Three-year Longitudinal Study Research Articles

Impact of growth, gonadal hormones, adiposity and the sodium-to-potassium ratio on longitudinal adolescent measures of blood pressure at puberty.

Blood pressure (BP) rises rapidly at puberty. While this is partly due to normal development, factors like excess adiposity and a high intake of dietary sodium relative to potassium may contribute to a true increase in hypertension risk. This study aimed to assess the relative impact of growth, gonadal hormones, adiposity and the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na:K) on longitudinal BP measures at puberty. This study analysed data from a three-year longitudinal cohort study of pubertal adolescents. Anthropometry, body composition (bio-electrical impedance), serum testosterone and oestradiol (mass spectrometry) were measured annually. Na:K was measured from three-monthly urine samples. These variables were used to predict annual BP measures using mixed modelling and ordinal regression. Data from 325 adolescents (11.7 ± 1.0 y; 55% male) were analysed, showing typical growth patterns at puberty. Systolic BP increased over time in both sexes (p < 0.01), with boys exhibiting a significantly steeper rise compared to girls. Adiposity variables (BMI z-score, percent body fat, fat mass, waist-to-height ratio) strongly and consistently predicted systolic and diastolic BP in both sexes (all p < 0.05). Systolic BP was also significantly and positively related to height (p < 0.05). No associations with BP were identified in either sex for gonadal hormones or Na:K. Similar results were obtained when BP was classified into hypertension categories. Relative to other developmental and diet-related variables tested, adiposity was found to be the strongest most consistent predictor of BP in pubertal adolescents. Findings highlight the importance of dedicated youth obesity management interventions and policy measures for reducing long-term hypertension and cardiovascular disease risks.Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000964314.

Self and proxy (parents and teachers’) reports of child motor competence: A three-year longitudinal study

ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to: 1) analyse the longitudinal trends in the evolution of the association between children’s actual and perceived motor competence (AMC and PMC, respectively) according to the source of information: children, parents, and Physical Education (PE) teachers; 2) assess whether children, parents, and PE teachers can report on children’s AMC longitudinally (considering the children’s age, sex, and the type of motor competence). Design and methodA sample of 108 typically developing Spanish children (47.12% girls) from five schools participated in this study. AMC and PMC (locomotion, object control and overall MC) data was collected at three time points one year apart. Longitudinal mixed effects models with repeated measures were conducted. ResultsRegardless of the domain of MC, no longitudinal association between children’s AMC and PMC was found. Parents also exhibited limited capability to proxy report their children’s AMC longitudinally. PE teachers’ proxy reports of children’ AMC were associated over time with object control and overall level. ConclusionThis study confirms the necessity of specific training in AMC to effectively report on children’s motor competence. PE teachers can be seen as a potential source to empower children’s AMC and PMC development over time.

Changing Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence against Pregnant Women: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women adversely impacts women's and infants' health. This study aims to provide longitudinal evidence regarding how pregnant women's exposure to IPV changes over time. Additionally, we examine the risk and protective factors associated with these changes. In total, 340 pregnant women were recruited from an antenatal clinic in Hong Kong. IPV experiences and health conditions were assessed at pregnancy and at both 4 weeks and 3 years after childbirth. The women also reported adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), their family support, and perceived partner involvement. We found IPV prevalence among the study sample decreased from 22.9% before pregnancy to 13.5% during pregnancy, 14.7% at 4 weeks after childbirth, and 11.8% at 3 years after childbirth. We further found three types of IPV: 11.8% of women had a violent relationship (VR) persistently over time from pregnancy to 3 years after childbirth, 20.6% experienced decreased IPV (DVR), and 67.6% reported a nonviolent relationship (NVR) throughout the study period. VRs were associated with more severe mental health problems and higher ACEs. Family support and partner involvement may be protective factors for decreased IPV. Our present findings highlight the importance of identifying different IPV types over time to provide targeted intervention to the most vulnerable groups.

