Thrombogenic Indices Research Articles

Influence of feeding on different types of pasture on the fatty acid profile and health indices of goat milk

The main objective of the present research was to study the change in fatty acid (FA) composition of milk fat in a Carpathian local breed during grazing on two plots characterized by a different cover with herbaceous species and woody (only herbaceous species: H and high woody species cover: W) allowances with or without concentrate supplementation (Cs: 500 g concentrate/head/d). Thus, four treatments resulted: H-U: only herbaceous species-unsupplemented, H-Cs: only herbaceous species-concentrate supplementation, W-U: high woody species-unsupplemented, W-Cs: high woody species-concentrate supplementation. Individual milk production (n = 10) was recorded daily, and milk samples were collected weekly for a seven-week period (June to August) and analysed for fat, protein, lactose, urea-N, and FAs. Milk production was not influenced by the type of pasture. The daily production of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and protein level increased and the content of fat and urea-N reduced with concentrate supplementation, whereas the content of lactose was similar. The botanical composition of pasture markedly influenced the FA profile of goat milk fat. The goats grazing in scrubland (W group) produced milk fat with higher concentrations of monounsaturated FA (C18:1 t11, vaccenic acid, VA) and polyunsaturated FA (omega 3 and conjugated linoleic acid, CLA) and lower concentrations of hypercholesterolaemic FA (HFA; C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0). Regardless of the botanical composition of the pasture, milk fat of unsupplemented grazed goats had the lowest proportion of HFA, as well as the highest proportions of C18:1 c9, VA, RA (rumenic acid, C18:2 c9,t11), and total n-3 FA compared to the Cs groups (supplemented with concentrate). Concentrate supplementation increased short-chain FA and saturated FA content. In contrast, percentages of the nutritionally desirable FA (C18:3 c9, c12, c15; C18:2 c9, t11, C18:1 t11; C20:5n-3; C22:5n-3, and total n-3 FA) were substantially lower, whereas levels of total n-6 FA, n-6:n-3 ratio, atherogenicity index (AI), and thrombogenicity index (TI) were substantially higher in milk from Cs groups. No interactions occurred between pasture type and concentrate supplementation for milk FA composition. It is concluded that the milk from goats kept unsupplemented on the natural pasture were better in terms of nutraceutical parameters advantageous to human nutrition than the milk produced by concentrate supplementation.

Effects of adding rumen-protected palm oil in diet on milk fatty acid profile and lipid health indices in Kivircik ewes.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of rumen-protected palm oil making up 3% of the ration on lipid health indices and milk fatty acid composition of Kivircik ewes'. Kivircik ewes at two years of age, the same parity, lactation stage, and the same bodyweight (52.57 ± 5.80kg) were chosen for this purpose. Two groups were formed, in which the control group was fed a basal diet without feed supplementation, whereas the treatment group received rumen-protected palm oil which corresponded to 3% of the ration. In order to protect palm oil, it was coated with calcium salts. Treatment increased the palmitic acid (C16:0) content of milk compared to the control group (P < 0.05) and tended to increase saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (P = 0.14). An increase in SFA and MUFA was attributed to an increase in palmitic acid and oleic acid (C18:1), respectively (P < 0.05). Results indicated that the omega-6/omega-3 ratio (n-6/n-3) ranged between 0.61 and 2.63. The inclusion of palm oil in the diet tended to increase desirable fatty acids (DFAs) regardless of the week of milk sampled (P = 0.42). Treatment did not improve the atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), health-promoting index (HPI), and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio. Results showed that adding rumen-protected palm oil is a plausible method to meet the energy intake of ewes required during lactation without negatively affecting lipid health indices.

Barley, Triticale, or Rye? The Type of Grain Can Affect the Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Sustainable Raised Pigs.

