Three-way Interaction Effect Research Articles

Who they are, and what they do: perspectives on work–life balance among entrepreneurs and wage earners

Work–life balance (WLB) remains a pressing challenge in today’s fast-paced society. The current study addresses this prominent issue by examining whether employment type and individual characteristics shape perceptions of WLB among entrepreneurs and wage earners in Trinidad and Tobago. A structured survey was administered to a sample of entrepreneurs and wage earners and responses (n = 364) were statistically analysed to determine the main and interaction effects of employment type, age, ethnicity, relationship status, and sex on perceived WLB. Perceptions of WLB were lower among wage earners, though the observed differences were nonsignificant. Age and ethnicity emerged as significant main predictors of perceived WLB, with older persons and those of mixed ethnic backgrounds reporting higher levels of WLB. These main effects were moderated by the presence of a three-way interaction effect (sex × ethnicity × employment type) at p = 0.001. Our findings suggest that WLB is an intricate phenomenon that is not exclusively dependent on the occupational form, nor on an individual’s demographic composition but rather derived from the complex interactions between these two categories of variables. Thus, while entrepreneurship and wage employment both have the potential to improve standard of living, engaging in one type of employment versus the other may have an enhancing or diminishing effect on WLB based on life stages, ethnic affiliations and, possibly, other personal factors. This study’s findings also point to a need for more family-friendly policies and family-supportive working environments in Trinidad and Tobago. Though we move the field forward by addressing a critical gap in the literature, the explanatory variables tested in this study accounted for only 33.5% of the variance in the respondents’ WLB scores. We offer suggestions to overcome this limitation and others so that future studies can produce more nuanced and generalizable causal inferences.

Unpacking the relationship between entrepreneurial marketing activities and small firm performance

PurposeA question remains unresolved in existing cross-disciplinary research at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface (MEI). This features circumstances when employing a combination of market-oriented and entrepreneurially-oriented activities, known as entrepreneurial marketing (EM) behavior, is likely to lead to positive performance outcomes. Earlier mixed findings provide the need to unpack the nuances of EM practices, in terms of their boundary conditions, regarding circumstances where this behavior does or does not lead to performance-enhancing outcomes. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to examine the complexities of the association between EM activities and small firm performance by assessing quadratic and moderating effects.Design/methodology/approachThis study was underpinned by resource-based theory (RBT). Survey responses were collected from 214 smaller-sized companies in the United Kingdom. The statistical data passed all major checks for reliability, different forms of validity, common method variance and endogeneity bias.FindingsEM activities had a quadratic connection with small firm performance, with this relationship being enhanced (in terms of a positive two-way interaction effect) by market dynamism (a counter-intuitive result regarding environmental conditions). Surprisingly, through a post-hoc test, coopetition (cooperation among competitors to leverage assets and overcome resource constraints) did not play any influential part in helping owner-managers to overcome the potential downsides of EM practices, like the time and cost implications of identifying and exploiting opportunities (i.e., a non-significant three-way interaction effect).Originality/valueUnique insights outline how decision-makers in smaller-sized organizations can harness the potential benefits, and minimise the likely drawbacks, of employing EM activities. However, owner-managers should be cautious when implementing these organization-wide practices, since they are likely to enhance performance, but only up to a fixed point. Indeed, excessive forms of EM activities can weaken small firms’ performance. A counter-intuitive positive moderation effect regarding market dynamism challenges certain earlier findings. Specifically, in some dynamic market conditions, EM activities could be performance-enhancing, since certain environmental-level forces might assist owner-managers to amplify the merits of behavior at the MEI when implemented effectively.

The effects of sad music: Moderating role of cognitive reappraisal

Seemingly paradoxically, sad music has exhibited potential in improving mood in individuals, as well as being detrimental to mood and indicative of maladaptive behaviours concerning emotion regulation. Research suggests that different adaptive and maladaptive behaviours underlie sad music listening. Therefore, we explored if cognitive reappraisal (CR) was an effective tool for promoting mood enhancement. CR is a cognitive skill that focuses on the reframing and re-evaluation of negative events in a positive way. Across two studies, the combined effect of sad music and CR, in conjunction with events having a neutral or sad effect on mood, was explored. Data analyses revealed that CR significantly enhanced mood notably more than the control task. A three-way interaction effect revealed that higher levels of depression symptoms were associated with worse mood regulation across all but one condition; only happy music with the control task was associated with an increase in mood regulation for individuals with higher levels of depression. Therefore, CR was shown to be effective in improving one’s mood, though mood regulation typically decreased as depression symptoms increased. The discussion covered how these results fit into the existing literature and the relevant theoretical implications, with the most pronounced finding being that CR remained effect whether in the presence of happy or sad music.

