Three-tier Model Research Articles

Examining Use of the Schoolwide Expectations Survey for Specific Settings to Build Expectation Matrices: A Pilot Study

The Schoolwide Expectations Survey for Specific Settings (SESSS) is a free-access tool school leadership teams can use to gather opinions from faculty and staff regarding what student behaviors are critical for success in various school settings. While the SESSS has been used for over a decade to inform the building of schoolwide expectation matrix as part of their Comprehensive, Integrated, Three-Tiered model of prevention, little is known about the extent to which data from the SESSS informs the actual building of schoolwide expectation matrices. In this pilot descriptive study, we examined SESSS data from 10 elementary, middle, and high schools from two Midwestern districts in the United State to determine how much and which data from the SESSS were included in their expectation matrices. Using a standardized rubric to score each school’s inclusion rate of SESSS items, results indicated all schools included most items rated as critical for success by 75% or more faculty and staff. We discuss implications and future directions.

Accurate crop disease identification and classification in smart agriculture using a three-tier model and optimized fully conventional network

Accurate crop disease identification and classification in smart agriculture using a three-tier model and optimized fully conventional network

A smart monitoring and observation framework for aquaponics ecosystem

Aquaponics is a sustainable and efficient agricultural system that integrates aquaculture with agriculture. This system integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technology in aquaponics systems with the potential to change sustainable agriculture by combining farming of fish (aquaculture) and soilless cultivation of plants (hydroponics) into a single, efficient ecosystem. This paper explores the design and development of a smart aquaponics system that allows aquaponic farming at commercial scale feasible, leveraging IoT to continuously gather data through various sensors, monitor environmental conditions, and automate control processes. The proposed system architecture is based on a three-tier model, ensuring scalability and maintainability. The proposed system consists of a three-layer architecture: the Perception Layer for measuring different environmental factors and controlling them, the Network Layer for data transmission, and the Application Layer for data storage, manipulation, and user interaction. The key components include sensors for monitoring pH, humidity, temperature, sunlight, oxygen levels, and water proximity; devices such as lights, water pumps, fans, and oxygen pumps for environmental control; and an ESP8266 microcontroller for system management. The system's software is developed using C# DOT NET CORE 8.0, React, MySQL, C, and Arduino. The system allows users the ability to maintain optimal conditions for fish and plant growth, notify users of irregularities, and allow remote control through a web application, proving it to be an intelligent, flexible, low-cost, and stable solution for large-scale aquaponics.

Measuring successful conversations in couples with and without aphasia: A scoping review.

Aphasia impacts communication and relationships. While counselling is increasingly recognised as a component of the speech-language therapy role, the success of conversation partner training is typically measured in terms of communication alone. This scoping review aimed to describe how successful conversation is currently measured with couples-with and without aphasia, to inform the development of an ecologically valid measure for couples with aphasia. The scoping review was reported in alignment with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Extensions for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SCR). MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were searched for conversation treatment studies for couples with and without aphasia. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were extracted from included studies and screened against the three-tier model of situated language to shortlist those that measure everyday communication. Items within shortlisted PROMs were further described using the refined International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health linking rules. Following screening and full-text review, 46 studies were included, consisting of 24 studies conducted with couples with aphasia and 22 studies conducted with couples without aphasia. For couples with aphasia, 13 PROMs were identified that measured everyday communication. Of these, 23% were dyadic (i.e., measured from the perspectives of both members of the couple); however, they usually only appraised the communication behaviours of the person with aphasia. For couples without aphasia, eight PROMs were identified that measured everyday communication; all were dyadic and measured both attitudes and communication behaviours of both partners. Conversation relies on the interaction of two people, and success in conversation is best rated by those having the conversation. The use of PROMs is recommended as part of person and relationship-centred practice; however, there is currently no validated PROM for conversation in aphasia that considers the perspectives and behaviours of both the person with aphasia and their communication partner. The PROM items identified in this study will form the basis of future research to develop a PROM for couples' conversations in aphasia. What is already known on the subject Communication partner training (CPT) for couples, where one person has aphasia, can improve conversation skills and enhance relationships. Clinician-rated measures, such as conversation analysis, have been used to measure the outcomes of CPT. However, there is a lack of person-centred or self-rated outcome measurement instruments. that is, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for couples' conversations in aphasia. What this paper adds to existing knowledge We have identified outcome measurement instruments used in conversation treatment studies for couples with and without aphasia. We found that most PROMs used in aphasia treatment studies were not dyadic, that is, they did not include the self-report of both communication partners. In contrast, the PROMs used with couples without aphasia were dyadic and contained items that measured a more complex range of both partners' emotions, behaviours and attitudes. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? This study provides insights into the content and characteristics of PROMs for couples' conversation therapy and may assist clinicians in selecting outcome measurement instruments in their practice.