The effect of high level of barley, triticale, or rye as base of complete mixtures for growing-finishing pigs on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid profile in meat and backfat was investigated. The 100-day experiment involved 72 pigs, assigned into three groups (24 animals each). Pigs of each group were kept in six pens (two gilts and two barrows per pen). Diets offered to pigs differed in the proportion of cereals as the leading ingredients in the mixture formulation: I-barley, II-triticale, III-rye. The results showed diversified grain influence on the production results and meat quality. Triticale- and barley-based diets ensured better weight gain and lower carcass fatness than rye (p ≤ 0.05). The basic nutrients digestibility of mixtures containing triticale was comparable to that containing barley and higher than that of rye (p ≤ 0.05). The meat and backfat of pigs receiving diet with triticale or barley was characterized by more favorable fatty acids profile in respect to the health-promoting indicators (atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes; hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio). The cholesterol level in various tissues was the lowest in pigs fed with rye diet, and their meat characterized by better water holding capacity and more SFA. Higher fat saturation indicate better resistance to oxidation during storage and longer meat shelf life. It seems that the supplementation of triticale to diet may improve the growth efficiency of pigs and the health-promoting value of meat, while the supplementation of rye may be better for the production of traditional or long-matured meat products.

Can Glyphosate and Temperature Affect the Nutritional Lipid Quality in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis?

Mussels are an important source of the essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which play a critical role in human health, preventing a variety of diseases. This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the combined effect of glyphosate (Gly) and culturing temperature on the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) profile of the Mediterranean mussel M. galloprovincialis. In addition, a number of lipid nutritional quality indices (LNQIs) were applied as important tools to assess the nutritional value of food. Mussels were exposed for 4 days to two Gly concentrations (1 mg/L, 10 mg/L) and two temperatures (T°: 20-26 °C). Statistical analysis showed significant effects of T°C, Gly, and T°C × Gly interaction (p < 0.05) on the lipid and FA profiles of M. galloprovincialis. Mussels exposed to 10 mg/L Gly at 20 °C showed a decrease in eicosapentaenoic (EPA, from 14.6% to 12% of total FAs) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, from 10% to 6.4% of total FAs), compared to the control mussels. Both stressors caused a considerable decrease in n-3 PUFAs, which resulted in a less favorable n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Overall, this study demonstrated a decline in the nutritive values of mussels, most prominently in groups exposed to 10 mg/L Gly at a temperature of 20 °C and in those exposed to a temperature of 26 °C. This was confirmed by such LNQIs as EPA + DHA, PUFA/Saturated FAs, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices (AI and TI), the health promoting index (HPI), and the unsaturation index (UI). Further investigations into chronic exposure to both stressors are desirable to predict the impacts on aquatic ecosystems and food quality.

Fatty Acids Profiling, Lipid Quality Indices and Antioxidant Properties of Some Small Indigenous Fishes of Manipur, India under Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot Region

Aims: The aim of the study is to access the nutritional qualities viz. fatty acids profile, lipid quality indices and antioxidant properties of fish oil. The present study will provide the information on the fulfillment of various nutritional qualities of small fishes.&#x0D; Study Design: The study was carried out during the month of October, 2017 to February, 2018 in fishery laboratory, department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, India.&#x0D; Methodology: The extraction and analysis of fatty acids were carried out following the method of Metcalfe et al. 1966. The fatty acids are identified searching in the NIST database using mass spectral search program. For antioxidant property the extract was analyzed using DPPH assay following the method described by Koleva et al. 2002. Data were analyzed using SPSS package (Version 17.0).&#x0D; Results: The most abundant fatty acid (SFA) is palmitic acid (C16:0) which is followed by Stearic acid (C18:0) and undecylic acid (C11:0). The concentration of C16:0 was in the ranged of 14.67% to 27.96% which was highest in H. myitkyinae and lowest in G. giuris. Among the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) Oleic acid (C18:1n9) was the most abundant fatty acid which is followed by Vaccenic acid (C18:1n11) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:1) respectively. Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and Ecosapentanoic acid (EPA) are the predominant n3 fatty acids in all the fish studied. The index of atherogenicity (AI), index of thrombogenicity (TI), Hypocholesterolemic/ Hypercholesterolemic (HH) fatty acid ratio and Flesh lipid quality (FLQ) was in the ranged of 0.79% to 1.10%, 0.13% to 0.67%, 0.53%- 2.53% and 1.90% to 7.72% respectively. The highest antioxidant property was found in P. chola (8.69 µg/ml) and the lowest was observed T. burmanicus (46.83 µg/ml).&#x0D; Conclusion: From the above analysis Small indigenous freshwater fishes (SIFFs) contained good lipid which provide enormous amount of PUFA and MUFA especially DHA and EPA contribute to various health related benefit. The scavenging activities of antioxidant properties of the SIFFs are also found to be considerable. Thus it can be indicates that these small fishes have good nutritional quality and can bring many benefits to human health.

