Three-way Hybrids Research Articles

CPS-3WS: A critical pattern supported three-way sampling method for classifying class-overlapped imbalanced data

Class-imbalance problem widely exists in real applications ranging from medial diagnosis to economic fraud detection, etc. As one of the mainstream techniques in dealing with imbalanced data, SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling TEchnique) and its extensions mainly rebalance the datasets via generation of observations in specific regions with various adapted strategies. Many of them do not consider the cost of role assignment of samples, and the intractable data complexity (overlap, small disjuncts, etc.) poses additional challenges to them. This paper proposes a critical pattern supported three-way sampling method (CPS-3WS) for classifying class-overlapped imbalanced data, introducing the philosophy of thinking in threes to effective classification in imbalanced learning. Specifically, CPS-3WS uses a three-way sample partition strategy with the Bayes posterior probability by dividing majority and minority classes into three disjoint subsets: risky, critical and safe patterns. CPS-3WS conducts a three-way hybrid sampling through (i) evaluating the risky majority pattern to be eliminated and (ii) selecting critical minority pattern to synthesize new samples under local information constraint. Extensive experiments on 42 UCI benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed CPS-3WS compared with 11 data-level methods. The source code of CPS-3WS is available at https://github.com/ytyancp/CPS-3WS.

Simulation of functional additive and non-additive genetic effects using statistical estimates from quantitative genetic models

Stochastic simulation software is commonly used to aid breeders designing cost-effective breeding programs and to validate statistical models used in genetic evaluation. An essential feature of the software is the ability to simulate populations with desired genetic and non-genetic parameters. However, this feature often fails when non-additive effects due to dominance or epistasis are modeled, as the desired properties of simulated populations are estimated from classical quantitative genetic statistical models formulated at the population level. The software simulates underlying functional effects for genotypic values at the individual level, which are not necessarily the same as effects from statistical models in which dominance and epistasis are included. This paper provides the theoretical basis and mathematical formulas for the transformation between functional and statistical effects in such simulations. The transformation is demonstrated with two statistical models analyzing individual phenotypes in a single population (common in animal breeding) and plot phenotypes of three-way hybrids involving two inbred populations (observed in some crop breeding programs). We also describe different methods for the simulation of functional effects for additive genetics, dominance, and epistasis to achieve the desired levels of variance components in classical statistical models used in quantitative genetics.

Relationship between Rumen Microbial Differences and Phenotype Traits among Hu Sheep and Crossbred Offspring Sheep.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three-way hybrid sheep and Hu sheep on serum indicators, rumen fermentation, rumen enzyme activity, and microorganisms in sheep. Healthy and similar birth weights from three groups (Hu, n = 11; Charolais × Australian White × Hu, CAH, n = 11; Charolais × Dorper × Hu, CDH, n = 11) were selected to be fed by the ewes until 45 days of age. Subsequently, they were weaned intensively and underwent short-term fattening for 3 months along with selected male lambs fed intensively. During this period, they were fed and watered ad libitum. Blood and rumen fluid were collected and analyzed for serum indicators and rumen fluid microorganisms, enzyme activity, and VFA, respectively, at the end of the fattening period. Compared with Hu lamb, the offspring of the three-way hybrid lamb showed significant improvements in body weight, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine content. However, there was no significant effect on serum immunity and antioxidant indices. In addition, the rumen fluid volatile fatty acid (VFA) molar concentration and microcrystalline cellulose and lipase content were significantly lower in the three-way hybrid lamb compared to Hu lamb, but β-glucosidase, amylase, pepsin, and VFA molar ratio were not significantly affected. Subsequently, 16S rRNA sequencing diversity analysis revealed that three-way hybrid lamb significantly increased rumen microbial ACE and Chao1 indices compared to Hu lamb. Meanwhile, the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota and Synergistota significantly increased at the phylum level. Correlation analysis showed that Prevotella had the highest proportion, while Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group correlated most closely with others genus. The microbial communities isovaleric acid molar concentration and proportion were strongly correlated. In addition, there were significant differences in correlations between microbial communities and isobutyric acid, butyric acid and valeric acid content, and their molar proportion, but they were not significantly correlated with digestive enzymes. From the functional enrichment analysis, it was found that hybrid progeny were mainly enriched in the pyruvate metabolism, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, carbon metabolism, and quorum sensing pathways. In contrast, the Hu sheep were primarily enriched in the cysteine and methionine, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolite pathways. These results suggest that hybridization can play a role in regulating organismal metabolism and improve animal production performance by influencing the structure and characteristics of microbial communities.

