Three-story Building Research Articles

DESIGNING A MODERN SHOPPING & RECREATION CENTER BASED ON BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE IN BANJARBARU

As part of the Banjarbaru City development zone, North Banjarbaru District is planned as an economic industrial area engaged in commercial activities. The development of economic support areas is a means to optimize environmentally sound areas. Connectivity between the building and the surrounding spaces will be very relevant in helping to support the overall performance of the building by optimizing the use of contextual methods in it. The result of this design gave birth to a three-story building with one separate building to give a spacious and comfortable impression, so that it is in line with the concept of Healing Space and Living Wall as a façade support system including outdoor space processing, as well as the procurement of recreational facilities based on bioclimatic architecture.

Machine learning-based prediction for maximum displacement of seismic isolation systems

This study developed machine learning (ML) models for predicting the peak lateral displacements of seismic isolation systems subjected to earthquakes. Six ML methods were employed for this purpose: linear, ridge, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso), artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine, and random forest (RF). The isolated superstructure was assumed to be rigid, and the base isolation system was assumed to be firmly anchored to a bedrock foundation. A total of 234,360 data points were generated using OpenSees to train and test the predictive models. The input variables included three parameters representing the behavior of isolation systems (i.e., the ratio of the initial to post-yield stiffness, normalized characteristic strength, and post-yield period) and the average spectral accelerations at five selected periods (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 s) for the considered ground motions. The RF model exhibited the best performance among the six models. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the RF model were 0.9930 and 0.9498 for the training and testing datasets, respectively. In addition, the ANN model exhibited the second-best performance. The normalized characteristic strength was found to be the most influential variable in the investigation of the individual input variables for the prediction. Finally, a practical analysis of a hypothetical three-story base-isolated moment frame building was performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of the developed RF model in predicting the maximum displacements of the isolation systems. The prediction results were compared with those from a previous study and with the equivalent linear force procedure in American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7–16. A graphical user interface was created for the developed RF model for easy access by engineers. This study represents a pioneering step for the application of ML to the estimation of the responses of seismic isolation systems in practical design.

Dynamic Analysis and Vibrations Research on Multi-Degree of Freedom Shear Structures

Vibration is everywhere in of our daily life. This paper studies the effect of rectangular pulse and free vibration on multi-degree of freedom systems. An undamped three-floor shear frame structure subjected to rectangular pulse and a damping three-floor shear building considered free vibration is investigated with respect to natural frequencies, mode shapes, and displacements of each floor level. This paper assumes the three-story shear building structure discussed has orthogonal damping, and the fundamental frequency will not change over time, which means that the mode shape of the system does also not change with time. In addition, the modal superposition method and Duhamel integrals are useful to study the response of the various vibration systems. In this work, it can be concluded that the main response is due to the vibrations’ first mode, even though all its mode shapes can lead to free vibration response. For amplitude of the motion, it will change with the frequency of excitation. When the non-periodic impulse is applied, the forced vibration will be different in the short duration of the impulse with the free vibration phase.

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Comparison of thermal performance of steel moment and eccentrically braced frames

Eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) are typically employed in seismic design because they integrate the benefits of concentrically braced frames and moment-resisting frames, providing both high elastic stiffness and high ductility. However, the effect of fire on the structural stability of EBFs has not been well documented. Object-oriented techniques used in software program development have become popular in recent years, primarily because of their ability in addressing various complexity issues. Software developed based on an object-oriented approach is more robust than conventional software. Using the abovementioned approach, additional codes can be incorporated, thereby simplifying testing, refining, maintenance, and software extension. Furthermore, the object-oriented approach can be used for finite element analysis. This paper presents the further development of OpenSees software with the inclusion of other parameters: thermal parallel material, thermal spring element, thermal spring section, as well as beam with hinges and thermal elements subjected to fire loading. In contrast to the routine creation of fire-specific applications, these modifications improve the existing finite-element codes, thereby facilitating multi-hazard analysis (e.g., post-earthquake fire). OpenSees is considered in this study as it is an open-source application and suitable for object-oriented design. The abovementioned elements, particularly spring elements, are used extensively in structural simulations (e.g., the modeling of a link beam in an EBF); however, owing to the lack of thermal functions for these elements in OpenSees, the thermal performance of structures that involve these elements cannot be evaluated. Herein, the aforementioned new elements are introduced for the first time; furthermore, the behavior of an EBF system is investigated under thermal loads using open-source software. The thermal performance of EBFs subjected to realistic fire is evaluated in this study based on an analytical modeling of a three-story building. Finally, several compartment fire scenarios are simulated for both EBFs and gravity framing bays. Results show that the EBFs improve the fire performance of the system by extending the time to collapse.