Examining the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Elementary Students’ Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Schools Implementing Tiered Systems

Examining the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Elementary Students’ Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Schools Implementing Tiered Systems

Developing a Conceptual Framework for Characterizing and Measuring Social Resilience in Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI)

Many cities are increasingly adopting blue-green infrastructure (BGI) to bolster their resilience against environmental challenges. Beyond its well-acknowledged environmental benefits, the role of BGI in enhancing social resilience is becoming an equally important area of focus. However, the integration of BGI in fostering social resilience presents complexities, stemming from the evolving and occasionally ambiguous definition of social resilience. Considering the broad application of BGI across various disciplines makes the evaluation of social resilience within a BGI framework complex. Consequently, a structured approach to develop a clear framework tailored to understanding and measuring social resilience in a BGI setting is needed. This study consolidates various existing frameworks of social resilience, especially utilizing the detailed 5S framework proposed by Saja et al. It integrates findings from an extensive review of literature on social resilience to develop a novel conceptual framework—the BGI Social Resilience Framework. This new framework specifically aims to capture the distinct social aspects and advantages associated with BGI. The BGI Social Resilience Framework is organized into a three-tier model, focusing on four critical aspects of social resilience—social values, social capital, social structure, and social equity—and explores how these aspects are interconnected. Characteristics and indicators are customized to accommodate the context of BGI in a way that integrates the physical and human dimensions within a comprehensive approach to measurement that uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Specifically, this research formulates a theoretical framework for BGI with the aim of investigating BGI strategies and viewpoints that bolster social resilience. The BGI Social Resilience Framework takes into account the varied demographics and the physical characteristics of urban areas to explore ways to create BGI spaces that are more inclusive and that contribute to the enhancement of social resilience.

Research on design strategy of public space service of commercial complex based on internet of things

The purpose of this study is to explore the design strategy of public space service of commercial complex based on the Internet of Things. By constructing a three-tier model of environmental energy consumption monitoring and management system for commercial complex, the application of network sensor technology is analyzed, and a data access interface based on Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) service is designed to realize batch hosting of WCF services and reduce the complexity of large-scale publishing services. In addition, this paper proposes a clustering method based on probabilistic topics (PTCM), which divides the service search space into probabilistic topics and effectively narrows the service search scope. The simulation results show that the algorithm shortens the shortest distance between mobile nodes and the average network distance, and improves the perceived service quality of the Internet of Things. This study not only provides new ideas and methods for the design of public space services in commercial complexes, but also provides useful reference for the application and promotion of Internet of Things technology in the field of public services.

The conceptual framework of shock innovation in education: non-diffusive spread of innovations triggered with the pandemic

ABSTRACT The paper provides insights on the transformation process in education triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, and suggests a new theoretical concept of shock innovation. Based on interviews with school administrators and teachers (N = 15), we conceptualized the transition to distance learning as an innovation, and compared its characteristics with the typical spread of innovations. We use Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory to construct a three-tiered model that describes the universal spread of innovations in education. The analysis suggests that the transition to emergency remote teaching is not a ‘diffusion spread’ but a ‘shock spread’ as: (1) awareness was synchronized with implementation, removing the persuasion and decision steps; (2) the boundaries between ‘innovators’ and ‘laggards’ were erased; (3) schools made the transition on an equal basis with other industries.

Foreign experience in organizing the activities of investigative bodies according to the three-tier model of criminal justice

Relevance. The relevance of the study was the need to develop theoretical ideas about the three-tier model of criminal justice in the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account legislative innovations from 2021 and the implementation of foreign experience in this area. Purpose. The purpose of the study was to study the features of the activities of the investigative bodies according to the three-tier model of criminal justice in the Republic of Kazakhstan and other countries (Germany, France, Italy). Methodology. The article used methods of statistical analysis, analogy and generalization, as well as comparative legal, formal legal and formal logical approaches. Results. The study revealed the features of the legal regulation of the three-tier model of criminal proceedings under the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other countries. It was stated that each country, when regulating, proceeded from its national interests. It is stated that the three-tier model includes the investigative, judicial and prosecutorial links, each of which performs certain functions and has its own powers in the framework of the criminal process. Conclusions. The paper analyses the features and principles of functioning of each link � investigative, judicial and prosecutorial, and their relationship within the framework of the criminal process. The findings will help to better understand the organization of criminal proceedings in the Republic of Kazakhstan and may be useful for the development and improvement of the country�s criminal law system. Keywords: prosecutor; court; investigator; interaction; Criminal procedure Code

