Throat Lozenges Research Articles

Estimated intake of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin in a group of Swedish diabetics.

Few sweetener intake studies have been performed on the general population and only one study has been specifically designed to investigate diabetics and children. This report describes a Swedish study on the estimated intake of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin by children (0-15 years) and adult male and female diabetics (types I and II) of various ages (16-90 years). Altogether, 1120 participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their sweetener intake. The response rate (71%, range 59-78%) was comparable across age and gender groups. The most consumed 'light' foodstuffs were diet soda, cider, fruit syrup, table powder, table tablets, table drops, ice cream, chewing gum, throat lozenges, sweets, yoghurt and vitamin C. The major sources of sweetener intake were beverages and table powder. About 70% of the participants, equally distributed across all age groups, read the manufacturer's specifications of the food products' content. The estimated intakes showed that neither men nor women exceeded the ADI for acesulfame-K; however, using worst-case calculations, high intakes were found in young children (169% of ADI). In general, the aspartame intake was low. Children had the highest estimated (worst case) intake of cyclamate (317% of ADI). Children's estimated intake of saccharin only slightly exceeded the ADI at the 5% level for fruit syrup. Children had an unexpected high intake of tabletop sweeteners, which, in Sweden, is normally based on cyclamate. The study was performed during two winter months when it can be assumed that the intake of sweeteners was lower as compared with during warm, summer months. Thus, the present study probably underestimates the average intake on a yearly basis. However, our worst-case calculations based on maximum permitted levels were performed on each individual sweetener, although exposure is probably relatively evenly distributed among all sweeteners, except for cyclamate containing table sweeteners.

Estimated intake of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin in a group of Swedish diabetics

Few sweetener intake studies have been performed on the general population and only one study has been specifically designed to investigate diabetics and children. This report describes a Swedish study on the estimated intake of the artificial sweeteners acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin by children (0-15 years) and adult male and female diabetics (types I and II) of various ages (16-90 years). Altogether, 1120 participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their sweetener intake. The response rate (71%, range 59-78%) was comparable across age and gender groups. The most consumed 'light' foodstuffs were diet soda, cider, fruit syrup, table powder, table tablets, table drops, ice cream, chewing gum, throat lozenges, sweets, yoghurt and vitamin C. The major sources of sweetener intake were beverages and table powder. About 70% of the participants, equally distributed across all age groups, read the manufacturer's specifications of the food products' content. The estimated intakes showed that neither men nor women exceeded the ADI for acesulfame-K; however, using worst-case calculations, high intakes were found in young children (169% of ADI). In general, the aspartame intake was low. Children had the highest estimated (worst case) intake of cyclamate (317% of ADI). Children's estimated intake of saccharin only slightly exceeded the ADI at the 5% level for fruit syrup. Children had an unexpected high intake of tabletop sweeteners, which, in Sweden, is normally based on cyclamate. The study was performed during two winter months when it can be assumed that the intake of sweeteners was lower as compared with during warm, summer months. Thus, the present study probably underestimates the average intake on a yearly basis. However, our worst-case calculations based on maximum permitted levels were performed on each individual sweetener, although exposure is probably relatively evenly distributed among all sweeteners, except for cyclamate containing table sweeteners.

Analytical performance of a miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer.

The analytical performance of a fieldable cylindrical ion trap (CIT)-based miniature mass spectrometer is described. A detailed description of the instrument itself is to be found in the immediately preceding paper (Patterson, G. E.; Guymon, A. J.; Riter, L S.; Everly, M.; Griep-Raming, J.; Laughlin, B. C.; Ouyang, Z.; Cooks, R. G., Miniature Cylindrical Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer, Anal. Chem. 2002, 24, 6145-6153). Applications employing the MS/MS and MSn capabilities of the miniature instrument and analytical performance criteria are given here. The limit of detection for methyl salicylate, introduced as the pure vapor, is estimated as 1 pg. The resolution, R = m/delta m, where delta m, measured as full width at half-maximum, is estimated as 100. Monitoring of organic compounds in air is performed using a permeation membrane introduction device coupled to the mass spectrometer. Water monitoring is performed using an external membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) system, with acetophenone and toluene serving as model compounds. Data are given for chemical warfare agent simulants, methyl salicylate, and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) in air. On-line detection of menthol vapor emitted from a cough drop is reported. Methyl salicylate in air gives a recognizable mass spectrum at 400 ppb in the ambient system, while use of a heated membrane brings the detection limit down to 10 ppb.