Molecular and Phenotypic Markers from Many Okra Genotypes were Used to Estimate the Genetic and Phenotypic Distances

The experiment was conducted in the spring of 2021 in an open field in the Al-Mahmudiya district/Baghdad to study the genetic and phenotypic distance of a number of genotypes in okra using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and three replications. As replication contained 18 genotypes of okra, distributed randomly on 18 experimental units, with ten cultivars giving the symbols (O1-O10) and eight hybrids giving the symbols (O11-O18), and at the third true leaf Samples were taken from (18 genotypes) extract DNA and the ISSR method was used to estimate the genetic distance, and the plants agricultural service operations continued and traits of vegetative, flowering and yield growth of genotypes were studied to study the phenotypic distance between them. The results of the genetic distance based on ISSR technology demonstrated that there is a genetic distance between the genotypes of okra under study, with the highest genetic distance between the two genotypes O6 and O15 reaching 0.735. The O6 cultivar displayed a high genetic distance with the most of the other genotypes, as the O10 cultivar which displayed a high genetic distance with most of the other genotypes, which advises plant breeders to use them to create development single hybrids. The hybrids O11, O12, O13, O14, O15, O16, and O17 also demonstrated a high genetic distance with the cultivars O6, O7, O8, O9, and O10, which plant breeders can use it in breeding program to development three-way hybrids. The ISSR results divided into two groups A and B in the genetic Cluster dendogram. the findings of the statistical analysis of the phenotypic variables also revealed that there were significant differences between the genotypes in the measured traits. As the O4 cultivar produced the greatest values for plant height and leaf number, flowers number, pods number (169 pods ) and pod set percentage, The O10 cultivar produced the highest pod weight (5.29 g) and yield per plant (691 g), and the results of the genetic distance based on phenotypic traits demonstrated that there is a phenotypic distance between the genotypes, with the two genotypes O10 and O15 exhibiting the highest genetic distance based on phenotypic traits (371.96 ).as The genotypes were divided into two groups within the cluster analysis depended on phenotypic traits.

Identification of Promising Three-Way Hybrids of Pearl Millet for Drought-Prone Environments of North-Western India

Stable, drought-tolerant, and high-yielding dual-purpose hybrids are needed for cultivation in the drought-prone areas of India. Working towards this, this study was conducted to assess the associations between grain yield and its component traits and the relationships among genotypes to select the most promising hybrids based on multiple traits. In the present investigation, thirty newly developed three-way hybrids (TWHs), along with four popular commercial single-cross hybrids and two open pollinated varieties (OPVs) were evaluated at three sites in the drought-prone ecology of India during the rainy season of 2021–2022. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first three component axes (PC) were significant, with eigenvalues more than one, and together contributed to 74.10% of the total variance. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on the Euclidean distance between hybrids suggested the existence of three clusters. Cluster III (C-III) had hybrids with maximum grain yield, dry fodder yield, and important component traits such as panicle harvest index and grain harvest index that are required for adaptation to drought-prone environments. A genotype by yield × trait (GYT) biplot and a superiority index (SI) were generated to identify the best hybrids with high grain yield and other component traits. These results were used to identify TWHs, namely TH-114, TH-138, TH-49, TH-67, and TH-79, with more than 30% standard heterosis and stable performance coupled with better drought-adaptive traits.

Prediction of additive, epistatic, and dominance effects using models accounting for incomplete inbreeding in parental lines of hybrid rye and sugar beet.