Polysaccharide-based emulsion gels as fat replacers in Frankfurter sausages: Physicochemical, nutritional and sensorial evaluation

Agar and κ-carrageenan emulsion gels were used to produce Frankfurters with reduced animal fat content by partially (50%) or completely (100%) replacing the pork back fat. The results showed that 50% of the pork back fat substitution did not affect the mechanical and physicochemical properties of the obtained sausages compared with the control (pure pork back fat). Slight changes in the textural and TBARS values were observed for the 100% substituted sausages, while a reduction from 25.37 to 17.07 g/g sample of total fat was attained. Thus, decreasing the caloric content from 280 to 209 kcal/g sample. The saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was also reduced from 0.58 to 0.38 with 50% substitution and 0.17 with total substitution, thus diminishing the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes by 35% and 70%, respectively. The reformulated Frankfurters with a reduced-fat content were accepted by the consumers, evidencing that the polysaccharide-based emulsion gels can be promising ingredients for developing meat products with improved nutritional composition.

Differences in Muscle Lipogenic Gene Expression, Carcass Traits and Fat Deposition among Three Iberian Pig Strains Finished in Two Different Feeding Systems.

The Iberian pig breed includes several well-differentiated strains. The present study evaluated carcass traits, fat deposition and muscle expression of important lipogenic genes (SCD, ME1, ACACA, FASN, EGR1, ACOX and ACLY) using 65 male pigs of 3 Iberian strains (20 Lampiño, 23 Torbiscal, and 22 Retinto) finished either in a conventional, concentrate-based system (CF) or in montanera (MF), a traditional free-range system with acorn feeding. Torbiscal had the highest ham, Longissimus thoracis and prime cuts yields, and the thinnest subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Retinto had the highest monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and percentage of intramuscular fat (IMF), while Lampiño had the greatest content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indexes in SAT. Conventionally finished pigs had the highest ham, L. thoracis and prime cuts yields, and SFA. Montanera-finished animals had the highest PUFA and MUFA contents, and the lowest AI, TI and n6/n3 ratio in SAT. In relation to gene expression, Retinto had the greatest SCD, FASN and ACLY levels. Most studied genes were overexpressed in CF pigs. In conclusion, MF pigs had healthier fat than CF pigs, and Retinto had the healthiest fat and the greatest lipogenic trend in muscle, supported by IMF and lipogenic gene expression.

Extraction of bioactive lipids from Pleuroncodes monodon using organic solvents and supercritical CO2

A huge volume of Engraulis ringens (Peruvian anchoveta) is caught together with the species Pleuroncodes monodon (munida), whose potential bioactive lipids are not commercially exploited. In the present study, lipid with carotenoid pigment (astaxanthin) and essential fatty acids (EPA+DHA) were obtained from munida lipids extracted with hexane:isopropyl alcohol (He-I), acetone (Ac), ethanol (Et) and supercritical CO2 + ethanol (SC-CO2-Et). The functional quality of the fatty acids was determined by atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI) and the hypocholesterolemia:hypercholesterolemia (H:H) ratio. The highest astaxanthin (ASTX) contents (4238.65 and 4086.71 µg/g lipid) corresponded to extractions using Ac and SC-CO2-Et. EPA+DHA ranged from 31.15 to 31.85% and the functional quality ranges were between 0.56-0.61 (AI), 0.19-0.21 (TI) and 1.73-1.81 (H:H). Consequently, SC-CO2-Et extraction would be advisable because of its low environmental impact. The IA and IT quality indexes suggest that the consumption of munida lipids would be healthy, although the H:H ratio shows the opposite.