Impact of Storage Conditions on Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in Pre- and Post-Printed 3D Food Ink

3D food printers (3DFPs) allow for the customization of physicochemical properties of foods in new ways. Storage conditions for food ink capsules and printed food inks have not been investigated. This study aimed to determine the impact of storage temperature, time, and method (pre- vs. postprinting) on Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. A bacterial cocktail was cultured in minimal media and added to a protein cookie food ink at ∼6.5 log CFU/g. The inoculated food ink was divided into 18 capsules (50 g/capsule); half were 3D printed. The remaining capsules and printed products were stored at three temperatures [20 °C, 4 °C, −18 °C]. Selective media (XLT-4 and CHROMagar Listeria) were used for pathogen enumeration. Aerobic plate count and yeast counts were performed at each time point. The pH and water activity (aw) of the food ink were measured at the initial and final timepoints. A significant four-way interaction effect was observed between microorganism type (L. monocytogenes/Salmonella), time, temperature, and storage method (capsule/print) (p = 0.014). Significant findings include (1) at −18 °C, concentrations of L. monocytogenes decreased between Day 0 and Day 1, (2) at 20 °C, concentrations of S. enterica were significantly higher in the capsule than in the printed food on Day 1 (p < 0.0001), and (3) at 4 °C, concentrations of S. enterica were significantly higher in the printed food on Day 5 compared to Day 1 (p < 0.0001) with a 0.9 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.91) log increase. In addition, a significant three-way interaction effect was found between microorganism type (yeast/aerobic counts), time, and temperature (p = 0.024). Yeast counts remained steady at all temperatures, while aerobic counts increased at 4 °C. Minimal differences were observed between Listeria and Salmonella and their responses to varying storage conditions over time indicating that storage method and temperature may be less important for a low-water activity product such as protein cookie food ink.

Changes in sex differences in mental health over time: the moderating effects of educational status and loneliness

Background Limited evidence exists regarding how sex differences in mental health are changing over time, especially in the context of recent health and economic adversities. Aims To examine the temporal shifts in mental health issues among males and females, and explore the influence of education and loneliness on these trends. Methods Data were utilized from the 2020 to 2023 Monitor study, a repeated cross-sectional survey of adults 18 years and older in Ontario, Canada. The study employed a Qualtrics-based web panel survey (n = 5,317). Mental health was assessed using Kessler-6 questionnaire, and analyses were performed using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with gamma distribution. Results The results showed that there was a significant three-way interaction effect between sex, time and education with psychological distress (p = 0.014), suggesting that psychological distress increased between 2020 and 2023 among males who had less than college education. However, it remained stable among males with college/university degrees and females overall. Interaction between sex and feeling lonely on psychological distress was also evident (p = 0.004). Conclusions Mental health issues remained a significant public health challenge among adults, especially psychological distress increasing among males with less than a college education. This underscores the importance of targeted interventions addressing males’ mental health.

The interplay among environmental sensitivity, job stressors, and leadership styles on employee well-being

Investigating the role of individual differences in Environmental Sensitivity for well-being and stress at work is an emerging area of research with significant potential for practical implications in organizational management and human resources. Recent studies have begun to explore how individuals with high sensory-processing sensitivity (SPS) may be more vulnerable to work-related stress than their less sensitive peers, but may also derive greater benefits from positive job resources when available. The present study aims to investigate the role of leadership style in the complex interplay between individual differences in sensitivity, stress at work, and general well-being. A questionnaire was administered through Qualtrics to a total of 317 workers from two medium–large–sized Italian companies, across two waves between May and July 2022. Findings provided support for a three-way interaction effect, with job stressors exerting an adverse effect on participants’ well-being, mitigated by democratic and let-it-be leadership styles at the team level, particularly among highly sensitive individuals. Thus, our findings suggest a vantage sensitivity effect and underscore the importance of cultivating positive work climates to enhance workers’ ability to cope with stressors and improve their global well-being, with particular relevance for highly sensitive individuals.