Genomic models for prediction of additive and non-additive effects within and across different heterotic groups are lacking for breeding of hybrid crops. In this study, genomic prediction models accounting for incomplete inbreeding in parental lines from two different heterotic groups were developed and evaluated. The models can be used for prediction of general combining ability (GCA) of parental lines from each heterotic group as well as specific combining ability (SCA) of all realized and potential crosses. Here, GCA was estimated as the sum of additive genetic effects and within-group epistasis due to high degree of inbreeding in parental lines. SCA was estimated as the sum of across-group epistasis and dominance effects. Three models were compared. In model 1, it was assumed that each hybrid was produced from two completely inbred parental lines. Model 1 was extended to include three-way hybrids from parental lines with arbitrary levels of inbreeding: In model 2, parents of the three-way hybrids could have any levels of inbreeding, while the grandparents of the maternal parent were assumed completely inbred. In model 3, all parental components could have any levels of inbreeding. Data from commercial breeding programs for hybrid rye and sugar beet was used to evaluate the models. The traits grain yield and root yield were analyzed for rye and sugar beet, respectively. Additive genetic variances were larger than epistatic and dominance variances. The models' predictive abilities for total genetic value, for GCA of each parental line and for SCA were evaluated based on different cross-validation strategies. Predictive abilities were highest for total genetic values and lowest for SCA. Predictive abilities for SCA and for GCA of maternal lines were higher for model 2 and model 3 than for model 1. The implementation of the genomic prediction models in hybrid breeding programs can potentially lead to increased genetic gain in two different ways: I) by facilitating the selection of crossing parents with high GCA within heterotic groups and II) by prediction of SCA of all realized and potential combinations of parental lines to produce hybrids with high total genetic values.

Genotype x Environment Interactions and Stability of Grain Yield of Maize Hybrids across Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian Agro-ecological Zones in Burkina Faso

Maize is an important staple crop for millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa and, particularly in Burkina Faso, where it ranks first among cereals since 2020. Available maize varieties are low yielding. To enhance maize production SEMAFORT, a seed company founded recently in Burkina Faso, introduced three-way hybrids. The present investigation was performed to assess 128 hybrids in 2018 and the best performing hybrids for genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions in 2019. The study was conducted at one location (Farako-Ba) during the first year of evaluation using an alpha lattice design and in five locations during the second year using a randomized block design. The second year of the study was conducted in two different agro-ecological zones of Burkina Faso. The data were subjected to genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis using GenStat statistical package. The analysis revealed four mega-environments which discriminated the hybrids according to yield potential. In each mega-environment, the best yielding hybrids were identified and will be further tested and possibly released for production in specific areas. The most stable genotype in the highest yielding and most stable environment was SX8-121. It could be grown across Sudan and Sudano-Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso.

Comparison of meat quality and glycolysis potential of two hybrid pigs in three-way hybrid model.

With the improvement of consumers' requirements for pork quality, the method of crossbreeding with excellent local pig breeds to improve meat quality is popular. Saba pig has high reproduction rate, good meat quality and high utilization rate of roughage, but its excellent characteristics have not been fully developed and utilized. To promote the development and utilization of Saba pigs and production of high-quality pork, the meat quality traits and glycolysis potential of Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) (DLY), Berkshire × (Duroc × Saba) (BDS), and Duroc × (Berkshire × Saba) (DBS) three-way crossbred pigs were compared. The results showed that DLY had the highest live weight, carcass weight, lean meat percentage, drip loss, glycolysis potential, muscle diameter, and relative mRNA expression levels of type IIb muscle fibers as well as the lowest ultimate pH (p < 0.05). The lightness value of DBS was the highest (p < 0.05). Among the three crossbred pigs, myristic, arachidic, palmitoleic, and eicosenoic acids were the highest in BDS. These results indicated that the carcass traits of local crossbred pigs were worse than those of DLY pigs, but meat quality was markedly higher, with BDS showing the best meat quality.

First Report of Brown Spot of Dekopon Fruit Caused by Cladosporium tenuissimum in China.