Study of vulnerability three-story school buildings with reinforced concrete construction in Banda Aceh to earthquake and tsunami hazards

The city of Banda Aceh is an area located between two active faults, namely, the Aceh segment and the Seulimuem fault. In 2004, an earthquake measuring 9.3 on the Richter Scale rocked the city of Banda Aceh, followed by a tsunami on the Burma Plate. As a result, almost all school buildings were damaged. This study aims to determine the vulnerability of school buildings in Banda Aceh City to earthquake and tsunami hazards from the capacity of the building structure, so that the level of damage is obtained from the developed fragility curve. The object of this research is a typical three-story reinforced concrete school building, namely the private school of Budi Dharma and the national school of SD Negeri 50 in Banda Aceh City. The research was conducted by means of a field survey to collect data on the structure of the school building. The data consists of building data, material quality and building dimensions. Then the loadings are inputted into the SAP2000 program in the form of dead loads, live loads, earthquake loads consisting of the USGS earthquake recording and an estimated map of the Indonesian earthquake, and tsunami loads in 2017. Then pushover analysis was used to get the level of damage from the capacity curve to see the probability percentage comparison. In addition, the large value of Sa is equal to the percentage of probability as the level of damage to the building which was influenced by the building of the private school of Budi Dharma that was established before the tsunami on December 26, 2004. We concluded that the greater the value of the height of the tsunami inundation is equal to the level of light, medium, heavy and total damage, at the building of the national school of SD Negeri 50, Banda Aceh as the value of the deviation between the floors of the building from the tsunami load.

Nice White Parents and the Phantom Public School

Serial Productions’ Nice White Parents tells the story of “an utterly ordinary, squat, three-story New York City public school building”, and the many schools it has housed over six decades; each one, it turns out, shaped in ironic and disastrous ways by white parents’ ambivalent desire for diversity. Like some earlier Serial efforts, this is a story on a theme: the failure of the American experiment in public, democratic institutions. Thanks to impressive archival research, candid interviews with a wide range of stakeholders, and a deftly delivered dose of Serial’s trademark reflexivity between the object of study and the reporter’s investment, what could have been a depressing dirge for democracy is instead a lively dialectic exploration of the difficulty and necessity of equitable public institutions.

Seismic performance assessment of a masonry building under earthquakes induced by geothermal power plants operation

Geothermal power plants (GPPs) are at the center of attention for affording the required electricity of the communities as a green resource. By developing these infrastructures, in the surrounding area, the occurrence of repetitive low-to-moderate earthquakes has been observed as an important side effect. This undesired vibration can cause some levels of disturbance to the operation of these buildings. The main objective of this research paper is to investigate the effects of induced earthquakes by the GPPs operation on the performance of a masonry building from two distinct points of view: structural behavior and occupants’ comfort. In this regard, a three-story masonry building located in Germany is considered as a sample of common type of residential buildings. By using the three-dimensional finite element analysis approach and considering the nonlinear behavior of brick walls at a macro level, the damage states of the building are obtained via a numerical pushover analysis. Afterward, using 25 high-intensity recorded accelerograms due to GPPs activity, the building performance is investigated. The responses highlight that the studied building does not suffer from significant structural damages. However, by considering different existing criteria and thresholds in the literature, the experienced vibration by the building occupants can be classified as disturbing for their comfort.