Working memory performance is related to childhood trauma but not psychotic-like experiences in a nonpsychiatric sample.

This project seeks to clarify the impact of childhood trauma and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) on working memory (WM) and explore gender differences in these relationships. The effect of childhood trauma on WM performance has yet to be explored in individuals with PLEs, despite consistent associations between trauma, psychosis spectrum symptoms, and WM performance. In 466 undergraduates, positive PLEs (Prodromal Questionnaire) and trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) were examined to determine contributions to WM performance on a spatial n-back task. We conducted hierarchical linear regressions on the total sample and stratified by gender to examine the effects of childhood trauma, positive PLEs, and their interaction on WM performance. Supplemental analyses explored attenuated negative and disorganized symptoms. Controlling for age, there were no significant main effects of positive PLEs, childhood trauma, their interaction, or three-way interaction including gender in predicting WM. After stratifying by gender, childhood trauma was significantly associated with poorer WM in females only. Post hoc analyses revealed that in the full sample, physical neglect predicted WM performance and was a trend for females, while sexual abuse trended toward predicting WM in males. Supplemental analyses of attenuated negative and disorganized symptoms revealed childhood trauma significantly predicted WM in the full sample and females only for negative symptoms. Females who have experienced childhood trauma may be at greater risk for WM problems, irrespective of co-occurring PLEs, suggesting that cognitive difficulties may be partially attributable to history of trauma. These findings have potential implications for intervention strategies in trauma-exposed individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Does it pay to be angry in intercultural negotiations: depends on the power and personality orientation of the counterpart

PurposeThough anger as an emotion is an important determinant of negotiation outcomes, the extant literature presents mixed and contradictory findings. We propose that the effect of anger in intercultural negotiations depends on the power and personality orientation of the counterpart negotiators.Design/methodology/approachBased on data from 429 working professionals in the USA, we conducted two experimental studies in which they responded to an angry Chinese counterpart.FindingsWe find that the intercultural negotiation outcomes depend on the three-way interaction between anger, power and personality orientation. Our findings suggest that US action-oriented negotiators conceded more in a high-power condition than in a low-power condition while responding to an angry Chinese counterpart, while US state-oriented negotiators showed no difference in concession size regardless of their power and counterpart’s anger.Originality/valueOur work is unique in establishing three-way interactive effects of power, personality and emotions in intercultural negotiation outcome relationships. Our findings are specific to an intercultural negotiation context consisting of negotiators from low-status, low-power-distance countries (e.g. the USA) with their counterparts from high-status, high-power-distance countries (e.g. China).

After initial acquisition, problem-solving leads to better long-term performance than example study, even for complex tasks

BackgroundSuccessful implementation of effective acquisition strategies (e.g., example study, problem-solving) could help improve mathematics performance. However, it is not yet fully understood when each acquisition strategy should be used, despite the practical value of this knowledge for mathematics textbook authors, teachers, and students. AimsBuilding upon two recent perspectives on when example study and problem-solving are beneficial, we proposed that the optimal acquisition strategy could depend on both task complexity and retention interval (i.e., time between the final practice opportunity and the test). We conducted a multi-classroom experiment to test this proposition. Sample166 typically-developing Dutch fifth-grade students participated (Mage = 11.14 years; 42.2% boys). MethodsWe used a 2 (Task Complexity: simple vs. complex) x 2 (Acquisition Strategy: example study vs. problem-solving) x 2 (Retention Interval: 5 min vs. 1 week) between-subjects design with problem-solving performance as dependent variable. ResultsThere was no evidence for the hypothesised three-way interaction effect of task complexity, acquisition strategy, and retention interval. However, there was evidence for the hypothesised two-way interaction effect of acquisition strategy and retention interval, independent of task complexity. More specifically, after 5 min, there was no statistically significant performance difference between students studying worked examples and those solving practice problems, but after 1 week, students solving practice problems outperformed those studying worked examples. ConclusionsOur findings imply that, after initial acquisition, problem-solving leads to better long-term problem-solving performance than example study. This holds true even for a relatively complex task and with limited instruction.

Gambling disorder gender analysis: social strain, gender norms, and self-control as risk factors.