Effects of passive smoking on odour identification in children.

The effect of passive smoking on odour identification in children has rarely been reported. This study assessed the ability of such young subjects to identify a variety of odours. The study population consisted of 20 children, 10 who were exposed to passive smoke at home and 10 with nonsmoking parents. Ten odourants were tested: vinegar, ammonia, peppermint, roses, bleach, vanilla, cough drops, turpentine, licorice, and mothballs. Each child was presented with five test trays containing all 10 odourants in random order. Of the total of 500 odours presented, the control group correctly identified 396 (79%) and the study group identified 356 (71%) (p < .005). The study group tended to misidentify 4 of the 10 odourants tested, namely, vanilla, roses, mothballs, and cough drops-56 of 200 (28%), compared with 96 of 200 (48%) in the control group. This was a highly significant finding (p < .0005). This work demonstrated that children exposed to passive smoke have difficulty identifying odours in comparison with children raised in relatively smoke-free environments. The identification of four odourants, vanilla, roses, mothballs, and cough drops, was particularly diminished in this study group.

Efficacy and Tolerability of the Anti-inflammatory Throat Lozenge Flurbiprofen 8.75mg in the Treatment of Sore Throat : A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

This randomised, double-blind, parallel group study compared the efficacy and tolerability of flurbiprofen lozenges (8.75mg or 12.5mg) with demulcent placebo lozenges in the treatment of patients with sore throat due to upper respiratory tract infection. A total of 320 patients with objective and subjective evidence of sore throat were randomised to treatment with flurbiprofen 8.75mg (n = 128), flurbiprofen 12.5mg (n = 64) or placebo (n = 128) lozenges. Efficacy was assessed by changes in subjective ratings scales measuring pain relief, throat soreness and swollen throat at specified intervals over a 6-hour period following administration of a single dose. Tolerability was assessed over a 5-day multiple-dose regimen. Flurbiprofen 8.75mg lozenge was significantly superior to placebo for the primary efficacy variable, total pain relief summed over 15 to 120 minutes (TOTPAR15-120min), and for reducing throat soreness over 2 hours and swollen throat over 2 and 6 hours (p < 0.05). Flurbiprofen 12.5mg treatment was not significantly better than flurbiprofen 8.75mg. There were no significant differences between treatment groups in the incidence of adverse events when reports of taste perversion, which reflects an aspect of patient acceptability rather than tolerability, were removed from the analysis (p = 0.776). The efficacy and tolerability profile of flurbiprofen 8.75mg lozenges indicated that they provide a convenient treatment for patients with sore throat. Symptomatic relief was rapid, occurring within 15 minutes of administration due to lozenge demulcency, and statistically significant differences between active and placebo lozenges were detected within 30 minutes and sustained over 4 hours.

Dietary determinants of dental caries and dietary recommendations for preschool children.

The purpose of this review, commissioned by the Administration for Children and Families, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Health Care Financing Administration, and the Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service, was to update the evidence of the dietary factors that affect dental caries, and subsequently formulate dietary recommendations for preschool children based on principles of cariology. Literature on the dental caries process, dietary factors affecting dental caries initiation and progression, and nutrition education and counseling were reviewed and synthesized. Dietary guidelines for children at various ages were then constructed based on the review. Dental caries in preschool children is due to a combination of factors, including colonization of teeth with cariogenic bacteria, type of foods and frequency of exposure of these foods to the cariogenic bacteria, and susceptible teeth. Caries risk is greatest if sugars are consumed at high frequency and are in a form that is retained in the mouth for long periods. Sucrose is the most cariogenic sugar because it can form glucan that enables firm bacterial adhesion to teeth and limits diffusion of acid and buffers in the plaque. There is emerging interest in the effects of tooth development and its role in the future dental caries risk of the child. Nutrition education and counseling for the purposes of reducing caries in children is aimed at teaching parents the importance of reducing high frequency exposures to obvious and hidden sugars. Guidelines include: avoiding frequent consumption of juice or other sugar-containing drinks in the bottle or sippy cup, discouraging the behavior of a child sleeping with a bottle, promoting noncariogenic foods for snacks, fostering eating patterns consistent with the Food Guide Pyramid, limiting cariogenic foods to mealtimes, rapidly clearing cariogenic foods from the child's oral cavity either by toothbrushing or by consumption of protective foods, and restricting sugar-containing snacks that are slowly eaten (e.g., candy, cough drops, lollipops, suckers). Along with nutritional factors, a comprehensive approach to preventing dental caries in preschool children must include improved general dietary habits, good oral hygiene, appropriate use of fluorides, and access to preventive and restorative dental care.