Exploring the involvement of representatives of migrant groups in health research

Abstract Background Public involvement in research is increasingly utilised, but has been problematised for lack of diversity. Involving representatives from seldom-heard groups, such as the migrant population, has the potential to transform health research for some of Europe's most disadvantaged groups. Methods We have explored involvement of migrants in health research projects in Sweden, through a three-year longitudinal qualitative study with migrant contributors involved in a child mental health trial, and a series of behavioural observations of research meetings in several projects with migrant contributors. Results The migrant contributors were initially hesitant to trust the researchers. However, through relationship-building and time, mutual trust was established. The contributors gained a social network in each other and the researchers, and their motivation for involvement changed over time, from focussing on individual benefits to societal change. They viewed their role as sharing their experiences, but saw researchers as in control of the final research decisions. Behavioural observations identified barriers to contributors’ access to information in the meetings, such as academic terminology and difficulties in language interpretation. Enabling factors included balancing the presence of experts in the meeting as well as flexibility towards contributors’ needs and initiatives. Additionally, transparency around the research process and providing feedback to the contributors functioned as enablers for involvement. Conclusions This longitudinal qualitative inquiry paired with behavioural observations, revealed that when involving migrants as public contributors in research, time and resources should be focused on relationship building, to increase mutual trust and understanding, and careful planning undertaken to make the research process transparent and accessible for the contributors. Key messages • Involving migrants in research has great potential – but requires careful planning and consideration. • Awareness of barriers and enablers can assist researchers in attaining meaningful involvement.

The spatiotemporal dynamics of translingual practices and agency: A three-year longitudinal study of a migrant youth from Uzbekistan to South Korea

ABSTRACT With the large influx of Russian-speaking migrant workers and their children to South Korea, there is a growing need to explore the language and literacy practices of emerging multilingual learners. Specifically, as the Korean language is predominantly used in South Korean contexts, including school, Russian-speaking children face enormous linguistic and academic challenges and demonstrate different language practices in and out of school contexts. Drawing upon the conceptual frameworks of translingualism and agency, this three-year longitudinal case study attempts to investigate how and for what purposes an emergent multilingual youth executes his agency to engage in translingual practices within and across different contexts (in and out of school, and in an after-school program called Translingual Writing Program) and how his participation in translingual practices influences how he exercises his agency as a language learner. This study employs multiple sources of data to build a multifaceted perspective on an emerging multilingual youth’s translingual practices and agency across multiple contexts over the course of three years. The findings suggest that the youth’s engagement in translingual practices became more agentive and active under circumstances in which his multilingual beliefs and competence were valued, and where a relatively large number of resources were available.

Physical activity as a risk or protective factor for falls and fall-related fractures in non-frail and frail older adults: a longitudinal study

BackgroundPhysical activity may be both a risk and protective factor for falls and fall-related fractures. Despite its positive effects on muscle and bone health, physical activity also increases exposure to situations where falls and fractures occur. This paradox could possibly be explained by frailty status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations between physical activity and both falls and fractures, and to determine whether frailty modifies the association of physical activity with falls, and fractures.MethodsData of 311 community-dwelling participants aged 75 years or older from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, who participated in a three-year longitudinal study with five nine-monthly measurements between 2015/2016 and 2018/2019. Their mean age was 81.1 (SD 4.8) years and frailty was present in 30.9% of the participants. Physical activity in minutes per day was objectively assessed with an inertial sensor (Actigraph) for seven consecutive days. Falls and fractures were assessed every nine months using self-report during an interview over a follow-up period of three years. Frailty was determined at baseline using the frailty index. Associations were estimated using longitudinal logistic regression analyses based on generalized estimating equations.ResultsNo association between physical activity and falls was found (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99–1.00). Fall risk was higher in frail compared to non-frail adults (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.33–3.68), but no effect modification was seen of frailty on the association between physical activity and falls. Also no relation between physical activity and fractures was found (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99–1.01). Fracture risk was higher in frail compared to non-frail adults (OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.02–7.75), but also no effect modification of frailty was present in the association between physical activity and fractures.ConclusionsNo association between physical activity and neither falls nor fractures was found, and frailty appeared not to be an effect modifier. However, frailty was a risk factor for falls and fractures in this population of older adults. Our findings suggest that physical activity can be safely recommended in non-frail and frail populations for general health benefits, without increasing the risk of falls.

