Three-way Analysis Research Articles

Pornography and Relational Satisfaction: Exploring Potential Boundary Conditions.

Recent meta-analytic and other large-scale multi-sample studies have established that pornography use is generally associated with lower relational satisfaction. Nevertheless, much remains unknown about the potential boundary conditions of this relationship. Using data from a campus-representative probability sample of more than 750 graduate students in a committed romantic relationship, this exploratory study examined whether the association between more frequent pornography consumption and lower relational satisfaction was moderated by gender, sexual orientation, race, relational length, religious participation, and moral disapproval of pornography. The bivariate correlation between more frequent pornography use and lower relational satisfaction was small, but significant and replicative of prior meta-analytic results. Planned two-way interaction analysis indicated that this association was moderated by gender, with men, but not women, evidencing the negative association. None of the other potential moderators yielded significant two-way interactions. A supplementary three-way interaction analysis, however, suggested that the negative association between pornography consumption and relational satisfaction was primarily carried by White men. These results provide optimism for the replicability of previous findings on pornography and relational satisfaction and suggest that moderated models should incorporate race, in addition to gender, when predicting relational satisfaction from pornography use.

Effect of Ozone on Bond Strength of Different Restorative Materials to Enamel and Dentin

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to examine the effects of ozone treatment applied at two different times, followed by the in vitro application of a reductant solution, on the shear bond strength of four different restorative materials to enamel and dentin. A total of 400 caries-free human molar teeth were randomly divided into enamel and dentin groups, and each was divided into five subgroups. The O20 group received 20-s ozone, O20 + R received 20-s ozone+reductant solution, O80 received 80-s ozone, O80 + R received 80-s ozone+reductant solution, and C was the control group. Each subgroup was then divided into four more subgroups based on restorative material (i.e., nanohybrid resin composite, silorane-based microhybrid resin composite, compomer, or conventional capsulated glass ionomer cement). After water storage for seven days, shear bond-strength data (MPa) were measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until fracture, and failure types were examined. The effects of ozone and ozone+reductant applications on enamel and dentin were examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bond strength data were statistically evaluated using a three-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test (a = 0.05). The bond strength of the control group was like that of the O20 group (p > 0.05), but it was higher than all other groups regardless of the type of restorative material or tooth structure (p < 0.05). Adhesive-type failures were found in most groups. Via SEM examinations, it was observed that ozone applications did not change the enamel morphology, but they did cause narrowing of the dentinal tubule openings in O80 + R.

Influence of cement shade, ceramic thickness, and airborne-particle abrasion of titanium surface on the final color of monolithic lithium disilicate glass-ceramic hybrid-abutment systems in vitro.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of the ceramic thickness, cement shade, and airborne-particle abrasion of the titanium on the final color of titanium base cemented lithium disilicate glass-ceramic restorations. In total, 144 lithium disilicate glass-ceramic disks of three thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm) were cemented to airborne-particle-abraded and non-airborne-particle-abraded titanium disks with six adhesive resin cements. The color measurements were performed with a clinical spectrophotometer. The mean and standard deviation of evaluated ΔE values were calculated. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for analyzing the data. Statistical analyses were computed with a significance level of α = .05 using a statistical software program (Minitab 17, Minitab). The 0.5- and 1-mm-thick ceramic specimens cemented with Panavia V5 Opaque showed the lowest ΔE values when cemented on both non-airborne-particle-abraded (5.62 ± 1.66, 3.15 ± 1.28) and airborne-particle-abraded (5.55 ± 0.86, 3.16 ± 0.49) surfaces, while the highest values were seen in the groups cemented with RelyX U200 A2 (29.22 ± 0.83, 17.23 ± 0.45) and Panavia V5 A2 (29.94 ± 1.17, 16.71 ± 0.44) on airborne-particle-abraded surfaces. For the 1.5-mm-thick ceramics, the lowest ΔE values were seen when Multilink MO 0 cement was used on non-airborne-particle-abraded surfaces (1.56 ± 0.29) and when Panavia V5 Opaque was used on airborne-particle-abraded surfaces (1.56 ± 0.66). The highest values were seen when RelyX U200 A2 (9.77 ± 1.13), PA2 (9.24 ± 0.25), and Multilink HO 0 (9.19 ± 1.33) were used on airborne-particle-abraded surfaces, and when Multilink HO 0 (9.61 ± 1.70) was used on non-airborne-particle-abraded surfaces. The 1-mm-thick ceramics cemented with Multilink HO 0 showed higher ΔE values (12.05 ± 1.99) for airborne-particle-abraded and non-airborne-particle-abraded (12.58 ± 1.06) than thinner (0.5 mm) or thicker (1.5 mm) ceramics. Thinnest ceramic superstructures resulted in the highest ΔE values. Cements that mask the underlying color reflect their own shade under thin superstructures. Airborne-particle abrasion of titanium surfaces increases the grayish reflectance if cement shade does not have the color masking ability.