Fatty acid profile and rheological behavior of annatto seed oil (Bixa orellana), cupuassu seed fat (Theobroma grandiflorum), and their blends

Annatto seed oil (ASO) and cupuassu seed fat (CSF) were combined at the ratios: 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30 (% w/w). Their fatty acid profile, nutritional quality, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectra, and rheological behavior were evaluated. ASO increased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the blends; whereas CSF conferred higher contents of monounsaturated fatty acids. The blends exhibited low atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, suggesting nutritional advantages. The Newtonian fluid behavior and FTIR results suggested that mixing ASO and CSF at different proportions did not affect the functional groups. ASO showed an activation energy value which indicated that this fat viscosity was more sensitive to temperature changes. The Newtonian model proved to be suitable to describe the behavior of samples, according to statistical fit parameters R2, χ2, and RSS. The resulting blends presented improved physicochemical properties and nutritional attributes, indicating their feasibility for the development of new products.

Comparison of Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stability of Vacuum-Packed and Longtime-Frozen Fallow Deer, Wild Boar, and Pig Meat

The present study aimed to evaluate the lipid content and oxidation of fallow deer (FD), wild boar (WB), and pig meat (PM) at −18 °C for a 360-day storage period. The lowest fat content was observed in thigh meat (TM) of FD (2.53%; p ˂ 0.05). The ratio of polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA), n-6/n-3, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic index (h/H), and the lipid nutritional quality indexes were calculated. The PUFA/SFA ratio of each meat sample was compared with the required value of more than 0.4 while the optimal n-6/n-3 ratio was determined only in shoulder meat (SM) of FD meat samples (3.94; p ˂ 0.001). An atherogenic index of lower than 1.0 was observed in each meat sample and a thrombogenic index of lower than 0.5 was observed only in TM of FD (0.53; p ˂ 0.001). During the storage period, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of WB and PM samples showed a higher variability than the FD samples. On the initial day as well as on the 360th day of the storage period, the lowest MDA content in the loin of PM was measured. Long-term vacuum packaging resulted in lower lipid oxidation during meat storage (p ˂ 0.01); however, the duration of the storage period significantly affected the level of lipid oxidation (p ˂ 0.001).

Fatty Acids in Waste Tissues: The Nutraceutical Value of Gonads and Livers from the Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio Fishes.

Fishes are an important component of human nutrition, mainly acting as source of essential fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The increase in their consumption has led to a growth of fishes waste; therefore, the disposal and recycling of waste has become a key issue to address, in accordance with circular economy principles. The Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio fishes, living in freshwater and marine environments, were collected at mature and immature stages. The fatty acid (FA) profiles of liver and ovary tissues were investigated by GC-MS and compared with edible fillet tissues. The gonadosomatic index, the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio, and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes were measured. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be abundant in the mature ovary and fillet of both species, with a polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio ranging from 0.40 to 1.06 and a monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio between 0.64 and 1.84. Saturated fatty acids were found to be highly abundant in the liver and gonads of both species (range 30-54%), as well as monounsaturated fatty acids (range 35-58%). The results suggested that the exploitation of fish wastes, such as the liver and ovary, may represent a sustainable strategy for the achievement of high value-added molecules with nutraceutical potential.