Associations between Abdominal Trunk Muscle Weakness and Future Osteoporotic Vertebral Fracture in Middle-Aged and Older Adult Women: A Three-Year Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study

Potential risk factors associated with future osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF) were prospectively investigated in middle-aged and older adult women. We enrolled 197 female patients aged ≥50 years who were scheduled to undergo surgery for lower-extremity degenerative diseases. Patient anthropometric and muscle strength measurements, a bone mineral density measurement of the lumbar spine (L-BMD), and full-spine standing radiographs to examine the presence of old OVFs and spinopelvic sagittal parameters were obtained preoperatively. We evaluated 141 patients who underwent full-spine standing radiographs three years postoperatively to identify new OVFs. We excluded 54 patients who did not undergo a second radiographic examination and 2 with new traumatic OVFs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with new non-traumatic OVF occurrence. Ten (7.1%) patients developed new non-traumatic OVFs during the study period (fracture group). The fracture group had less abdominal trunk muscle strength, lower L-BMD, smaller sacral slopes, and larger pelvic tilt than the non-fracture group. The fracture group showed a higher prevalence of old OVFs preoperatively than the non-fracture group. Abdominal trunk muscle weakness, low L-BMD, and the presence of old OVFs were identified as significant risk factors for OVF occurrence. In middle-aged or older adult women, abdominal trunk muscle weakness, low L-BMD, and old OVFs were associated with future OVF.

The value of knowing: conscious and unconscious writing choices

This article is concerned with how developing writers use grammar knowledge to make choices in writing and the extent to which this knowledge is conscious and the choices deliberate. Drawing on case study data with 24 school-aged writers involved in a three-year longitudinal study, the article reports the pattern of conscious and unconscious choices being made. It will reveal how curriculum emphasis has tended to prioritise grammatical use over rhetorical purpose, thus raising grammatical use to conscious awareness. The data also shows how linguistic understanding appears first in text before being articulated as a conscious choice; thus raising a question as to the value of conscious and explicit grammatical understanding. The article will argue for a pedagogy that creates a space to talk about choices in order to lift unconscious writing decisions into conscious and useable awareness.

Creating Inclusive Value in Cross-Sector Collaborations

Urban grand challenges call for novel cross-sector collaborations between public, private, and social sectors. While such cross-sector collaborations have the potential to generate broader systemic solutions to sustainability challenges, the diversity of the organisations involved demands constant realignment of collaborators’ goals, projected outcomes, and concomitant degrees of involvement. However, current research lacks an understanding of how cross-sector collaborations that aim to tackle GCs manage such diversity of actors and interests. To address this gap, we conducted an inductive, three-year longitudinal case study of a cross-sector collaboration aimed at generating new solutions for grand challenges in cities. We identify three different phases of development, each of which is characterised by alternative shared narratives, common practices, and joint outcomes. While the phase shifts were triggered by perceived dysfunctionality in public and private value creation, stability was maintained through inclusive value, which was determined by the interplay of narrative and practices. We contribute to the research on cross-sector collaboration, grand challenges by introducing inclusive value creation as a new type of collaborative value, and we propose and explicate three alternative processes that can create inclusive value. We also contribute to research on robust action by presenting an integrated form of robust action.

Built environments and frailty in older adults: A three-year longitudinal JAGES study

BackgroundThis study investigated the relationship between built environments and the onset of frailty after 3 years. MethodsThis was a longitudinal study using prospective cohort data from the 2013 Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study on 38,829 older adults nested in 562 comunnities who were not frail. The dependent variable, frailty, was assessed using the Kihon checklist. The explanatory variables were eight items for the built environment at the individual and community levels. To consider each level of built environment simultaneously, multilevel Poisson regression analysis was used to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. ResultsAfter 3 years of follow-up, the onset of frailty was 2740 (7.1%) in 2016. At the individual level, there was an increased risk of developing frailty in negative built environments, such as locations with graffiti or garbage (incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.15; confidence interval (CI), 1.05–1.25). Positive built environments, such as areas with access to parks and sidewalks (IRR, 0.78; CI, 0.70–0.88), lowered the risk of developing frailty. At the community level, the risk of developing frailty was lower only in areas with locations difficult for walking (hills or steps) (IRR, 0.97; CI, 0.94–0.99). ConclusionsAt the individual level, frailty onset was associated with all built environments. However, irrespective of their answers, there was a lower risk of developing frailty among older adults living in areas where walking was difficult. It would be desirable to verify whether the risk of developing frailty can be reduced by changing the built environment.