Dekopon citrus (Citrus reticulata Shiranui) is a three-way hybrid (Citrus unshiu Marcov. × C. sinensis Osbeck × C. reticulata Blanco) developed in Japan in 1972. This citrus is popular in China due to its sweet and tender taste (Lim 2012). In November of 2021, a brown spot disease on Dekopon fruits with about 20% disease incidence was observed in an orchard of the Institute of Citrus Research in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China. Initially, the symptoms appeared as slightly sunken deep red to purple spots on the fruit surface, with the disease progression, lesions became brown to brown-black large necrotic regions covered with a fluffy layer of gray spores. Infected fruits were surface sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 sec and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water. Diseased tissues from the edge of lesions were cut into small segments, placed onto potato dextrose agar and incubated at 25℃ for 7 days. Ten single-spore isolates were obtained in total. Fungal colonies were olive green to dark green, velvet-like in texture and sporulated abundantly, surrounded by grayish-white hyphae. Conidiophores were subcylindrical, straight, septate, solitary or in clusters of two to three, and ranged in size from 65 to 550 × 3.8 to 6.3 µm (x ̅= 261.7 ± 60.5 × 5.2 ± 0.4 µm, n=50). Ramoconidia were cylindrical，aseptate, and 10 to 22 × 2.8 to 4.5 µm (x ̅= 15.5 ± 1.4 × 4.0 ± 0.9 µm, n=50). Conidia were lemon-shaped to oval-shaped, smooth-walled, and 1.8 to 5.0 × 1.4 to 2.5 µm (x ̅= 3.9 ± 0.4 × 2.2 ± 0.2 µm, n=50). The morphological characteristics of the pathogen were consistent with those of Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke (Li et al. 2021). For further identification, DNA was extracted from two representative isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, translation elongation factor (EF1-α), and actin (ACT) were amplified by using primers ITS1/ITS4, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, and ACT-512F/ACT-783R (Bensch et al. 2012), respectively. ITS (OM232067, OM232068), EF1-α (OM256525, OM256526) and ACT (OM256529, OM256530) sequences were deposited in GenBank. Multi-gene (combined data set of ITS, EF1-α and ACT) phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the Maximum Likelihood method (Nguyen et al. 2015). Based on the morphological characteristics and the molecular data, two fungal isolates were identified as C. tenuissimum. To evaluate pathogenicity, fifteen fruits were surface sterilized with 1% NaClO solution for 30 sec, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water and dried. Dekopon fruits (n=10) were wounded with a sterile needle and inoculated with a 10 µL drop of conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/mL) of isolate GZCJ-1, followed by incubation at 25℃ and 80% relative humidity. The controls (n=5) were treated with sterile water and maintained under the same conditions. Five days after inoculation, small brown sunken spots were observed on the wounded and inoculated fruits. After 7 days, lesions were coated by a layer of brown conidia that were similar to those described above, whereas control remained symptomless. Pathogenicity test was repeated twice. Cladosporium tenuissimum was consistently re-isolated from inoculated fruits and confirmed by morphological and molecular data, fulfilling the Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. tenuissimum causing the brown spot of dekopon fruit in China and perhaps the world. The disease may become the potential risk for fruit production, making fruits unfit for marketing purposes, and the appropriate management actions will be necessary.

Comparisons of Hematological and Biochemical Profiles in Brahman and Yunling Cattle.