Gender differences in problem gambling have attracted much attention in recent gambling literature. However, relatively little is known about how gender norms relate to social strain and self-control in predicting gambling disorder within a spousal context. This study aimed to increase knowledge about gambling disorder in Chinese married couples by assessing the three-way interaction effects between social strain, self-control, and gender norms. A total of 1,620 Chinese married couples were recruited from a representative sample of households in Hong Kong. The results of the generalized ordered logit model revealed the self-control mitigation effect of composite strain on the propensity for gambling disorder is strong in men who accept traditional gender norms. In contrast, in women who accept traditional gender roles, self-control attenuates the effect of recent stressful life events on the propensity for gambling disorder, but self-control exacerbates the effect of negative relationships with offspring on the propensity for gambling disorder. Although reinforcing self-control is a protective factor that can alleviate social strain and disordered gambling for both men and women, the prominent contribution of gender norms to the self-control exacerbation effect deserves close attention for social workers who provide services to these gambling families.

Distributive fairness during the transition to adolescence: The role of peer comparison and social value orientation.

Combining the dictator game (DG) and the ultimatum game (UG), this study recruited 546 Chinese children (321 boys, aged 9-12 years) as distributors, and found that both peer comparison and social value orientation (SVO) significantly influenced children's distributive fairness from late childhood to early adolescence. Results showed that as the unfairness of peer proposals increased, participants decreased the amount of gold coins distributed to the receiver in both tasks, revealing a peer comparison effect. This effect was more pronounced for adolescents than for children in both tasks. In addition, participants' fair distribution behaviors in the DG showed a three-way interaction effect of SVO, grade, and peer comparison. Specifically, for proselfs, children were not influenced by peers and consistently proposed self-interested distributions, whereas adolescents exhibited a peer comparison effect; for prosocials, both children and adolescents were influenced by peers, but children decreased the amount of their distributions only when they saw peers make extremely unfair distributions, whereas adolescents decreased the amount of their distributions when they saw peers make both mildly and extremely unfair distributions. This study highlights the importance of social environment and personal trait in shaping children's fair distribution behavior during the transition from late childhood to early adolescence.

Three-way interaction effect of hindrance research stressors, inclusive mentoring style, and academic resilience on research creativity among doctoral students from China

With the increasingly intense academic competition, the stressors faced by doctoral students are gradually escalating. Based on the Job Demands-Resources Model, this study proposed a moderated moderation to explore how hindrance research stressors affect doctoral students’ research creativity. Explicitly, the present study investigates whether the relationship between hindrance research stressors and research creativity is contingent on inclusive mentoring style and academic resilience. By analyzing the survey data from 538 valid questionnaire responses of doctoral students in China, this study has revealed that hindrance research stressors negatively relate to doctoral students’ research creativity, and inclusive mentoring style from academic supervisors can mitigate the negative impact of hindrance research stressors on the research creativity of doctoral students. Furthermore, academic resilience strengthens the moderating effect of inclusive mentoring style. Specifically, it buffers the negative impact of hindrance research stressors on research creativity among doctoral students who receive high inclusive mentoring, but not among those with low levels of inclusive mentoring. These findings emphasize that effective strategies to enhance the research creativity of doctoral students who encounter hindrance stressors may require the joint consideration of contextual and personal resources.

Mother phubbing and adolescent loneliness: A three-way moderation model involving attachment anxiety and need to belong

Research interest in exploring the negative impacts of mother phubbing on adolescent development is growing. However, limited research has explored the association between mother phubbing and adolescent loneliness, and even less is known about the potential moderating effects within this association. Thus, this study tested the association between mother phubbing and adolescent loneliness and examined whether mother–child attachment anxiety and need to belong simultaneously moderated this relationship. Participants were 4213 high school students (52.5 % boys; Mage = 16.41, SD=0.77) from five provinces in China. They completed questionnaires on demographic information, mother phubbing, loneliness, mother–child attachment anxiety, and need to belong. After controlling for demographic variables, the results revealed that mother phubbing was positively related to adolescent loneliness. Mother-child attachment anxiety exacerbated the relationship between mother phubbing and adolescent loneliness. Moreover, the three-way interaction effect of mother phubbing, mother–child attachment anxiety, and need to belong on adolescent loneliness was significant. Specifically, the relationship between mother phubbing and loneliness was non-significant only for adolescents low in both mother–child attachment anxiety and need to belong. The limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.