A comprehensive simulation-based assessment of office building performance adaptability to teleworking scenarios in different Canadian climate zones.

Recent studies have shown that office building systems do not adapt well to partial occupancy (e.g., from teleworking) and thus perform suboptimally. As a result, this study aims to assess office building performance adaptability by investigating the impact of four different technologies, including occupancy-based lighting, smart plugs (occupancy-based plug load), demand-controlled ventilation (DCV), occupancy-based thermostat, and their cumulative effect in office buildings in six different Canadian climates. A three-story office building is simulated in EnergyPlus version 9.3.0 under five occupancy scenarios, including 0% occupancy, 100% occupancy, 50% uniformly distributed occupancy across the floor, 50% consolidated occupancy scenario where occupants work in core zones, and 50% consolidated occupancy scenario where occupants work in perimeter zones. The results are compared using energy use intensity (EUI), energy use intensity per occupant (EUP), and the corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A total of 180 simulations demonstrate the occupancy-adaptive technologies are generally most beneficial for low occupancy scenarios and milder climates. The results also show the cumulative impact of all these technologies on the potential energy savings is significant in the climates under consideration. Overall, the results show office buildings can improve their performance adaptability during partial occupancy by implementing the studied technologies. Aside from filling in the current knowledge gap in the literature on partial occupancy, the for the first time results of this study systemically demonstrate how each technology performs under different partial occupancy scenarios and how they perform together at each climate.

Underexposed Vision-Based Sensors’ Image Enhancement for Feature Identification in Close-Range Photogrammetry and Structural Health Monitoring

This paper describes an alternative structural health monitoring (SHM) framework for low-light settings or dark environments using underexposed images from vision-based sensors based on the practical implementation of image enhancement algorithms. The proposed framework was validated by two experimental works monitored by two vision systems under ambient lights without assistance from additional lightings. The first experiment monitored six artificial templates attached to a sliding bar that was displaced by a standard one-inch steel block. The effect of image enhancement in the feature identification and bundle adjustment integrated into the close-range photogrammetry were evaluated. The second validation was from a seismic shake table test of a full-scale three-story building tested at E-Defense in Japan. Overall, this study demonstrated the efficiency and robustness of the proposed image enhancement framework in (i) modifying the original image characteristics so the feature identification algorithm is capable of accurately detecting, locating and registering the existing features on the object; (ii) integrating the identified features into the automatic bundle adjustment in the close-range photogrammetry process; and (iii) assessing the measurement of identified features in static and dynamic SHM, and in structural system identification, with high accuracy.

Low-Emissivity Window Films as an Energy Retrofit Option for a Historical Stone Building in Cold Climate

Low-emissivity (low-E) window films are designed to improve the thermal comfort and energy performance of buildings. These films can be applied to different glazing systems without having to change the whole window. This makes it possible to apply films to windows in old and historical buildings for which preservation regulations often require that windows should remain unchanged. This research aims to investigate the impacts of low-E window films on the energy performance and thermal comfort of a three-story historical stone building in the cold climate of Sweden using the simulation software “IDA ICE”. On-site measurements were taken to acquire thermal and optical properties of the windows. This research shows that the application of the low-emissivity window film on the outward-facing surface of the inner pane of the double-glazed windows helped to reduce heat loss through the windows in winter and unwanted heat gains in summer by almost 36% and 35%, respectively. This resulted in a 6% reduction in the building’s annual energy consumption for heating purposes and a reduction in the percentage of total occupant hours with thermal dissatisfaction from 14% (without the film) to 11% (with the film). However, the relatively high price of the films and low price of district heating results in a rather long payback period of around 30 years. Thus, the films seem scarcely attractive from a purely economic viewpoint, but may be warranted for energy/environmental and thermal comfort reasons.