Simple SummaryIn order to evaluate the health condition and differences between Brahman cattle and Yunling cattle, 28 adult Brahman and 65 adult Yunling cattle were analyzed from the same farm with standard grazing management. We detected 55 hematological and biochemical parameters using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The results showed that 27 hematological and biochemical parameters of Brahman cattle were lower than those of Yunling cattle, whereas the other indices detected were higher. Based on the hematological and biochemical parameters investigated, the Yunling cattle may have a better physical condition than Brahman cattle, such as having a greater metabolism and better liver function. Thus, these data suggest that, as a hybrid breed that is half Brahman, Yunling cattle are superior in their abilities of adaptability, stress resistance and tolerance to crude feed. Therefore, our study reveals the underlying molecular basis of Yunling cattle’s better performance at adapting to local environments, and maintaining beef production and reproduction traits.Brahman cattle are tolerant to parasite challenges and heat stress. Yunling cattle are three-way hybrids that are half Brahman cattle, a fourth Murray Grey cattle and a fourth Yunnan Yellow cattle, with good beef performance. The hematological and biochemical parameters can reflect the physiology and metabolic conditions of cattle, and there are valuable indicators of production performance and adaptability that can be found by studying the cattle. To assess the health status and differences, we compared 55 hematological and biochemical parameters of 28 Brahman cattle and 65 Yunling cattle using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Our results showed that 27 hematological and biochemical indices of Brahman cattle were lower than those of Yunling cattle, whereas the other parameters were higher. There are 20 indices with significant differences that were detected between Brahman and Yunling cattle (with p ≤ 0.01 or 0.01 ≤ p ≤ 0.05, respectively), and no significant differences were found for other indices (p > 0.05). Based on these results, Yunling cattle may have a better physical condition than Brahman cattle, may be better at adapting to local environments, and can maintain a good production and reproduction performance. As a new breed that is half Brahman, the abilities of Yunling cattle, including adaptability, stress resistance and tolerance to crude feed, were better than Brahman cattle under the same management conditions.

Genetic Diversity among Single, Double, And Triple Cross Hybrids in Beit Alpha Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Genetic variation was investigated in fifteen single, eighteen three-way, and nine double hybrid crosses and their parents along with nine elite commercial cucumber hybrids. Six lines (NS5, NS9, NS17, NS29, NS31, and NS33) were used to develop these cross hybrids. Based on AFLP and SSR analysis, the studied cucumber genotypes have a narrow genetic base. The results also showed genetic differentiation compared to commercial varieties. Out of 1352 bands produced from 12 AFLP primer pairs, only 47 were polymorphic. Similarly, out of 26 SSR primers, only one primer was polymorphic. The highest heterozygosity index (0.6044), polymorphic information content value (0.5392), and marker Index (0.6044) were observed with M-CTT_E-AAG AFLP primer combination, while the highest effective multiplex ratio (2.8246) and resolving power (4.8421) were observed with M-CTC_E-AGC AFLP primer combination. Genetic distance estimation revealed clear distinctiveness of the studied genotypes with the control varieties. The cluster analysis by UPGMA showed two main clusters covering 84% of the studied genotypes grouped. This research shows that double and three-way hybrid crosses can be used in cucumber hybrid breeding.

Agronomic behaviour and population densities of inbred lines to form maize hybrids for Mexican tropic

Improved seeds are the most important input in corn production, they represent the genetic yield potential and quality production. The objectives of this research were to know the behavior and seed productivity in maize inbred lines, which participate as parents in three-way hybrids. During spring summer season in 2017, there was carried out in Cotaxtla experimental station, INIFAP, in Veracruz, México, a factorial experiment arranged on split plots design distributed in complete blocks at random, with three replications in plots of one row 5 m long and 80 cm wide. There where evaluated 15 elite inbred lines as Small Plot (SP), with densities of 50,000 and 62,500 pl ha-1, as Big Plot (BP). There were registered treatments: Grain yield, days to tassel and silking, plant and ear height, plant and ear aspect and sanity, plant and ear number, lodging, bad husk cover and ear rot. For grain yield, there were found high signifficant differences for density (D) and lines (L) but there was no found statistical signifficance for interaction DxL. The best yield for lines were: LT160, LT173 and LT166, with 5219, 4225 and 4213 kg ha-1, for each one, respectively; Density of 62,500 pl ha-1, registered grain yield of 3154 kg ha-1, 29% more than 50,000 pl ha-1.