The manner in which you craft your job depends on the context: evidence from Poland and China

PurposeDrawing on the job demands-resources theory (JD-R), this study aims to discuss the relationship between paradoxical leadership and job crafting (approach and avoidance), considering the moderating role of overwork climate and organisational identification in two cultural context (China and Poland).Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted on employees from diversified organisations in two different cultural context: China (N = 408) and Poland (N = 400). Statistical verifications of the three-way interaction effect were conducted with Jamovi version 2.3 and multigroup analysis with SPSS AMOS version 29.FindingsThe results showed that employees who perceive high levels of paradoxical leadership and overwork climate as well as possess a high level of organisational identification engage stronger in job crafting, both approach and avoidance. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the dimensions of culture: individualism-collectivism moderate the relationship between the variables tested, in such a way that the relationship is stronger with the lower level of individualism.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has two limitations: its cross-sectional design and the use of self-reported questionnaire data.Originality/valueThe study expands knowledge of the relationship between paradoxical leadership and job crafting in two different cultural contexts.

Impact of Tile Size and Tile Overlap on the Prediction Performance of Convolutional Neural Networks Trained for Road Classification

Popular geo-computer vision works make use of aerial imagery, with sizes ranging from 64 × 64 to 1024 × 1024 pixels without any overlap, although the learning process of deep learning models can be affected by the reduced semantic context or the lack of information near the image boundaries. In this work, the impact of three tile sizes (256 × 256, 512 × 512, and 1024 × 1024 pixels) and two overlap levels (no overlap and 12.5% overlap) on the performance of road classification models was statistically evaluated. For this, two convolutional neural networks used in various tasks of geospatial object extraction were trained (using the same hyperparameters) on a large dataset (containing aerial image data covering 8650 km2 of the Spanish territory that was labelled with binary road information) under twelve different scenarios, with each scenario featuring a different combination of tile size and overlap. To assess their generalisation capacity, the performance of all resulting models was evaluated on data from novel areas covering approximately 825 km2. The performance metrics obtained were analysed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical techniques to evaluate the impact of distinct levels of the fixed factors (tile size, tile overlap, and neural network architecture) on them. Statistical tests were applied to study the main and interaction effects of the fixed factors on the performance. A significance level of 0.05 was applied to all the null hypothesis tests. The results were highly significant for the main effects (p-values lower than 0.001), while the two-way and three-way interaction effects among them had different levels of significance. The results indicate that the training of road classification models on images with a higher tile size (more semantic context) and a higher amount of tile overlap (additional border context and continuity) significantly impacts their performance. The best model was trained on a dataset featuring tiles with a size of 1024 × 1024 pixels and a 12.5% overlap, and achieved a loss value of 0.0984, an F1 score of 0.8728, and an ROC-AUC score of 0.9766, together with an error rate of 3.5% on the test set.

The impact of negative urgency on implicit mobile phone addiction tendency among college freshmen in the context of social exclusion.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of negative urgency on implicit mobile phone addiction tendency among college freshmen, and to observe whether social exclusion situations affect the relationship between negative urgency and implicit mobile phone addiction tendency. The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale was used to screen 575 freshmen from a certain university. The experiment utilized a GO/NO-GO paradigm. Experiment 1 employed a 2 (negative urgency group: high negative urgency group, low negative urgency group) × 2 (word type: phone related words, phone non-related words) two-factor mixed experimental design. Experiment 2 employed a 2 (negative urgency group: high negative urgency group, low negative urgency group) × 2 (social exclusion type: priming group, non-priming group) × 2 (word type: phone related words, phone non-related words) three-factor mixed experimental design. Experiment 1 results showed a significant main effect of negative urgency group and a significant interaction effect between negative urgency group and word type. Experiment 2 results demonstrated a significant main effect of negative urgency group and a significant main effect of social exclusion type. There was a significant interaction effect between word type and social exclusion type, as well as between word type and negative urgency group. The three-way interaction effect among negative urgency group, word type, and social exclusion type was significant. College freshmen with high negative urgency exhibit a higher tendency toward implicit mobile phone addiction. In social exclusion situations, college freshmen show a higher tendency toward implicit smartphone addiction. Social exclusion situations and negative urgency jointly influence the implicit mobile phone addiction tendency of college freshmen.