Physicochemical characteristics, oxidative stability, pigments, fatty acid profile and antioxidant properties of co-pressed oil from blends of peanuts, flaxseed and black cumin seeds

Peanut (PS) oil is low in ω3 fatty acid (FA) and antioxidants while black cumin seeds (BS) and flaxseed (FS) oil had higher antioxidants and ω3 FA, respectively. In this study, raw PS premixed with BS and FS at 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels (individually or collectively) were co-pressed (CP) to improve oxidative stability index (OSI), nutritional and FA profile of oil. The twelve co-pressed oils varying in proportion of PS, BS and FS were investigated and compared. The oil yield, viscosity, L* value, atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices decreased while RI, total phenolic content (TPC), chlorophyll content (ChC), carotenoid content (CaC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), a* and b* value increased by increasing proportion of BS and FS collectively or individually in co-pressing seed mixtures. The AI, TI and ω6/ω3 ratio was improved by increasing the proportion of FS (10–40%) while increment in TPC, ChC, CaC, OSI and RSA was observed by increasing proportion of BS (10–40%) in co-pressing process. The study suggests co-pressing PS with 20%BS and 20%FS collectively for improving the AI, TI, OSI, ω6/ω3 ratio and nutritional qualities of oil.

Fatty Acid Profiles and Nutritional Indices/Ratios of Colostrum and Transient Milk from Landrace, Large White, and Landrace × Large White Crossbred Sows

Fatty acid (FA) profiles are needed to assess the nutritional quality of sow colostrum and transient milk that may be used in developing milk replacer diets for piglets and their possible use as a functional food or nutraceutical. This study analyzed the FA profiles and compared the FA-based nutritional indices/ratios of colostrum and transient milk from Landrace, Large White, and Landrace × Large White crossbred sows in a swine nucleus breeding farm in the Philippines. Colostrum and transient milk samples were collected by hand within 24 h after parturition and 36–72 h after farrowing, respectively; immediately frozen at –20 °C until analyzed for FA composition by gas chromatography. Among the major FAs with the highest proportions, palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid LA (C18:2 n-6) were higher in colostrum (20.7% and 25.0%, respectively) than in transient milk (18.7% and 18.8%, respectively). Oleic acid (C18:1 n9c) was higher in transient milk (34.9%) than in colostrum (32.2%). The polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) to saturated FA (SFA) ratio was higher in sow colostrum (0.81:1) than transient milk (0.65:1). However, transient milk had better linoleic acid to α-linolenic acid C18:3 n-3 (LA/ALA) ratio, more balanced omega-6 to omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratio, slightly lower atherogenicity index (IA= 0.43 vs 0.46) and thrombogenicity index (IT= 0.81 vs 0.85), higher health-promoting index (HPI= 2.33 vs 2.16), and higher hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H= 2.66:1 vs 2.55:1) than colostrum. Both colostrum and transient milk from Large White sows had lower IA and IT values and higher PUFA/SFA ratio, HPI, and h/H ratio compared to Landrace sows. Crossbred sows had colostrum and transient milk with lower average IT than purebred sows. The PUFA/SFA ratio, HPI, and h/H ratio in colostrum were also higher for crossbred sows than for purebred sows. In conclusion, colostrum from crossbred sows may be used in the preparation of milk replacer formulations for piglets, while transient milk, especially from Large White sows, may be considered in the development of sow milk - based supplements in the human diet.

Yetiştiriciği Yapılan Üç Tür Alabalığın; Kaynak Alabalığı (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill 1814), Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1972) ve Karadeniz Alasının (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas 1811) Biyokimyasal Özelliklerinin Farklılıkları

The objective of this present study is to signify biochemical features of three reared trouts (brook trout, rainbow trout, Black Sea trout) that are economically consequential and reared fish species in the Eastern Black Sea region. The rainbow trout has been reared successfully for a long period of time. However, brook trout and the Black Sea trout have been two new species to be reared in the region with a high potential contribution to the economy. Therefore, there is a strong need to determine and report the differences between the fish (especially the two new species), levels of carbohydrates, energy, carotenes (Vitamin A), fatty acid, and proximate composition (protein, lipid, moisture, and ash). In addition, the lipid indices [Atherogenic Index (AI), Thrombogenic Index (TI), and polyene index (PI)] were also measured and reported for the trouts. Moreover, the color of the fillets of the fish was also measured. The results of this present study show that the average levels of moisture and protein varied while the average levels of lipid and ash were close to each other. The highest levels of carbohydrates, energy, and carotenes were determined in the muscle of brook trout in this study. The highest meat yield was also obtained from brook trout followed by Black Sea trout and rainbow trout. A total of 19 fatty acids were determined for Black Sea trout and brook trout and 17 fatty acids for rainbow trout in the present study. The omega-3 levels of the all trout used for the present study were roughly twice as much as that of the omega-6, except for rainbow trout.