Effective stretching position for the posterior deltoid muscle evaluated by shear wave elastography.

Deteriorated extensibility of the posterior deltoid muscle is one of the factors of posterior shoulder tightness, and improvement in its extensibility is needed. However, no study has investigated which shoulder positions effectively stretch the posterior deltoid muscle invivo. The aim of this study was to verify the effective stretching position of the posterior deltoid muscle invivo by shear wave elastography. Fifteen healthy men participated in this study. The shear modulus of the posterior deltoid was measured at resting and 13 stretching positions: 60°, 90°, and 120° shoulder flexion; maximum shoulder flexion, horizontal adductions at 60°, 90°, and 120° shoulder flexion; internal rotations at 60°, 90°, and 120° shoulder flexion; and combinations of horizontal adduction with internal rotation at 60°, 90°, and 120° shoulder flexion. The shear moduli of each stretching position were compared to those of the rest. Then, among the stretching positions for which the shear modulus was significantly different from the rest, the shear moduli were compared using a three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures of the 3 factors-flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation. The shear moduli in all stretching positions were significantly higher than those of the rest, except for maximum shoulder flexion. The three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed significant main effects in flexion and horizontal adduction. Comparing the flexion angles, the shear modulus was significantly higher at 90° than that at 60° and 120°. The shear modulus with horizontal adduction was significantly higher than that without horizontal adduction. Moreover, a significant two-way interaction was found only at flexion and horizontal adduction. The shear modulus with horizontal adduction was significantly higher at all angles than that without horizontal adduction at each flexion angle. Comparing the flexion angles with horizontal adduction, the shear modulus was significantly higher at 90° than that at 60° and 120°. No significant three-way interactions were found. Shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction affected the extensibility of the posterior deltoid muscle, whereas the effect of shoulder internal rotation was limited. More precisely, maximal horizontal adduction at 90° shoulder flexion was the most effective stretching position for the posterior deltoid muscle.

Colours and price offers: How different price communications can affect sales and customers’ perceptions

It has been studied that colours are important pieces of information in everyday life and that they ‘boost memory, engage participation, attract attention, convey messages, and create feeling’. Despite the awareness of the importance of colours also for marketers, academic research is not abundant and there is a lack of studies that link colours to the management of the marketing mix. The present work tries to understand how colours may affect price perceptions and how the effectiveness of different price mechanisms may vary using different colours in the FMCG market.A 2x2 (red vs yellow special display/discount vs LPG price deal) experiment has been conducted in a real store environment thanks to the collaboration of a leading italian chain.The results obtained from a three-way analysis (instore observations, instore questionnaires and sales data) can add valuable pieces of information regarding the effectinevess of colours in improving the performance of instore marketing strategies.

Effects of staining and artificial aging on optical properties of gingiva-colored resin-based restorative materials