The impact of an explicit grammar knowledge course on the development of grammatical awareness in UK native speakers’ pre-service TESOL education

This paper contributes to conversations which examine the effectiveness of grammar knowledge courses in native speaker (NS) UK pre-service TESOL education. A three-year longitudinal study was undertaken at a UK university. It explored 10 UK NS participants’ ability to demonstrate grammatical awareness during their TESOL practicum after studying a 48-contact hour explicit grammar knowledge course before procedural TESOL education began. Quantitative and qualitative, deductive, and inductive thematic coding were undertaken using the participants’ reflective teaching summaries and interview transcripts to identify examples of established grammar awareness themes. Findings indicated that the participants considered the process of gaining grammar knowledge challenging but essential for TESOL. Grammatical awareness was demonstrated through metalinguistic knowledge, metalanguage, noticing and language teaching beliefs during the practicum.

The role of sense of coherence in reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients at the first acute coronary event: A three-year longitudinal study

ObjectiveAlthough several studies suggest an association between psychological distress and increased morbidity and mortality in various cardiac populations, little is known about positive psychological resources, like Sense of Coherence (SOC), that may reduce distress. This longitudinal observational study aimed to test the hypothesis that a strong SOC predicted a longitudinal decrease in anxiety and depression in a sample of patients after their first acute coronary event. MethodsA sample of 275 patients completed the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) and the SOC Scale at five time-points (at the baseline and after 6, 12, 24, and 36 months). Longitudinal trajectories of anxiety, depression, and SOC were examined through hierarchical (generalized) linear models, controlling for sociodemographic and clinical indicators. Results38.6% of patients experienced clinically relevant anxiety symptoms soon after the cardiovascular event, whereas only 20.8% experienced clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Anxiety symptoms decreased over time, plateaued, and then slightly increased, whereas depressive symptoms tended to be stable; these variables were positively associated during all time points. The SOC did not change over time; a strong SOC at baseline predicted decreased anxiety and depression. ConclusionFindings showed a strong relationship between SOC and symptoms of anxiety and depression, and they suggested the importance of a salutogenic approach in clinical practice and the relevance of interventions aimed at increasing resilience resources like the SOC in patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Early Childhood Caries Is Causally Attributed to Developing Psychomotor Deficiency in Pre-School Children: The Resultant Covariate and Confounder Analyses in a Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Background: Causality has recently been suggested to associate early childhood caries with psychomotor deficiency in preschoolers, where their causal interactions via other risk determinants remain unclear. Methods: To analyze such causality, we randomly recruited 123 three-to-six-year-old children in a three-year longitudinal study, where the caries/dmft measures, age/gender, BMI, amended comprehensive scales for psychomotor development (CCDI-aspects), parental education/vocation, and diet were collected for assessment of their inter-relationships. Subsequently, t-tests, multiple/linear-regressions, and R2-analyses were utilized to compare the differences of variables between age/gender, BMI, and dmft vs. relationships among all variables and CCDI-aspects. Results: In the regression modeling, there were significant differences between gender vs. age (p < 0.05; not BMI) regarding established associations between caries and CCDI manifests for psychomotor deficiency. As for diet vs. socio-economic status, there were significant differences when caries/dmft were at lower- vs. higher-scales (<4 and 6–10), associated with expressive language and comprehension-concept (p~0.0214–0.0417) vs. gross-motor and self-help (p~0.0134–0.0486), respectively. Moreover, diet vs. socio-economic-status contributed significantly different CCDI-spectra via expressive language and comprehension-concept (adjusted-R2~0.0220–0.2463) vs. gross-motor and self-help (adjusted-R2~0.0645–0.0994), respectively, when the caries detected were at lower- vs. higher-scales (<4 and 6–10), in contrast to those depicted without both SES diet variables (adjusted-R2~0.0641–0.0849). Conclusion: These new findings confirm that early childhood caries is causally attributed to developing psychomotor deficiency in preschoolers, whereas biological gender/age, not BMI, may act as viable confounders during interactions, in contrast to diet and socio-economic status, via differential low–high scales of caries activity with significant interference, respectively. Collectively, ECC-psychomotor interactions may underpin some distinct biologic vs. socio-mental/psyche attributes towards different determinants for vulnerable children.