Development and validation of chromatographic methods (HPLC and GC) for the determination of the active components (benzocaine, tyrothricin and menthol) of a pharmaceutical preparation

Methods are reported for the determination of tyrothricin and benzocaine by HPLC and menthol by GC in the analysis of throat lozenges (tablets) containing all three compounds. After optimization of the variables involved in both HPLC and GC the methods have been characterized and validated according to the guidelines of the Spanish Pharmacopoeia, and applied to both the monitoring of the manufacturing process and the quality control of the final product.

Caveat Emptor

FICTION CAVEAT EMPTOR / Barry Targati JOEY ROGOVIN SWUNG in and out of the way of the hard platoon marching like hammers on the Boardwalk. Like one more in the vast undulant sheet of searching pigeons, he would move aside for the rectangle of men and then fold back in the wake behind them. And like the pigeons, he was a gleaner too. At fifteen, unsure of the shape of irony, yet he responded to the fact of it: heavy armies might trample down the golden fields and destroy Empire, but along the way they also smashed it into the little pieces manageable by small scavengers. What Joey Rogovin in his own lifetime could never have hoped to share in now fell easily to his hand and wit, and he battened upon his luck and opportunity, for this was war. Not that the Boardwalk was a golden grain field, not that Atlantic City was that sort of Empire. Rather, it had suddenly become the largest military training camp in the world. By the potent magic of Supreme decree, it had been changed in a few months from the Queen of Resorts to the King of Armories. From December 1941 to the following April 1942, the grand hotels—the Haddon Hall, the Traymore, the Dennis, the Marlborough-Blenheim, the Shelborne, the Breakers, and all the rest—as well as every modest sidestreet inn and even some of the larger rooming houses—were converted to barracks. Nothing else in America was so ready-made, so in place, so quickly adaptable in 1941 to such a purpose as was Atlantic City. Partitions divided space to multiply it. The magnificent suites such as that on the fifteenth floor of the Ritz-Carlton high over the grey-green Atlantic of the south Jersey shore, that which even through the recent summer past had sheltered variously the Ludens of the Luden cough drop fortune; the Clothiers from Ardmore, Pennsylvania; the entourage of the mobster Louis "Thumbs" Mangore—that suite now housed forty common men. And now with no splendid view. All the windows facing the sea were blacked out, darkened against the lurking eye of the maurauding enemy U-boats, steel sharks waiting out in the ship channel not more than a dozen miles off shore. Partitions were erected or walls were ripped out, toilet facilities were expanded, shifted, or built. Stairwells and fire escapes repaired, evacuation plans made, elevator cables restrung—there were details. But in the main nothing could have been easier than this transfiguration . The large kitchens were ready, the crystal chandeliered dining rooms were turned into mess halls, the parquet ballrooms cleared for calisthenics when it rained. And of course there was the perfect drill field—the wide, substantial, flat, clean, resilient, and nearly endless The Missouri Review · 85 Boardwalk. AU day from reveille to retreat the khaki men would drill, marching north in the inland lane, south on the seaside. Between each element sufficient space was left, a hundred yards or sometimes two hundred, for the troops to be wheeled about and wheeled again, to be moved from ranks into files and back, to be dressed right, to parade rest. Order, containment—the discipline upon which unquestioned response in battle depended—was established here. "Companeeeeeee. . .halt!" the sergeant would call. "Take ten. Smoke 'em if you got 'em. Don't leave no butts." Then it was time for Joey Rogovin. The men on their ten minute break could move about but only within the loose shape of the unit. No one could walk back a half a block to a Boardwalk store to buy a coke or a hot dog or gum or cigarettes. Even if they were on the beach side of the Boardwalk and the company had chanced to halt across from a store, they could not cross to the opposite side. And along much of the Boardwalk where the men drilled, that part of the Boardwalk which before December had been an elegant promenade of elegant shops (Wing Fat's oriental knick knacks in jade) and auction galleries (Lloyd's for the finest lace, Boughton's for Wedgewood and Louis Quatorze chairs), along this stretch there were no hot...