Current state of the source of evidence in the form of testimony of the accused

This scientific article examines certain issues of the current state of the source of evidence in the form of testimony of the accused. Scientific interest has been aroused in this issue against the backdrop of the construction of a new three-tier model of judicial and law enforcement activities, providing for maximum respect for the rights and legitimate interests of citizens. The current state of the legal norms governing applications in criminal proceedings is analyzed in abstract form, especially at the stage of completion of the pre-trial investigation and in relation to such an active participant in the criminal process as the accused, in terms of correlation with the rules of evidence. Of particular interest in the scientific article is the presence of a legislative situation in which such a source of evidence as the testimony of the accused has actually dropped out of the system of sources of evidence, despite its formal presence as such among the factual data relevant for the correct resolution of a criminal case. Situations in the current legislation are analyzed in which there is a discrepancy with the previously theoretical interpretation of the rules on evidence, but which make it possible to identify new theoretical solutions that allow resolving such inconsistencies in the provisions of the current norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, preserving the current system of sources of evidence or justifying a new position in terms of using the testimony of the accused as a source of evidence in modern realities.

Delegation of Economic Statecraft to Private Enterprises: Russia, China, and Turkey in Africa

Abstract The literature on economic statecraft, defined as the use of economic means to achieve strategic ends, deals primarily with direct state instruments (sanctions, embargoes, and loans), or delegation to state-owned enterprises. However, states as principals also frequently delegate to private enterprises, which leads to the puzzling question of why some principals delegate economic statecraft to private enterprises instead of state-owned enterprises. In the classic literature on principal–agent theory, the principal delegates to agents because of the agents’ experience, the principal’s poor relationship with the target subject, or inability to participate in every step of the process. Arguably, the reasons for the principal’s delegation to private enterprises in economic statecraft might differ. The contribution of this article is two-fold. First, it introduces a three-tiered model of the economic statecraft’s delegation based on deniability and control. It consists of direct state interventions, delegation to the state-owned enterprises, and delegation to the private-owned enterprises. Second, it aims to close the gap in the existing literature by focusing on the principal’s preference of the delegation to private instead of state-owned enterprises in the context of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish geopolitical goals in Africa.

WQCrowd: Secure blockchain-based crowdsourcing framework with multi-tier worker quality evaluation

Crowdsourcing platforms play a crucial role in promoting transparency and collaborative engagement among participants while aiming to reduce resource consumption and costs. To achieve this, these platforms incorporate mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating worker quality performance. However, significant challenges persist. Centralized systems present trust issues due to their vulnerability to single-point failures. Moreover, data manipulation by malicious actors undermine confidence in the evaluation process, and biased assessments and reward distribution may lead to reduced worker motivation. Addressing these concerns necessitates the development of a decentralized system that ensures trustworthiness, tamper-resistance, accountability, reliability, transparency, and security. This paper introduces a secure multi-tier worker quality evaluation crowdsourcing framework based on blockchain technology. WQCrowd utilizes smart contracts and adopts a three-tier model comprising the Identity, Worker Activity, and Reputation tiers. Additionally, an automated game-based worker evaluation method is incorporated, enhancing the precision of performance assessments. Through our Proof of Concept (PoC) analysis, we demonstrate that the utilization of the blockchain system effectively addresses security concerns, including trust, privacy, and accountability, prevalent in current worker performance evaluation systems. Furthermore, the implementation of the game-based automated system enables our proposed solution to make informed decisions regarding worker quality performance evaluation.

Can chatbot customer service match human service agents on customer satisfaction? An investigation in the role of trust

Consumers prefer human service over chatbots in some contexts. We draw on treatments of trust in information systems research to propose a three-tiered model of trust which posits that customer outcomes following chatbot service are influenced by dispositional trust in service technologies, generalized learned trust in chatbots, and particularized situational trust in one's chatbot service-giver. Our empirical tests, based on 643 participants in 3 studies, show that dispositional trust partially mediates the effect of learned trust. We also evaluate two alternative chatbot service configurations to help improve customer acceptance. The approach which combined chatbot service with a light touch human intervention matched the human service condition on most customer outcomes.