Performance of three-way maize hybrids across different agro-ecologies

ABSTRACT The rising demand for maize (Zea mays L.) in West and Central Africa (WCA) requires the availability of economical, adaptable, and high-yielding hybrids in the sub-region. The screening of maize hybrids in multi-environment trials (METs) is necessary for proper varietal selection. The aim of our study was to evaluate three-way maize hybrids for stability of performance across varied agro-ecologies. Forty-five three-way maize hybrids, along with 11 commercial hybrid checks, were evaluated in Zaria (Northern Guinea Savanna), Kisi (Southern Guinea Savanna), Eruwa (Derived Savanna), and Ibadan (Rainforest transition) in Nigeria in 2015. Data on grain yield were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Genotype and genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was employed to explore the genotype × environment interaction (GEI). Combined ANOVA showed that variation attributable to locations, genotypes, and GEI was significant (p ≤ 0.01). Hybrid G22 had 6% to 11% yield advantage over the commercial hybrids SC719 and OBA SUPER 1, whereas hybrids G45, G44, and G42 had 18% to 22% higher yield than the commercial hybrid OBA SUPER 2. GGE biplot identified three location groups, with G46, G22, and G2 being the most adapted hybrids in their respective sectors. GGE biplot analysis adjudged G45, G14, and G13 to be the best combiners of high yield and stability across the test locations. The identified hybrids have the potential to increase maize production and meet the rising local demand for maize in WCA.

Assessment of Egyptian Maize Hybrids for Their Capability of Plant Regeneration using Immature Embryo Culture

The aim of this research was to determine the regeneration capability of five maize hybrids (Syngenta hybrid, Three-way hybrid (324), Single cross hybrid P344 (Pioneer), Single cross hybrid 30N 11 (Pioneer) and Three-way hybrid (321)) using immature embryo explants with four medium protocols. The analysis of variance for in vitro culture traits of explant response indicated that callus induction, callus weight and embryogenic callus significantly responded to maize genotypes, medium protocols and their interaction. Also differences among maize hybrids were highly significant for shoot formation (%), while they were not significant for root formation (%). The four medium protocols indicated highly significant differences for root formation (%) and shoot formation (%). Three-way hybrid (324) and Single cross hybrid 30 N11(Pioneer) had the highest induction frequency of shoot formation on medium protocol D. Both maizehybrids on medium protocol D could be successfully utilized for the in vitro selection studies for maize improvement.

Modern trends in breeding and genetic improvement of sunflower varieties and hybrids at VNIIMK.

Modern sunflower breeding is significantly diversified due to the different needs of agricultural production. The breeding of sunflower varieties and hybrids is carried out at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK) in all areas in demand on the market and is based on fundamental biological research. In the field of breeding for faster maturing, the following commercial cultivars were obtained: very early maturing, cv. Skormas and the three-way hybrid Achilles, early maturing cvs. Varyag and Uspekh, medium maturing cvs. Amelie, Aris and Aurus. Within the framework of breeding for immunity, eight hybrids and one variety have been produced. So at the Don experimental station (Rostov region), productive hybrids were bred, resistant to the virulent broomrape of the G race due to the presence of the Or7 gene: ‘Gorstar’, ‘Gorfild’, ‘Grant’, ‘Status’, ‘Fogor’ and the three-way hybrid Nika. On the central experimental base, the following were obtained: the mid-early hybrid Typhoon and the earlymaturing variety Platonych with resistance to common races of downy mildew and a high oil content of achenes (up to 53 %) as well as the mid-early hybrid Tayzar, which is simultaneously resistant to virulent races of broomrape and to the causative agent of downy mildew. The early maturing large-fruited sunflower variety Belochka was included in the “Russian State Register of Selection Achievements…”, and the large-fruited varieties Karavan, Konditer and Kalibr are currently undergoing state tests. The breeding use of germplasm with genes for herbicide resistance was accompanied by their extensive genetic study. A practical recommendation for all three alleles of the ALS gene (Imr, CLHA-Plus, Sur) was the need to create homozygous hybrids for their reliable use in appropriate production systems. For Clearfield technology, the hybrids Imidzh, Arimi and Immi have been developed; for Clearfield Plus, the hybrid Klip; and for Express Sun (or SUMO), the hybrid Surus. Klip and Surus are mid-oleic. All newly developed fertile ornamental sunflower varieties – Aurelia, Fizalia, Zhemchuzhny, Rumyanets, Agat and Mazhor – were transferred for practical use to a sterile CMS RIG basis. Thus, new achievements have been attained across the entire spectrum of modern trends in sunflower breeding.