Fractional Factorial Experimental Design Study of the Incompatibility of Benzocaine in Throat Lozenges

The instability of benzocaine in a throat lozenge formulation has been shown to be due to the reactivity of the primary aromatic amine group. Three common excipients of throat lozenges were found to be incompatible with benzocaine.

Colorimetric Determination of Benzocaine in Drugs

Abstract A colorimetric determination of benzocaine by a modified Bratton-Marshall procedure has been developed for ear drops in water-soluble bases, suppositories in water-soluble bases, and throat lozenges. The method is applicable to concentrations normally found with these materials and does not require extensive cleanup. Other primary aryl amines, alkali iodides, and antipyrine in concentrations over 10 times the benzocaine content interfere in the method. Collaborative results indicate recoveries averaging 98.4—99.4% with standard deviations of 2.12-2.40%. It is recommended that the method be adopted as official, first action.

Perceived depth between familiar objects.

Abstract : In aviation, size cues are frequently used in a pilot's evaluation of depth or distance. In the study, the hypothesis was examined that the essential factor in the size cue to depth from familiar objects is the perceived size S' per unit of retinal size theta of each of the objects, with the object having the largest value of S'/theta appearing to be the more distant object. Five familiar objects (a box of cough drops, a half dollar, a tape dispenser, a door key, and a tube of toothpaste) were simulated. The objects were presented in pairs and the Os indicated their perceived width (S'), the perceived distance (D') of each from himself, and the perceived depth (d') between the objects in each pair. In agreement with the above hypothesis, the results indicate that the perceived depth between the objects was a monotonic function of the difference between the values of S'/theta. The average values of d' and D' were similar to the simulated values for distances up to approximately three feet from the observer. For greater distances the error in the average d' and D' values increased with an increase in the simulated distances. The study supports the notion that the familiar size cue to depth can occur between objects of dissimilar shape whenever these objects have perceived sizes. The concept of S'/theta as the significant factor in the familiar size cue to depth permits this cue system to be of significance in a wide variety of naturally occurring situations. (Author)

Menthol Urticaria

A case of urticaria due to menthol is reported in a young girl exposed to mentholated cigarettes, cough drops, aerosol room spray, and topical mentholated medicaments. The etiology was suggested by the history of exposure and was established by the results of oral challenge to menthol. A urticarial reaction and a fall in the total number of circulating basophils following menthol challenge were considered diagnostic of hypersensitivity. Skin tests to menthol were not diagnostic. Direct in vitro basophil degranulation tests to menthol showed a significant degranulation of basophilic leukocytes. This second case of menthol urticaria suggests a higher incidence than was previously considered.

Allergic stomatitis from medicated throat lozenge: Report of a case

A rare instance of acute allergic stomatitis of the contact type (stomatitis venenata) provoked by a medicated throat lozenge (Thantis) is reported. It proved, by patch tests with all of the ingredients of the lozenge, to be due to a contact allergy to saligenin (salicaine), a local anesthetic agent.

Nonthrombocytopenic purpura caused by mentholated cigarettes.

Menthol is a very useful and nontoxic drug prescribed mainly for its analgesic properties. It is used frequently for dermatoses because of its anesthetic and cooling effect and in the form of nose drops or sprays, cough drops, and medicated cigarettes for rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and bronchitis. Like other essential oils, it is also used occasionally as a carminative. Menthol causes relatively few allergic reactions. It is a well-recognized cause of the eczematous contact type of dermatitis, but in a study of the literature we were unable to find any other allergic reactions recorded. The present report is that of a case of nonthrombocytopenic purpura caused by menthol present in medicated cigarettes. ' Kool' cigarettes 1 are cigarettes containing U.S.P. grade menthol added to blend of domestic Bright and Burley tobaccos and imported Turkish tobaccos. They are used by smokers because of the cooling effect of menthol on the mucous membranes

Displaying Confectionery and Cough Drops in Bulk

Displaying Confectionery and Cough Drops in Bulk