ObjectivesTo evaluate CIEDE2000/CIELAB differences in color (ΔE00/ΔEab), and translucency parameter (ΔTP00/ΔTPab), and gloss of gingiva-colored resin-based restorative materials upon staining/aging.Materials and methodsDisc-shaped, 10 mm in diameter, and 2-mm-thick samples (n = 5/group) were made from giomer (Beautifil II gingiva), oligomer-based (crea.lign GUM gel), CAD/CAM polymethyl-methacrylate-based (IvoBase CAD), PMMA-based (ProBase Hot), and dimethacrylate-based (SR Nexco Paste Gingiva). Color and gloss were recording using a benchtop spectrophotometer and gloss meter, respectively, at baseline (T0), and upon staining in coffee or red wine for 60 (T1) and 120 h (T2), or artificial aging of 150 kJ/m2 (T1) and 300 kJ/m2 (T2). Three-way analysis of variance (materials x staining conditions x time intervals), Tukey’s test (α = 0.05), and Pearson’s correlation test were used in analytical statistics.ResultsCIEDE2000 color differences ranged from 1.0 to 4.4 (coffee), 1.5 to 5.3 (wine), and 0.9 to 2.0 after artificial aging, with ΔE00 values being significantly higher for Beautifil than other materials (p < 0.05). ΔTP00 values ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 and were statistically higher upon staining in wine compared to artificial aging (p < 0.05). Gloss values at T0 were 76.7–87.0. Beautifil exhibited the lowest gloss retention (50.8–60.2%) after staining, compared to > 90% of other materials (p < 0.05). ΔE00/ΔEab and ΔTP00/ΔTPab were positively correlated (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsColor, translucency, and gloss changes of gingiva-colored restorative materials were material- and staining/aging-dependent. Generally, wine caused greatest changes in color (with IvoBase CAD being the most color stable) and translucency parameter. All materials except Beautifil gingiva II exhibited staining- and aging-dependent gloss retention greater than 90% for all compared time intervals.Clinical relevanceOptical properties of resin-based gingiva-colored restorative materials depend on material, staining/aging conditions, and exposure time. Certain materials should be avoided in individuals with high consumption of red wine and coffee.

Evaluation of Ring Amplitude and Factors Affecting Ring Amplitude in Multifocal Electroretinography in Diabetic Eyes

ABSTRACTPurposeThe aim of this paper was to evaluate the ring amplitudes in diabetic patients and to evaluate the effect of the risk factors for diabetic retinopathy on the ring amplitudes. We also aimed to investigate the success of ring amplitudes in classifying diabetic retinopathy.MethodsThe study included 32 eyes of 32 diabetic patients without retinopathy (DM), 34 eyes of 34 patients with mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) without macular edema, and 62 eyes of 62 age- and sex-matched controls (CG). All subjects were evaluated using mfERG. The relationship between age, diabetes duration, HbA1c and ring amplitudes and the effect of diabetes and hypertension on ring amplitudes were evaluated. Three-way ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the discrimination power of the ring amplitudes.ResultsIn the comparison of the ring amplitudes, the amplitudes of the DM and NPDR groups were statistically significantly decreased compared to the CG (p < .05). A moderate to strong correlation was found between the duration of diabetes, HbA1c and ring amplitudes (p < .05). The effect of diabetes decreased towards the peripheral rings and hypertension did not affect ring amplitudes. Volume under the ROC surface of R1 = 0.65 had p < .05 and 95% CI [0.50–0.72], and the best cut-off point pair to differentiate the three classes was found to be c1 = 217.3, c2 = 151.2 in three-way ROC analysis.ConclusionIn conclusion, the effects of diabetes are unevenly distributed on the retina topographically. Diabetes affects the central rings more than peripheral rings in multifocal ERG. Both ring densities and ring ratios are effective ways to identify early changes in retinal function.

A study on the effect of process parameters on the joint strength and leak tightness in electromagnetically assisted adhesive Cu-SS tube-to-tube joining through statistical analysis