Frailty in Parkinson's disease and its association with early dementia: A longitudinal study

IntroductionFrailty is recognized as a clinical condition associated with increased vulnerability for developing negative health outcomes but has been little studied in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigated the risk of frailty in de novo PD patients and its association with subsequent development of dementia. MethodsWe conducted a three-year longitudinal population-based study of 192 drug-naive newly diagnosed PD patients and 172 controls (No-PD) matched for age, sex, and education. Frailty was measured using the frailty index (FI). Logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders, were conducted to assess the association between frailty at the time of PD diagnosis and the subsequent odds for developing PD dementia during follow-up. ResultsThe mean baseline FI score was higher in the PD (0.21 ± 0.10) than in the No-PD group (0.11 ± 0.07, p < 0.001). One-third of PD patients had high-FI (>0,25), compared to 5% in the no-PD group. Participants with PD had an increased risk to present frailty with an odds ratio (OR) of 6.68 (SE 2.70 IC 95% [3.15; 15.62], p-value <0.001) compared to the No-PD group. PD Participants with greater FI measured at baseline had increased odds of having dementia within three years of follow-up, after adjustment for age and sex (OR 2.91 SE 1.00 IC 95% [1.54; 5.99] p-value = 0.002). ConclusionFrailty is common in people with newly diagnosed PD and associated with increased odds for subsequent development of dementia in a three-year follow-up. This study emphasizes the prognostic importance of frailty in PD from the earliest clinical stages.

Development of Perceived Family Support and Positive Mental Health in Junior High School Students: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study

The study aimed to explore the development trend of positive mental health and the interaction between adolescents’ perceived family support and positive mental health. A 3-year longitudinal survey of perceived family support and positive mental health (resilience and self-efficacy) for four waves was conducted with 564 junior high school students (297 girls, mean age = 11.12 ± 0.38 years at baseline). The Latent Growth Curve Modeling indicated that adolescents’ resilience and general self-efficacy showed a curve upward trend, which increased first and then decreased. The development rate decreased each year. The cross-lagged panel model and a random intercept cross-lagged panel model concluded that perceived family support was strongly associated with positive mental health of junior high school students. Family support was important for developing positive mental health in early adolescence. Therefore, attention and interventions targeting positive mental health changes in early adolescence are particularly effective. And, it is important to encourage parents of adolescents to continue to provide support and guidance.

LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF FEATURES OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN ADOLESCENCE

The article deals with the specifics of emotional shifts in adolescence, i.e., the transformation of the main components of emotional intelligence given personal traits inherent in adolescents. The issue of psychological and pedagogical features of emotional intelligence in adolescence was considered: the authors concluded that the development of emotional intelligence is an important factor for adolescents’ adaptation to the social environment, which helps balance emotions and reason, be responsible for themselves, create a strategy for their life. A three-year longitudinal study comprising three assessments, separated by one year each, revealed significant positive dynamics in the development of emotional intelligence and changes from a closed lifestyle to openness to society. The same positive dynamics are observed in personal maturation. Certain changes in the specifics of the correlation between the components of emotional intelligence and personality factors were established: the increase in the level of components of emotional intelligence, the acquisition of the emotional stability skills, and the improvement of social interaction. It is empirically proven that in adolescence, there is a dynamic manifestation of emotional intelligence depending on the inherent psychological characteristics. Passivity in interpersonal relationships is replaced by activity and manifestations of cooperation. Persistence, plasticity and responsibility help teenagers to succeed in the creative and scientific spheres. Emotional comfort, resilience, self-sufficiency and curiosity allow children to correctly identify their feelings and be able to control them. Prospects for further research were identified: the elaboration of methodological recommendations and posters for both students and teachers and parents to develop emotional competence skills for psychoeducation and independent improvement of all components of emotional intelligence.

