Abstract
Modern sunflower breeding is significantly diversified due to the different needs of agricultural production. The breeding of sunflower varieties and hybrids is carried out at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK) in all areas in demand on the market and is based on fundamental biological research. In the field of breeding for faster maturing, the following commercial cultivars were obtained: very early maturing, cv. Skormas and the three-way hybrid Achilles, early maturing cvs. Varyag and Uspekh, medium maturing cvs. Amelie, Aris and Aurus. Within the framework of breeding for immunity, eight hybrids and one variety have been produced. So at the Don experimental station (Rostov region), productive hybrids were bred, resistant to the virulent broomrape of the G race due to the presence of the Or7 gene: ‘Gorstar’, ‘Gorfild’, ‘Grant’, ‘Status’, ‘Fogor’ and the three-way hybrid Nika. On the central experimental base, the following were obtained: the mid-early hybrid Typhoon and the earlymaturing variety Platonych with resistance to common races of downy mildew and a high oil content of achenes (up to 53 %) as well as the mid-early hybrid Tayzar, which is simultaneously resistant to virulent races of broomrape and to the causative agent of downy mildew. The early maturing large-fruited sunflower variety Belochka was included in the “Russian State Register of Selection Achievements…”, and the large-fruited varieties Karavan, Konditer and Kalibr are currently undergoing state tests. The breeding use of germplasm with genes for herbicide resistance was accompanied by their extensive genetic study. A practical recommendation for all three alleles of the ALS gene (Imr, CLHA-Plus, Sur) was the need to create homozygous hybrids for their reliable use in appropriate production systems. For Clearfield technology, the hybrids Imidzh, Arimi and Immi have been developed; for Clearfield Plus, the hybrid Klip; and for Express Sun (or SUMO), the hybrid Surus. Klip and Surus are mid-oleic. All newly developed fertile ornamental sunflower varieties – Aurelia, Fizalia, Zhemchuzhny, Rumyanets, Agat and Mazhor – were transferred for practical use to a sterile CMS RIG basis. Thus, new achievements have been attained across the entire spectrum of modern trends in sunflower breeding.
Highlights
Throughout the more than a century-old history of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) breeding in Russia, which began at V.S
We revealed an incomplete dominance of the resistance gene Or7 to the new virulent broomrape race G during the hybridological analysis carried out at VNIIMK (Guchetl et al, 2019)
The latest breeding achievement is the mid-early maturing productive hybrid Tayzar (Fig. 1), which has been submitted for State variety trial in 2021; it is simultaneously resistant to the virulent broomrape race G and five races of the downy mildew pathogen – 330, 710, 730, 334, and 734 (Demurin et al, 2020c)
Summary
Throughout the more than a century-old history of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) breeding in Russia, which began at V.S. At VNIIMK, Krasnodar, the early-maturing variety-population Skormas was developed from the oil variety SUR by the classical breeding scheme, by the method of multiple individual selection with an evaluation of progeny and subsequent pollination of the best families in terms of a complex of traits. The period from seedling emergence to physiological maturity of the variety Skormas is 79 days with a productivity of 2.96 t/ha and oil content of achenes of 50 % (Detsyna, Illarionova, 2018).
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