Improving the Use of White Lupine in the Laying Quail Feeding by Enzymes Addition: Effects on Productive Performances, Digestion, Blood Biochemical Indices and Eggs Quality

Lupine seeds are a valuable nutritive source for animal feeding, but for poultry nutrition, the content in crude fiber and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) have an antinutritional factor. The aim of this research was to highlight the effect of partial soybean meal replacement with L. albus seeds and enzyme addition in the laying quail diets on productive performance, digestion, blood biochemical indices and egg quality. A total of 210 homogenous female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) at 24 week of age were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments, with the standard diet based on soybean meal unsupplemented (−) and supplemented with enzyme (+) (S−/S+) and the experimental diets on which the soybean meal was based partially substituted by including lupine in the amount of 200 g/kg and 250 g/kg, unsupplemented and supplemented with enzymes (L20−/L20+; L25−/L25+).The use of enzymes in the lupine-based diets allowed increasing the proportion of lupine in the diet of laying quails by up to 25% (% of feed) without changing egg production, egg weight, feed conversion rate and physical–chemical quality parameters of the eggs. In addition, the use of lupine (−/+) improved (p &lt; 0.001) the carotenoid content of the egg yolk, as well as the quality of the yolk fats by decreasing the cholesterol content and the level of fatty acids (FA) with an atherogenic effect, in favor of omega-3 FA. Enzyme supplementation of the lupine-based diets had a negative effect on the health lipid indices of the fats in the yolk (ratio of the hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic FA—h/H, atherogenic index—AI, thrombogenic index—TI and health promotion index—HPI). The use of exogenous enzymes increased the nutrients’ efficiency of the quails’ feed, which is supported by the improvement of the blood metabolic indices and a decrease of intestinal digesta viscosity and feces moisture. In conclusion, white lupine can be used up to 25% in the laying quail feed in association with specific enzymes without affecting the productive performance and egg quality; moreover, lupine use has improved the quality of the eggs, increasing humans’ health.

Effects on Growth Performance Parameters, Carcass Traits, Meat Nutrimental Quality and Intramuscular Fatty Acid Profile of Rabbits Fed with Diets with Avocado Waste (Persea americana Mill)

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of four levels (0%, 4.32%, 8.39% or 12.25%) of avocado waste (AW) included in the diets on productive performance, carcass characteristics and meat nutritional quality of fattening rabbits. For that, one hundred and twenty male rabbits (New Zealand × California; 945 ± 47 g initial body weight) were fed over 28 days, randomly distributed to one of the four treatments (T) (T1 = 0, T2 = 4.32, T3 = 8.39 and T4 = 12.25% AW as fed). The chemical and fatty acids profiles were evaluated in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle. The rabbits fed with 8.39% of AW reported the best productive parameters (p &lt; 0.05), the greater (p &lt; 0.05) dissectible adipose tissue and higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) n-3 content (p &lt; 0.05) than control meat. It is concluded that the inclusion of AW in the growing–finishing rabbit’s diet can modify the nutritional quality of the meat, reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio and the thrombogenic index.

Fatty Acid Indices and the Nutritional Properties of Karakul Sheep Meat.