This work studies an improved hybrid joining technique combining electromagnetic forming and adhesive joining to create a leak-tight Cu-SS tube-to-tube joint named as electromagnetically assisted adhesive joining (EAAJ). An experimental investigation is performed considering three discharge energy (3.9 kJ, 4.4 kJ and 5.0 kJ), four adhesive application lengths (20 mm, 15 mm, 10 mm and 5 mm), three adhesives (Loctite 638, Loctite 567, and Loctite SI 596) and four curing times (24 h, 48 h, 96 h and 120 h) ad process parameters. The mechanical properties of the joints are investigated using testing techniques like pull-out, compression, and micro-hardness tests. An increase in joint strength is observed with the decrease in adhesive application length and increase in curing time. Maximum joint strength, 90% of the base copper tube strength, is obtained in the case of Loctite 638, with 5 mm of adhesive application length, 5.0 kJ of discharge energy and 96 h of curing time. Furthermore, a three-way analysis (3-way ANOVA) of variance technique is implemented to calculate the contribution of the three factors (discharge energy, adhesive application length, type of adhesives) on the joint strength. A cohesive and adhesive failure mode combination leading to sliding failure mode is observed as a joint failure mechanism during pull-out and compression testing. A leak testing setup has been developed to investigate the joint's leak tightness by an air pressure decay test. An increment in leak tightness by 1000 times is observed in 638 EAAJ samples compared to samples joined without adhesives. A 3-way ANOVA analysis is also performed to calculate the contribution of different factors on leak tightness of the joint. Micro-hardness is observed to be increased near the joint interface compared to the base metal. Deformation analysis has highlighted the impact of field shaper slit causing a non-uniformity in radial deformation in the circumferential direction and leading to non-uniform circumferential accumulation of adhesive.

A Study on the Design Procedure of Three-Dimensional Printable Tactile Graphics for Individuals With Visual Impairments

Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) printing can be used to produce tactile teaching materials for individuals with visual impairments. Although 3D and 2.5D teaching materials are based on realistic content, no systematic conversion model for 2D materials exists. Here, we combined the previous findings and this study's results and technology to develop procedure recommendations for tactile-graphic design. Methods: We enrolled 19 participants with congenital blindness to identify and name the tactile graphics. The tactile graphic design involved height differences, materials, and operation zone areas. We recorded the identification time, accuracy, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Task Load Index assessment performance and conducted a three-way analysis of the variance to investigate the interactions. Results: A larger area resulted in a better performance in seconds; model 3 (high lines and low planes) under large areas obtained the lowest speed and accuracy performances. Large areas were associated with a better intelligent load, physical load, mental load, and self-performance scores. Model 1 (equal line and plane heights) yielded better physical-load performance. Model 3 was found to be superior when thermoplastic elastomers were used under large areas. Discussion: Larger area ratios could increase the identification performance. As model 3 is not recommended, model 1 was found to be better than model 4 (non-operation-guiding zones become planes) in terms of physical load. Model 2 (low lines and high planes) required more time than model 1; hence model 1 is recommended. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) materials such as FDM_TPE (thermoplastic elastomer) increases the identification steps and should not be used first. The FDM_PLA (polylactic acid) platform is inexpensive and easier to operate than stereolithography (SLA) materials such as SLA_ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene); hence FDM_PLA is recommended. Implications for Practitioners: When designing the graphics, a plan view photograph of the object can be obtained for delineating the contours first. Adjustments should be made after confirming the presentation model. The graphic may then be transferred for 3D printing with PLA materials.

Effect of air abrasion, acid etching, and aging on the shear bond strength with resin cement to 3Y-TZP zirconia

This study investigates the effect of acid etching treatment on the surface microstructure, surface roughness, and surface contact angle of zirconia and compares the effects of air abrasion, different etching times, and aging on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin cement on the zirconia surface. 480 specimens (9 × 10 × 10 mm) were divided into as-sintered and air-abraded groups, and each group was further subdivided into six groups based on etching time (0, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min). The etching solution comprised hydrofluoric acid 25%, sulfuric acid 16%, hydrogen peroxide, methyl alcohol, and purified water. The shear bond strength (SBS), scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness, contact angle, and failure mode were measured. The results indicated that the mean SBS values increased and decreased significantly when the etching times increased to 20 min and 30 min, respectively, in both groups. Further, SBS after aging was lower than that before aging in all groups. Sandblasting, etching time, and aging all showed significant effects (p < 0.001) in the three-way analysis of variance. In addition, the surface roughness increased and the contact angle decreased significantly with an increase in etching time. Thus, the acid-etching treatment induced significant changes on the zirconia surface and increased the SBS of the resin cement. The results of this in vitro study suggest that acid etching is a promising alternative for zirconia surface treatment.

Static and Dynamic Balance Indices among Kindergarten Children: A Short-Term Intervention Program during COVID-19 Lockdowns.