Improved force identification with augmented Kalman filter based on the sparse constraint

To ensure the accurate analysis and evaluation of structural integrity and vibration responses, a novel technique is required for load identification with minimal error. Accordingly, this paper presents an augmented Kalman filter (AKF) based on sparse constraint theory for solving state and input estimation problems. In the scheme developed in this study, the space-sparse characteristic of the force (as prior information) is introduced into the AKF via a pseudo- measurement equation. The unconstrained optimization of the AKF is transformed into constrained optimization based on the l1-norm. The proposed method solves the force drift problem in AKF more effectively than classical dummy measurements. Moreover, the stability of the system and its estimation accuracy are significantly increased. Additionally, a new augmented state-space model was established based on the augmented precise integration method, which can be applied more extensively than the zero-order hold model. To assess the performance of the proposed method, three cases were examined, namely, two numerical simulations and an experiment involving a three-story shear building. The results indicated that the proposed method outperforms the traditional dummy measurement method under a non-underdetermined and collocated sensor configuration.

Comparison of sensitivity matrix method, power function-based response surface method, and artificial neural network in the analysis of building fire egress performance

Unlike the areas of building energy and structural health, performance monitoring tools are currently absent in the area of building fire protection. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models like Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) are widely applied in building fire performance design, which can be equally used to predict changes of building fire performance. However, due to its time-consuming nature, it is not realistic to apply FDS frequently. The sensitivity matrix method (SMM) has been discussed as a quick method to predict changes of building fire egress performance. However, this approach can have significant uncertainties when being applied to datasets with many input parameters due to its inherent incapability of predicting accurately system responses if input data are considerably far away from the baseline points around which a SMM is developed. Response surface methods (RSM) are commonly used to characterize the relationships between input variables and output quantities for complicated problems. Different from conventional RSMs, a novel two phase power function fitting process is proposed to develop substitute algebraic models of the available safe egress time (ASET) from FDS numerical experiments based on a theorem which states that an output variable is proportional to the product of input parameters to their respective powers if the output variable is proportional to each input parameter to some power and the input parameters are independent of each other. An artificial neural network (ANN) is a universal method to approximate any arbitrary complicated, nonlinear system response with limited number of discontinuities without deep understanding of how the system works. This paper employs MATLAB's feedforward neural networks with error backpropagating algorithm to approximate the FDS response. Applicability in terms of uncertainties including system bias and relative standard deviation (RSD) or percentage of predictions falling in a preset acceptable error range are compared among RSMs developed from various datasets, ANNs with various hidden layer sizes and dataset sizes, and SMMs which use the same fire scenarios in a small three-story apartment building. The result shows that it is possible for ANNs to have lowest model uncertainties and highest percentage of predictions within the preset 20% error scope as far as the specific fire egress safety problem discussed in this paper is concerned, but the cost of developing a SMM, namely the number of data cases, is the lowest. Due to the different aspects of RSMs, ANNs, and SMMs, to better understand the building fire performance gap continuously, a hybrid strategy of starting with SMMs followed by RSMs and/or ANNs is recommended in a fire performance monitoring tool. • A novel Response Surface Method is proposed based on two-phase power function fitting. • MATLAB's feedforward NN with error backpropagating algorithm is employed to approximate the FDS simulation results. • The applicability of Sensitivity Matrix Method, Response Surface Method, and Artificial Neural Network is compared. • A hybrid strategy of starting with SMM followed by RSM and/or ANN is recommended in a fire performance monitoring tool.

Greenhouse Gases (GHG) Emissions during the Construction Stage of a Precast Building in Indonesia

Growth in the construction sector could stimulate the development of other sectors. However, the construction industry has been known as a sector that brings a great contributes to energy consumption and produces Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions that harm the environment. To support the implementation of sustainable infrastructure, calculating the greenhouse gas emissions produced by a construction project through its lifecycle is necessary. This study analyzes greenhouse gas emissions produced in constructing a three-story precast building. The emission source was calculated from the materials, transportation activities, and erection activities using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The embodied carbon data was adopted from the Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) database. From the analysis that has been carried out, the precast building project generated 124.882.7 kgCO2eq, or 283.18 kgCO2eq GHG per m2 of building. The contribution of emissions from materials, the transportation precast components, and the erection of precast components was 119.649 kgCO2eq (95.81%), 632.41 kgCO2eq (0.51%), and 4,599.30 kgCO2eq (3.68%) respectively.