Transforming Learning Support in ODFL: The LESS model

The purpose of this paper is to share insights gained from the discovery, design, and delivery phases of creating a three-tiered model of non-academic learning support in ODFL, “Learner Engagement & Success Services (LESS),” at Open Polytechnic | Te Pūkenga, New Zealand. Presented as a case-study, this paper discusses the early vision of the model, examines theoretical understandings related to learner support and engagement, and describes the successes and challenges faced in bringing this vision to reality. It outlines challenges related to the emergent use of learning analytics (LA) in identifying “exception” learners, the contestability of ethical use and choices of data, and the rapid evolution and devolution of commercially available solution tools. The tiered model is described as a scalable blend of human and technology enabled interventions and services, underpinned by the values of agency and equity. The component parts of this model are replicable, and its success is measurable.

The foodplant fitness landscape of Wonderboom and possible implications for Middle Pleistocene foragers of the Magaliesberg, South Africa

With this contribution, we provide a species and edible part list for the foodplant population of the Wonderboom landscape at the eastern end of the Magaliesberg range in Gauteng, South Africa, as a current proxy to hypothesise about past foraging behaviours. The greater Magaliesberg region is an ancient, relatively stable ecotone between the Grassland and Savanna Biomes, with its roots in the plateau uplift at ~ 4 Ma. We present the foraging landscape (foraging-scape) in a three-tier model at intervals of ~ 12.5 km, ~ 35 km, and ~ 70 km to assess proportional increases in foodplant species and edible parts when the foraging range is increased. We demonstrate that foraging within a ~ 12.5 km radius from the site provides an exceptionally rich foodplant landscape today. Thus, if the foodplant fitness potential during the Middle Pleistocene was roughly similar, it is reasonable to hypothesise that the Wonderboom foragers may have had little reason—apart from perhaps famine or drought—to go beyond a daily range for collecting plant foods. The Wonderboom ~ 12.5 km radius surface area is broadly similar to the footprint of the Cradle of Humankind ~ 40–70 km to its southwest. Directly comparing their foodplant species inventories shows that currently, 185 more foodplants grow around Wonderboom than in the Cradle. Our results suggest that the ecotone locality of Wonderboom, between the Grassland Biome to the south and the Savanna Biome to the north, may have had adaptive advantages in terms of its foodplant foraging potential.

Poverty attributions in Guyana: Between self-interest, resentment, and ideology

AbstractThis study examines which poverty attributions are present in Guyana, a developing country in South America, and tests which variables explain these attributions in a non-Western context by linking them to structural characteristics, feelings of resentment, and values. First, using survey data from the Values and Poverty Study in Guyana (N = 1,557), we find that the traditional three-tier model does not adequately capture Guyanese attributions of poverty. Instead, confirmatory factor analysis identifies some subdimensions of structural attributions that refer to both social and economic structure, a hybrid dimension linking poverty to family breakup, and explanations related to social and individual fate. Second, we examine the impact of feelings of resentment on poverty attributions. In particular, experiences of powerlessness foster structural, fatalistic, and family attributions of poverty, illustrating the role of a lack of external locus of control. Finally, our study shows that ideological values and egalitarianism have the strongest predictive power.

The impact of a three-tiered model of nursing redeployment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in extreme system pressures, requiring redeployment of nurses to intensive care units. We aimed to assess the impacts of a 3-tiered pandemic surge model on nurses working in intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodologyIn this cross-sectional study, 931 nurses (464 intensive care and 467 redeployed nurses) who worked within four adult units in Western Canada during pandemic surge(s) were invited via email to participate in a survey. The survey explored the impact of redeployment, rapid unit orientations, just-in-time training, and the 3-tiered model of nursing during pandemic surge. Burnout was measured utilizing the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory questionnaire. ResultsA total of 191 survey responses were retained (59 intensive care nurses and 132 redeployed). Survey results are reported by tier, with outcomes varying based on team leadership, intensive care unit, and redeployment nursing roles. Burnout in personal and workplace domains was present amongst all nursing tiers, while only team leadership roles experienced burnout in the patient domain. Overall, team leadership roles and permanent intensive care nurses experienced the highest rates of burnout. Redeployed nurses reported numerous aids to success including support from colleagues, prior experience, and educational supports. Skill-based orientation, ongoing education, optimized scheduling, role clarity, and mitigators of psychological impacts were identified by respondents as potential facilitators of redeployment and surge models. ConclusionNurses working within this tiered model experienced high degrees of burnout, with highest prevalence amongst team leads and intensive care nurses. Optimization of support for and interventions aimed at improving well-being are important considerations going forward. Implications for clinical practiceTargeted strategies are required to support education, role transition, and optimize competency and role clarity during nursing redeployment for overcapacity surge. Essential strategies to support redeployed nurses include individualized competency assessments pre-redeployment and prior to role transitions, pairing redeployed nurses with the same intensive care nurse consistently, and availability of a nurse educator or resource for additional just-in-time training supports. Contingency disaster strategies should also include interventions targeting staff wellness and prevention of burnout, as well as identify scenarios in which redeployment may increase risks of psychological harm. Debriefing and peer-to-peer support models may increase the efficiency of psychological support for nurses, though additional research is required. Lastly, given enaction of tiered models of nursing care is largely a novel occurrence in the intensive care unit, leadership training is required to support frontline nurses taking on supervisory roles within these team models.