The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak had a negative impact on kindergarten activities. These young children, who had been compelled to stay home during lockdowns, suffered a lack of movement and loss of mobility, resulting in deteriorated physical motor skills. Lack of sufficient motor experience in early childhood can impair children’s motor and cognitive development. Balance skills are fundamental to all other motor abilities, from the most basic movements to the most complex motor skills. The purpose of this study was to implement a short-term physical activity program, which may have a direct effect on children’s fundamental balance ability. Ninety-six kindergarten children (45 boys and 51 girls), aged 4–6 years, participated in the study. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and interaction analyses. The results suggest that short, focused, and dedicated balance training programs have a beneficial influence on the static balance of preschoolers and can mitigate some of the negative physical outcomes of lockdowns. In conclusion, this study indicates that a short-term physical training program had a positive effect on the motor abilities of preschoolers after COVID-19-related lockdowns. More research is needed in order to fully understand the complete impact of the worldwide health crisis and the best ways in which to address it.

Effect of scanning speed, scanning pattern, and tip size on the accuracy of intraoral digital scans

Statement of problemCurrently available intraoral scanning technology makes intraoral scanning quicker and allows the use of smaller scanner tips. However, studies on the influence of scanning speed, tip size, and scanning patterns on scanning accuracy are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of scanning speed, scanning pattern, and scanner tip size on scanning trueness and precision. Material and methodsA total of 120 complete arch intraoral scans were made with an intraoral scanner (Emerald). The 3 variables were tip size (small and regular), scanning pattern (occlusal first and S-shaped), and scanning speed (slow, regular, and fast). Ten scans for each variable combination were made and exported as standard tessellation language (STL) files. A laboratory scanner (E4) was used for the reference scan. The exported images were analyzed with an image analysis software program (Geomagic Control X). Root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values between the intraoral scans and the reference scan were calculated to assess trueness. RMSD values between each intraoral scan were calculated to assess precision. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the influence of each variable, and Tukey HSD tests were used for multiple comparisons (α=.05). ResultsFor trueness evaluation, tip size was the only significant factor (P<.001). The scans made with a smaller tip showed lower trueness than the scans made with a regular tip. For precision evaluation, all 3 variables, tip size, scanning speed, and scanning pattern, had significant influence (P≤.001). The use of a small tip, fast scanning speed, and S-shaped scanning pattern made intraoral scanning less precise. ConclusionsThe use of a small scanner tip negatively affected both trueness and precision. Fast scanning speed and S-shaped scanning pattern produced scans with lower precision than regular or slow scanning speed and the occlusal-first scanning pattern.

Network rule extraction under the network formal context based on three-way decision.

Knowledge discovery combined with network structure is an emerging field of network data analysis and mining. Three-way concept analysis is a method that can fit the human mind in uncertain decisions and analysis. In reality, when three-way concept analysis is placed in the background of a network, not only the three-way rules need to be obtained, but also the network characteristic values of these rules should be obtained, which is of great significance for concept cognition in the network. This paper mainly combines complex network analysis with the formal context of three-way decision. Firstly, the network formal context of three-way decision (NFC3WD) is proposed to unify the two studies mentioned above into one data framework. Then, the network weaken-concepts of three-way decision (NWC3WD) and their corresponding sub-networks are studied. Therefore, we can not only find out the network weaken-concepts but also know the average influence of the sub-network, as well as the influence difference within the sub-network. Furthermore, the concept logic of network and the properties of its operators are put forward, which lays a foundation for designing the algorithm of rule extraction. Subsequently, the bidirectional rule extraction algorithm and reduction algorithm based on confidence degree are also explored. Meanwhile, these algorithms are applied to the diagnosis examples of COVID-19 from which we can not only get diagnostic rules, but also know the importance of the population corresponding to these diagnostic rules in the network through network eigenvalues. Finally, experimental analysis is made to show the superiority of the proposed method.