CSR, Digital Transformation, and Internal Control: Three-Way Interaction Effect on the Firm Value of Chinese Listed Companies

CSR has become a key issue for the qualitative growth of the Chinese economy, while digital transformation has emerged as a crucial strategy for enhancing company competitiveness. Thus, the complex impact of CSR and digital transformation on the firm value is an important research topic. This study analyzes the moderating effect of digital transformation and the three-way interaction effect of internal control on the CSR–firm value relationship. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis of Chinese listed companies shows a significant positive relationship between CSR and the firm value and a positive moderating effect of digital transformation on the CSR–firm value relationship. According to the three-way interaction analysis results, internal control strengthens the moderating effect of digital transformation, which strengthens the positive relationship between CSR and the firm value. This study has academic value as the first to present and empirically analyze a research model on the complementary effects of CSR, DT, and internal control on the firm value. It also presents corporate strategies to respond to changes in the business environment and provides political implications for promoting corporate and social development together.

Information Work with Friends Experiencing an Intimate Health Concern

This study examined whether college students’ expertise and communication competence affect the information provision work they provide to a friend experiencing an intimate health concern. Survey results indicated that students (N = 397) with personal experience with the intimate health concern (i.e., contraception, STIs, pregnancy) provided more information compared to those with similar or no experience. Further, those with greater communication competence provided more information compared to those with less communication competence. A three-way interaction effect emerged for participants that provided information for a contraception concern, but no interaction effects emerged for participants that provided information for a STI or pregnancy concern.

A Tale of Three Advantages: Cross-Cultural Recognition of Basic Emotions Through Virtual Stickers

This study examined recognition of the six basic emotions communicated by 72 stickers provided on Chinese and American social media. Results demonstrate that sadness, happiness, and anger are recognized more accurately than disgust, fear, and surprise. An in-group advantage exists among Chinese instead of American participants, as the latter group recognizes emotions rendered by American and Chinese stickers with similar accuracy. Women outperform men in recognizing anger and fear expressed by stickers. A dynamic advantage manifests in recognizing anger, fear, and happiness rendered by animated stickers, in relation to static stickers. Three-way interaction effects show that emotions rendered by Chinese static stickers are more easily recognized compared to American static stickers. Moreover, women and Chinese participants recognize emotions rendered by Chinese and American animated stickers at similar accuracy levels. By contrast, men and American participants deliver better performances in recognizing emotions expressed by American animated stickers than Chinese animated stickers.

Intergenerational mental health effects of traumatic victimization in Nepal: A 3-D theory study

BackgroundIntergenerational transmission of trauma is a major focus of international research. Epigenetic, complex-trauma, and intergenerational abuse pattern transmission theoretical explanations all have existing empirical support. Three-D theory argues that in addition to trauma victimization severity, victimization invasiveness and exploitativeness have important independent effects. Moreover, 3-D theory claims that a positive 3-way interaction occurs between trauma victimization invasiveness, exploitativeness, and severity. This study examines the 3-D hypotheses in the context of intergenerational trauma effects on adolescent depression symptoms and suicidal ideation in generation two. Three-D theory may play a particularly important role in intergenerational trauma effects for female victims in the context of conservative South Asian sex role norms. ObjectiveTest for main effects, two-way, and three-way interaction effects of invasiveness, exploitativeness, and severity of traumatic victimization on intergenerational transmission to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation in generation two. Pathways from maternal depression and borderline personality symptoms as well as physical and sexual abuse and neglect of the adolescent child were also tested. Participantsand setting. Participants were a nationally representative, random, multi-stage cluster sample of 1089 Nepali mothers and their 15–17 year old adolescent children. MethodsRegression models with adjustments for clustering within municipality were used to test the hypotheses. ResultsOne in four Nepali adolescents had considered suicide; more than half had high depression scores. A three-way interaction effect between maternal trauma invasiveness, exploitativeness, and severity was positively associated with adolescent depression symptoms. A two-way interaction effect between exploitativeness and severity of maternal trauma was positively associated with adolescent suicidal ideation. Maternal depression, BPD symptoms, and very severe physical abuse of the adolescent were also associated with adolescent depression symptoms. ConclusionFurther research is needed to measure and investigate invasiveness, exploitativeness, and severity of traumatic victimization as they bear on intergenerational transmission of trauma. Examination of intergenerational transmission of self-concept as a potential vector is recommended.