"Evaluating the performance of triple crosses and their parents of maize under two plant densities "

"Aiming at evaluating the performance of Three-way and single hybrids and their inbreds of Maize and comparing them with the ""Iba'a5018"" variety under two plants densities, a field. The study included a comparison of 5 inbreds and 10 single inbreds and 11 Three-way hybrids as well as the control variety ""Aba'a 5018"" under two plants densities, Were (60000 and 80000 plants ha-1). Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with four replications under splitplots arrangement were used, the main plots were included two plants densities and the subplots were included the Genotypes (27). Results revealed that low plants density gave ear length (19.64 cm), ears number (1.158 ear plant-1), weight of 100 grains (32.11 gm) plant yield (161.32 gm). Results showed the Inbred 5 gave the high values of plant yield (126.53 gm) because it gave ear height (116.10 cm), leaves number (16.33), ears length (16.50 cm), ears number per plant (1.219 ear plant-1 ), Also the Inbred 4 gave the highest values in yield per plant (132.67 gm), highest weight of 100 grains (30.62 gm). The single hybrids (2×3), (1×3) and (4×5) gave the most significant values in plant yield (164.21, 161.84, and 157.21 gm). As they increased the plant and ears height, leaves number, and ears length it also gave the highestvalues in ears numbers. Most of the Three way hybrids superior over the single hybrids and their inbred and the control synthetic variety, the Three way hybrid (1×2)×5 has a significant differences among his parents and the control variety in yield of plant (184.23 g) ears height average (219.33 cm), ears number (1.24). The hybrids (1×4)×2, (1×3)×5 and (3×4)×2 gave a significant values compared with their parents and control variety in yield per plan. It concluded that the genetics hybrids are appropriate for the Full season, and the single hybrids superior their parents (inbreeds), The best hybrid (3×2) gave the highest yield of planted area reached (11.43 tons ha-1) The Three way hybrid (1×2)×5 gave the highest value in yield of reached (12.75 tons ha-1"

An Iterative Hybrid Algorithm for Roots of Non-Linear Equations

Finding the roots of non-linear and transcendental equations is an important problem in engineering sciences. In general, such problems do not have an analytic solution; the researchers resort to numerical techniques for exploring. We design and implement a three-way hybrid algorithm that is a blend of the Newton–Raphson algorithm and a two-way blended algorithm (blend of two methods, Bisection and False Position). The hybrid algorithm is a new single pass iterative approach. The method takes advantage of the best in three algorithms in each iteration to estimate an approximate value closer to the root. We show that the new algorithm outperforms the Bisection, Regula Falsi, Newton–Raphson, quadrature based, undetermined coefficients based, and decomposition-based algorithms. The new hybrid root finding algorithm is guaranteed to converge. The experimental results and empirical evidence show that the complexity of the hybrid algorithm is far less than that of other algorithms. Several functions cited in the literature are used as benchmarks to compare and confirm the simplicity, efficiency, and performance of the proposed method.

ISSR Analysis Reveals High Genetic Variation in Strawberry Three-Way Hybrids Developed for Tropical Regions