Remineralization of early enamel lesions with a novel prepared tricalcium silicate paste

To evaluate the remineralization potential of prepared tricalcium silicate (TCS) paste compared to silver diamine fluoride-potassium iodide (SDF-KI) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on artificial enamel lesions. Thirty permanent sound molars were collected for the study. After cleaning, root cutting, and applying acid-resistant nail varnish, leaving a 4 × 4 mm buccal window, the teeth were subjected to demineralization process. The teeth were divided into three treatment groups (n = 10). In each group, the teeth were sectioned buccolingually to obtain two halves (30 self-control and 30 experimental halves). The self-control halves were subjected to cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at 50, 100, and 150 µm from the external enamel surface, and micromorphological analysis at the superficial enamel surface. The experimental halves were subjected to the same tests after 30 days of remineralization. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) outcomes showed no significant difference in CSMH after treatment among the three different groups at the different levels (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, three-way ANOVA outcomes showed a significant difference in calcium/ phosphate ratio after treatment among the three different groups at the different levels. (p < 0.05). The tricalcium silicate paste used in this study showed potential remineralization in subsurface enamel lesions.

Efficacy of ethyl acetate extract of Alangium salviifolium fruit pericarp against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Mosquitoes transmit major human diseases, resulting in millions of fatalities each year and the development of chemical insecticide resistance, leading to a rebound in vectorial capacity. Plants could be used as a mosquito repellent alternative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocontrol potentiality of ethyl acetate extract of fruit pericarp of Alangium salviifolium against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. 100% larval mortality was recorded after 72 h of exposure with 50, 40 ppm, and 30 ppm concentrations of ethyl acetate extract against 3rd instar mosquito larvae. The bioactive compound responsible for larval mortality was isolated by TLC (Rf value of 0.33). 3rd instar larvae were found to be the most susceptible (LC50 = 3.60 ppm) among all the instars and corresponding LC50 values were 4.45 ppm and 4.52 ppm for 2nd and 4th instars larvae respectively after 72 h of exposure. The mortality rate of all larval instars was directly proportional to the concentration of bioactive compounds. Three-way ANOVA analysis revealed that larval instars, the concentration of bioactive compound, and time of exposure had a significant effect on larval mortality. In the bioactive TLC fraction of A. salviifolium (Rf value of 0.33), FT-IR spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of numerous functional groups. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of Benzoyl bromide and 3-Amino -5 (2-Furyl) Pyrazole in the extract. The compounds were also studied on non-target organisms such as Anisops sardea, 4th instar larvae of Chironomus sp. and Diplonychus annulatum, and in all the cases no abnormalities were recorded.

Distance, information and bank lending in China

This study aims to examine whether branch-firm distance, branch-headquarter distance and local bank competition affect bank lending in China. By incorporating loan transactions and geographic information of banks and firms, this study applies a three-way regression analysis among listed firms in China. Both branch-firm and branch-headquarter distances are found significantly decreasing loan amount, by increasing information cost and cutting off soft information. The demand for soft information reduces loan credit, which is more salient among samples of Big 4 banks. The above pattern is also found more apparent for inter-province loans, where branch is collecting information at a relatively higher cost and lack of soft information. Additionally, distant loans are also found vulnerable to credit reduction of banks. This study also finds that the bank branch facing greater local competition would issue greater amount of loans to borrowing firms. The major academic contribution of this paper is the innovative measure of soft information demand as the distance between bank branch and its headquarter, which highlights the study on soft information and helps clarify issues on bank loans in China.

Three-way principal balance analysis: algorithm and interpretation

Three-way principal balance analysis: algorithm and interpretation

The Association between Longitudinal BMI Patterns in Children and their Parents

ObjectivesParental (maternal and paternal) weight before and after pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of obesity in the offspring. However, less is known on the longitudinal association between parental and child growth trajectories across early childhood. This work aims to describe parental and child body mass index (BMI) trajectory patterns from birth until adolescence and assess their association.MethodsWe analyzed 1537 single-child families participating in the Applied Research Group for Kids (TARGet Kids! ) cohort (ON, Canada). Children and their parents had repeated measurements of weight and length or height from child's birth to 13 years during scheduled visits with their primary care physician. These measurements were used to calculate BMI for parents and age and sex adjusted BMI z-scores (zBMI) for children based on the World Health Organization. Latent class mixed modeling was used to identify children and parental growth patterns. A loglinear analysis was conducted to study the tri-party interaction between child, maternal, paternal longitudinal patterns. Jaccard distance was used to assess cluster similarity.ResultsWe identified two distinct patterns in children (normal, increasing obesity), mothers (normal, increasing obesity), and fathers (overweight, obesity). The three-way loglinear analysis indicated that the tri-party interaction between children, maternal and paternal growth patterns interaction was significant (χ2 (1) = 15.1, p < .001). 92.1% of children in the normal pattern had mothers in the normal pattern and fathers in the overweight pattern. Cluster similarity was 63% for mothers and children, but 12.5% between fathers and children, with most children from the increasing obesity group with a father in the overweight group.ConclusionsThere is a significant tri-party association between children, maternal and paternal BMI patterns from birth to adolescence. Future studies should aim in studying eating and other health behaviors associated with these relationships at the family level.Funding SourcesJoannah and Brian Lawson Center for Child Nutrition, Ontario Graduate Scholarship, Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Effect of different irrigation activation methods on non-infected dentinal tubule penetration of medicaments: A CLSM study.

