network is a promising technology for enabling secondary users to utilize the licensed spectrum of the primary user without causing interference. The data trans- mitted by the secondary users through primary channel without affecting the primary user is known as channel throughput. In cooperative spectrum sensing(CSS) as the number of secondary users increases the channel throughput increases which in turn reduces the spectrum efficiency due to more spectrum wastage. Therefore in this paper, channel throughput is maximized by optimizing secondary users proposed and throughput for variable secondary users for OR and AND fusion rules is investigated. The optimal secondary users is estimated mathematically and simulation results shows the variation of throughput for variable number of secondary users.

Model of Functioning Data-Transfer Systems Special Purposes Taking into Account the Influence of Cyber Attack

The article proposes an analytical model of the functioning of the data transmission system, taking into account the influence of short-term interruptions in messages and the recovery of information distorted by cyber-attacks. The model uses the Laplace-Stieltjes transform and the Lagrange multiplier method. This helps determine the performance of switching nodes, the throughput of communication channels and their total cost in a communication system.

Dynamic Channel Bonding in Spatially Distributed High-Density WLANs

In this paper, we discuss the effects on throughput and fairness of dynamic channel bonding (DCB) in spatially distributed high-density wireless local area networks (WLANs). First, we present an analytical framework based on continuous-time Markov networks (CTMNs) for depicting the behavior of different DCB policies in spatially distributed scenarios, where nodes are not required to be within the carrier sense range of each other. Then, we assess the performance of DCB in high-density IEEE 802.11ac/ax WLANs by means of simulations. We show that there may be critical interrelations among nodes in the spatial domain–even if they are located outside the carrier sense range of each other–in a chain reaction manner. Results also reveal that, while always selecting the widest available channel normally maximizes the individual long-term throughput, it often generates unfair situations where other WLANs starve. Moreover, we show that there are scenarios where DCB with stochastic channel width selection improves the latter approach both in terms of individual throughput and fairness. It follows that there is not a unique optimal DCB policy for every case. Instead, smarter bandwidth adaptation is required in the challenging scenarios of next-generation WLANs.

Cooperative communications with optimal harvesting duration for Nakagamifading channels

In this paper, we analyze the throughput of cooperative communications with wireless energy harvesting. Relay nodes harvest energy from Radio Frequency RF signal transmitted by the source. We derive the packet error probability as well as the throughput for Nakagami fading channels. We also suggest to enhance the throughput by choosing the value of harvesting duration. Our results are valid for both Amplify and Forward AF and Decode and Forward DF relaying.