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a species of temperate origin, and the extension of this crop into tropical regions is dependent on genetic breeding. Breeders in the UNICENTRO’s Strawberry Breeding Program (USBP) selected, from among 2,000 hybrids, 40 hybrids that were adapted to photoperiod and temperature conditions of tropical regions. In this study, we used inter-simple sequence repeat to characterize 40 three-way hybrids developed by USBP and evaluated the genetic relationship of these hybrids with commercial cultivars, heirloom cultivars, and single hybrids. We used nine inter-simple sequence repeat primers to genotype 14 commercial cultivars, five heirloom cultivars, five single hybrids (SH), 20 three-way hybrids with short-day behavior (SDH), and 20 three-way hybrids with photoperiod-insensitive behavior (PIH). The percentage of polymorphism (100%) and both, the Nei genetic diversity (h = 0.34) and the Shannon index (I = 0.51), showed high variability and diversity, respectively, in the evaluated strawberry genotypes. Commercial cultivars showed the highest diversity indices (h = 0.30, I = 0.46), followed by PIH hybrids (h = 0.27, I = 0.41). In the dendrogram, the genotypes were distributed into three groups (commercial cultivars, heirloom cultivars, and single hybrids; SDH and PIH). This clustering was confirmed by principal coordinate analysis and Bayesian inference analysis. The overall analysis of the data revealed the efficacy of USBP in three-way hybrid development with different genetic characteristics compared with those of available commercially cultivars. These hybrids have substantial potential in becoming new strawberry cultivars.

Comparison of cecal microbiota composition in hybrid pigs from two separate three-way crosses.

ObjectiveThe intestinal microbiota plays an important role in host physiology, metabolism, immunity, and behavior. And host genetics could influence the gut microbiota of hybrid animals. The three-way cross model is commonly utilized in commercial pig production; however, the use of this model to analyse the gut microbial composition is rarely reported.MethodsTwo three-way hybrid pigs were selected, with Saba pigs as the starting maternal pig: Duroc× (Berkshire×Saba) (DBS) pig, Berkshire×(Duroc×Saba) (BDS) pig. One hundred pigs of each model were reared from 35 days (d) to 210 d. The body weight or feed consumption of all pigs were recorded and their feed/gain (F/G) ratio was calculated. On day 210, 10 pigs from each three-way cross were selected for slaughter, and cecal chyme samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.ResultsThe final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) of DBS pigs were significantly higher than those of BDS pigs (p<0.05), while the F/G ratios of DBS pigs were significantly lower than those of BDS pigs (p<0.05). The dominant phyla in DBS and BDS pigs were Bacteroidetes (55.23% vs 59%, respectively) and Firmicutes (36.65% vs 34.86%, respectively) (p>0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Prevotella, Roseburia, and Anaerovibrio in DBS pigs was significantly lower than in BDS pigs (p<0.01). The abundance of Eubacterium, Clostridium XI, Bacteroides, Methanomassiliicoccus, and Parabacteroides in DBS pigs was significantly higher than in BDS pigs (p<0.05). The FBWs and ADGs were positively correlated with Bacteroides, ClostridiumXI, and Parabacteroides but negatively correlated with the Prevotella, Prevotella/Bacteroides (P/B) ratio, Roseburia, and Anaerovibrio.ConclusionThese results indicated that host genetics affect the cecal microbiota composition and the porcine gut microbiota is associated with growth performance, thereby suggesting that gut microbiota composition may be a useful biomarker in porcine genetics and breeding.

Evaluation of Three-Way Cross Hybrids and Their Parents for Storage Losses in Onion (Allium cepa L.)

The aim of present investigation was the assessment of the several new onion hybrids develop through three- way cross along with their parents for having less problem of weight losses due to sprouting and rotting, and long storage quality at normal room temperature and relative humidity. The design of experimental plot was complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. This study was carried out in the year of 2018-2019 at Division of Vegetable Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru, India. Thirty hybrids developed by three- way cross, thirteen parental lines and one check have been included for the experiment. Three F1 hybrids used as female lines and ten commercial varieties used as male testers, were taken to develop the hybrids through line x tester design. The bulbs of all these genotypes were kept for four months in normal storage chamber at 25-30°C room temperature with 65-70% relative humidity. The overall losses of per cent bulb weigh was recorded and conclude that the three-way hybrids TWCHO-15 (26.91) were recorded for smallest amount of loss followed by TWCHO-5 (27.02), TWCHO-14 (28.83) and TWCHO-4 (29.98). These hybrids can be suggested for more profit to onion grower by keeping for long shelf-life.