The whole root canal disinfection is crucial in terms of long-term endodontic success. In this context, applying medicaments following effective irrigation activation procedures becomes an important point. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various irrigation activation techniques on non-infected dentinal tubule penetration of calcium hydroxide (CH), double (DAP), and triple (TAP) antibiotic pastes. A total of 180 extracted human permanent mandibular premolar single-rooted teeth were selected and randomly divided into a control group and four main groups according to the irrigation activation procedures (n = 36) as KTP laser irradiation, conventional needle, NaviTip FX, sonic (SI) and ultrasonic activation (UI) procedures. Each group was randomly subdivided into three subgroups according to the medicament type (n = 12); CH, DAP, and TAP. After the activation procedures, the root canals were filled with CH, TAP, and DAP mixed with 0.1% fluorescent rhodamine B isothiocyanate. Specimens were sectioned at 2, 5, and 8 mm from the apex, and all the sections were examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope to calculate the dentinal tubule penetration. Data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests (P = 0.05). TAP provided a statistically significant greater penetration than the other groups (P < 0.05). UI provided a statistically significant higher dentinal tubules penetration area than other activation procedures (P < 0.05). Medicament penetration depends on the type of medicament, activation procedures, and root canal level. The TAP may be preferred following the ultrasonic activation in terms of long term root canal treatment success.

Economic Analysis of Tissue-First, Plasma-First, and Complementary NGS Approaches for Treatment-Naïve Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma.

BackgroundTo compare the testing costs and testing turnaround times of tissue-first, plasma-first, and complementary next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches in patients with treatment-naïve metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.Materials and MethodsWe developed a decision tree model to compare three different approaches. Patients were entered into the model upon cancer diagnosis and those with both insufficient tissue specimens and negative liquid-based NGS were subjected to tissue re-biopsy. Actionable gene alterations with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies included epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangement, ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) rearrangement, B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) V600E mutation, rearranged during transfection (RET) gene rearrangement, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) mutation, neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene rearrangement, K-Ras proto-oncogene (KRAS) G12C mutation, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) mutation. Model outcomes were testing costs, testing turnaround times, and monetary losses taking both cost and time into consideration. We presented base-case results using probabilistic analysis. Stacked one-way and three-way sensitivity analyses were also performed.ResultsIn terms of testing costs, tissue-first approach incurred US$2,354($1,963–$2,779) and was the most cost-efficient strategy. Complementary approach testing turnaround time (days) of 12.7 (10.8 to 14.9) was found as the least time-consuming strategy. Tissue-first, complementary, and plasma-first approaches resulted in monetary losses in USD of $4,745 ($4,010–$5,480), $6,778 ($5,923–$7,600), and $7,006 ($6,047–$7,964) respectively, and identified the same percentage of patients with appropriate FDA-approved therapies. Costs for liquid-based NGS, EGFR mutation rates, and quantity of tissue specimens were the major determinants in minimizing monetary loss. Plasma-first approach would be the preferable strategy if its testing price was reduced in USD to $818, $1,343, and $1,869 for populations with EGFR mutation rates of 30%, 45%, and 60% respectively.ConclusionThe tissue-first approach is currently the best strategy in minimizing monetary loss. The complementary approach is an alternative for populations with a low EGFR mutation rate. The plasma-first approach becomes increasingly preferable as EGFR mutation rates gradually increase.