Parent and child problematic media use: The role of maternal postpartum depression and dysfunctional parent-child interactions in young children

Problematic media use, or media use that interferes with daily functioning, is most often studied in adolescent or young adult age groups. Less research has examined problematic media use within the family system, among parents and young children. The current three-year longitudinal study examines associations between symptoms of maternal postpartum depression at Time 1 and parent and child problematic media use and parental depression at Time 3, with parent-child dysfunctional interactions at Time 2 as a potential mediating variable. At Time 1, 491 mothers of children less than one year old responded to survey questions involving maternal postpartum depression and parent-child dysfunctional interaction. One year later, mothers reported on parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and two years later reported on parent and child problematic media use and parental depressive symptoms. Results suggest that symptoms of postpartum depression at Time 1 is associated with parent-child dysfunctional interaction at Time 2, and parent and child problematic media use and depression at Time 3. Parent-child dysfunctional interaction at Time 2 mediated associations between postpartum depression at Time 1 and parent depression at Time 3. Parent-child dysfunctional interaction did not mediate associations between postpartum depression at Time 1 and parent or child problematic media use at Time 3. Discussion focuses on the implications of problematic media use in the family setting.

Early pubertal development and deviant behavior: A three-year longitudinal study among early adolescents

According to a life history perspective, deviant behaviors are predicted by fast life history strategies and early sexual maturation is considered a marker of the underlying fast life history strategy. The aim of the present three-year longitudinal study was to investigate the influence of early pubertal maturation on deviant behaviors among early adolescents. A sample of Italian early adolescents (n = 614; 51% were male participants) completed a survey questionnaire three times, in the second term of their first (Mage = 11.31, SD = 0.49), second, and third middle school grades. Using a parallel process latent growth curve model, the results revealed that baseline levels of early pubertal development did not predict change over time in deviant behavior. In addition, the rate of change of pubertal maturation did not predict change over time in deviant behavior. Finally, we found that the relationship between the rate of change of pubertal maturation and change over time in deviant behavior is moderated by baseline levels of deviant behavior. Overall, findings suggest that the notion of a direct relationship between early pubertal maturation and deviant behavior among early adolescents, in general, is not supported.

Building and strengthening Indigenous early career researcher trajectories

ABSTRACT Due to their Indigeneity, Indigenous early career researchers are positioned differently and therefore experience the higher education sector differently to their non-Indigenous peers. Such positioning significantly impacts the development and progression of Indigenous academic research career trajectories. This article reports from the first stage of a three-year longitudinal study to examine the self-identified support needs of Indigenous early career researchers. The findings offer six factors that are crucial in supporting Indigenous early career researchers to develop and establish sound research careers within the academy. This article engages Indigenous standpoints related to the cultural interface and Indigenist research, with a view to shaping institutional responses to supporting Indigenous research career trajectories and further to recognise Indigenous Knowledges as integral to building global academies of teaching, learning and research.

A Case Study on the Development and Operation of Competency－Based Liberal Arts Courses in a Modularized Non-Curriculum Program

The purpose of this study is to conduct a case study of the development and operation of the ‘G-MAP blueprint’, a competency-based liberal arts subject that has modularized the non-curricular program of W University. In order to achieve this goal, we conducted an analysis of the operation status of liberal arts and non-curricular programs, focus interviews with professors, and a satisfaction survey of education consumers. The results of this study are as follows. First, this course is absolutely necessary for new students to improve their understanding and adaptability to college life in general. Appropriate guidance is available, and opportunities are provided to prevent dropout of freshmen, Second, a feasible case of developing liberal arts subjects for nurturing dedicated human resources and expanding the number of credits required for graduation from liberal arts is presented even at universities that do not have an organization dedicated to liberal arts education within the university. Third, in order to raise awareness of the importance of liberal arts education at the university level, the scalability of liberal arts education is suggested by sharing practical case studies that can be operated together by professors in charge of liberal arts subjects and professors in charge of majors. Fourth, by introducing the competency-based liberal arts development process and procedure through modularization of the non-curricular program, it presented important basic data for diversifying the operation of university liberal arts education and seeking developmental directions in the future. Fifth, it has important educational significance in that it presents a case in which it is possible to expand the educational performance and effectiveness of liberal arts education through a three-year longitudinal study. Therefore, although this study may have limitations as a case study at a junior college, it is expected that it will be of value to be used as a continuous research data in the future.