This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid profile and health lipid indices of sheep meat (from 52 Karakul sheep from NE Romania). The effect of age at slaughter and the influence of muscle region were studied for nutritional parameters, especially the fatty acids from lipid fractions. Based on the fatty acid profiles and lipid contents, the sanogenic indices were determined for two sheep muscle groups. Thus, two different muscle regions from lamb and adult sheep were analysed from both genders, the Longissimus dorsi and Triceps brachii, to argue the advantages of each category and the rationalization, in terms of meat consumption, regarding their impact on human health. Sheep meat has many components with beneficial effects on human health. Apart from the fact that it is an important source of nutrients due to its high content of proteins, lipids, and minerals, it is also a product that can provide fundamental bioactive compounds for maintaining metabolic functions. The qualitative indices assessment revealed that lambs have meat with high PUFA content on Longissimus dorsi muscles (approx. 25% of total fatty acids), 0.68 for PUFA/SFA, with highest values for n-3 (approx. 8%) and n-6 (approx. 14%). Appropriate values can also be observed in Triceps brachii muscles from adult sheep. The sanogenic indices also presented good values for Longissimus dorsi from lambs and Triceps brachii from adult sheep (polyunsaturation index = 7.2-10.2; atherogenic index = 0.56-0.67; thrombogenic index = 0.78-0.96; hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic index = 2.4-2.7 (for Longissimus dorsi)).

Effect of vegetable oil hydrogel emulsion as a fat substitute on the physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, and color stability of modified atmospheric packaged buffalo burgers

Buffalo burgers were prepared with 50% or 100% buffalo backfat substitution using walnut, and peanut oil emulsion gels (EGs) blended with chia flour. Burgers were stored at 2 °C in modified atmosphere packaging for 12 days. The fat replacement decreased total fat by 26% and increased ash by 34%. Hardness and chewiness decreased with increasing the fat replacement; however, it did not affect springiness and cohesiveness values. Burger reformulations led to an increase in cooking yield (10%). Walnut oil EGs increased PUFA level up to 458%. Both oils enhanced PUFA/SFA and ω-6/ω-3 ratios and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Concerning color attribute, about 66% reduction was observed in redness values during the storage period of 12 days. Moreover, the sensory scores for all attributes, i.e., appearance, odor, flavor, and juiciness, were in the acceptable range of five or above in the reformulated burgers. In conclusion, 50% fat substitution using walnut and peanut oil EGs improved the nutritional profile of buffalo burgers without compromising the technological and sensory characteristics.

Effects of Sulla Flexuosa Hay as Alternative Feed Resource on Goat's Milk Production and Quality.

Sulla flexuosa (Hedysarum flexuosum L.) is an endemic legume growing in some Mediterranean areas in rainfed and cold mountainous conditions. It could be used in goat diets as an alternative protein source instead of alfalfa to supplement forest rangeland. This study aimed to test the effects of incorporating Sulla flexuosa (SF) hay in the diet of Beni Arouss goats on their milk production and quality. The hay was introduced at two levels, i.e., 35 or 70% (SF70), on a DM basis; it partially or totally replaced the alfalfa hay of the control diet. Sulla flexuosa incorporation did not affect milk production or physicochemical composition. However, milk FA content varied in proportion to the percentage of SF incorporation. The SF70 diet was associated with increased milk levels in C18:1n-9, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, and C22:6n-3 and total monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and n-3 fatty acids. As a consequence, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were improved. Additionally, better antioxidant capacity was observed in SF70.

Fatty Acid Composition of Northern Pike from an Arctic River (Northeastern Siberia, Russia)

We assayed the fatty acid composition of muscles of the northern pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 inhabiting the Gyda River, Siberia, Russia using gas-liquid chromatography. Of 43 fatty acids identified in the pike samples, 23 fatty acids accounted for 99.3% of the total content. The most abundant saturated fatty acids (SFA, 31.6%) were palmitic (C16:0, 20.0%) and stearic (C18:0, 7.3%) acids. Among monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, 15.1%), oleic acid (C18:1n9, 10.2%) and palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 4.1%) demonstrated the highest levels. The most represented polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 53.3%) were arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6, 7.6%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3, 7.3%), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3, 26.3%). The fatty acid profile of specimens from the Gyda River was different in comparison to profiles found in other pike populations, most likely due to different diets. Pike flesh has good nutrition quality in terms of a low n-6/n-3 ratio (0.36), low atherogenic (0.39), and thrombogenic (0.22) indices, and a high ratio of hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (2.83), and this species can be recommended as a replacement or alternative to other fish sources in traditional diets.