A Four-Tier Smart Contract Model with On-Chain Upgrade

When there are loopholes in smart contracts or changes in demand, the existing three-tier model can only implement partial on-chain upgrades and the security of on-chain upgrades cannot be guaranteed. In this study, we optimized the three-tier smart contract model and proposed a four-tier smart contract model that includes the proxy, verification, business, and storage layers. The proxy layer is used to link contracts with other layers, the verification layer is used to check the integrity, boundary values, and abnormal processes of contracts, the business layer is used to execute business logic, and the storage layer is used to store data uniformly. On the basis of the proposed model, an on-chain upgrade and verification algorithm is proposed, which implements on-chain upgrade, on-chain verification, and version compatibility of contracts. We then design an information exchange system based on the proposed model and algorithm and test it based on the FISCO BCOS platform. Experiments show that, compared to the three-tier model, the proposed four-tier model and algorithm can implement the on-chain upgrade and reduce the contract complexity and data migration cost at the cost of some overall deployment.

Modern Academic Discourse and the Typology of the Тext in Theory and Practice (a Comparative Study of the Abstract Genre)

This article discusses the abstract as a typological genre as well as the components that comprise its structure and content. Abstract writing as a discursive act is viewed from two angles: internationally and from within the isolation of national perspectives. Comparing the development of the genre within and beyond a single linguistic culture, the article describes the different approaches to the genre in Western and Russian research. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of such categories as textuality and “cultural markedness” and discusses the main characteristics of the genre in relation to the lingua franca. Through a close reading and comparative analysis of student abstracts, the article examines 1) mistakes occurring in these abstracts in order to make inferences about the typological features of the genre, and 2) specific structural and content components against the backdrop of the lingua franca in order to draw conclusions about the structure of the genre. This analysis reveals discrepancies between the structural components of the text and the transfer of the general meaning of the text as well as textual lacunae in the matrix of the genre of another linguistic culture. It subdivides the genre of specific types of texts according to their structure and content, and also identifies the precedent genre in Russian and English linguistic culture. Furthermore, it argues that an ethnomethodology should include information about the specificity of the genre within contemporary academic discourse. The article recommends further research in the following areas: divergences from norms within the genre; optional components in the typology of the text and national academic discourse; a three-tier model for analyzing the genre in the foreign-language classroom: the language being studied — the native language — the lingua franca.

Family Nurse Practitioner Students' Readiness for Board Certification Utilizing a Full Board Review Course and Simulation.

The aim of this project was to determine if the implementation of a three-tiered model consisting of a full board review course, round table case analysis, and on call scenarios in the final clinical course of the Family Nurse Practitioner Doctor of Nursing Practice program improved readiness for board certification testing for graduating students. An anonymous pre- and post-survey design was utilized. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained prior to implementation. A full board review course, including a predictor exit exam component, was utilized in this cohort's final clinical course. Additionally, in-class case review and "on-call" scenarios were facilitated by the faculty to simulate critical decision-making scenarios. A 58% survey response rate was elicited. Prior to the full board review, 16% of respondents felt ready to answer general board-style questions as compared to 100% following the review. Thirty three percent of respondents felt ready to prescribe and provide evidence-based care prior to the project, following the project, 100% of respondents felt ready. Open-ended questions revealed positive feedback for the course and simulated scenarios, however students did feel overwhelmed by the amount of work the course entailed over the course the semester. Quantitative and Qualitative results indicated positive outcomes and provide support for adoption of the full board review, case-based simulation, and on-call scenarios for all practicum courses at the university. Adjustment of the time requirement and expectations should be reviewed prior to further implementation. In addition, limitations included a small cohort of students in this study; additional studies should be implemented before generalization can occur.