Nonstructural Seismic Loss Analysis of Traditional and Innovative Partition Systems Housed in Code-conforming RC Frame Buildings

ABSTRACT This study investigates the seismic losses associated with the damage of traditional and innovative partitions housed in code-conforming RC frame buildings. Three-story buildings located in low-to-high seismicity sites in Italy are considered. Nonlinear multiple-stripe analyses are performed according to the conditional spectrum approach. The partition capacities are evaluated according to experimental studies, and the elementary partition costs are derived considering the Italian construction price lists. The seismic assessment is performed considering low-to-severe damage limit states. The seismic losses associated with the partition damage are evaluated; the efficiency of the investigated partitions is provided according to the different seismicity.

A Framework of Structural Damage Detection for Civil Structures Using Fast Fourier Transform and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

In the field of structural health monitoring (SHM), vibration-based structural damage detection is an important technology to ensure the safety of civil structures. By taking advantage of deep learning, this study introduces a data-driven structural damage detection method that combines deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) and fast Fourier transform (FFT). In this method, the structural vibration data are fed into FFT method to acquire frequency information reflecting structural conditions. Then, DCNN is utilized to automatically extract damage features from frequency information to identify structural damage conditions. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, FFT-DCNN is carried out on a three-story building structure and ASCE benchmark. The experimental result shows that the proposed method achieves high accuracy, compared with classic machine-learning algorithms such as support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and eXtreme Gradient boosting (xgboost).

Seismic assessment of school buildings with short captive RC columns under subduction seismic sequences

This paper presents the results of a study focused on evaluating the seismic performance of school buildings located in a region of high seismicity in the Pacific Coast of Mexico. For this purpose, a family of three archetype school buildings having typical plan view with one-, two-, and three-story height were designed with out-of-date 1990s seismic requirements. Detailed analytical models representative of the archetype school buildings included modelling the nonlinear behaviour of captive reinforced concrete (RC) columns and the adjacent partial-height infill masonry walls commonly found in this type of structures. The analytical models were subjected to a set of 22 as-recorded mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences gathered at stations placed on the subduction zone of the Mexican Pacific Coast. Drift-based fragility curves for captive RC columns failing in shear, which represent the probability of reaching or exceeding four damage states, based on experimental tests are introduced in this study for evaluating their seismic performance. This investigation revealed that the two- and three-story school buildings exhibit larger inter drift demands at the ground story than those exhibited by the one-storey school building, which led to a weak first-storey mechanism under some mainshock earthquake ground motions. Furthermore, it was noted that aftershocks increased the state of damage at the ground storey due to the increase of damage in the captive RC columns. Findings of this investigation highlight the priority of implementing retrofit strategies, mainly for three-storey school buildings.

Assessing the Energy, Indoor Air Quality, and Moisture Performance for a Three-Story Building Using an Integrated Model, Part Three: Development of Integrated Model and Applications

The overall building performance depends mainly on the energy performance, indoor air quality, and moisture performance. In order to accurately calculate the building performance, the development of a model with the ability to integrate all three performances is required. In this research, a combination of three models namely EnergyPlus for energy, CONTAM for indoor air quality, and WUFI for moisture transport are used to develop an integrated model. The mechanism of this combination is based on the exchange of temperatures, airflows, and heating-cooling flows control variables between all three sub-models. By using the paired sample t-test, an integrated model is verified and its accuracy is validated. The accuracy of the integrated model is verified by the paired sample t-test. In order to analyze the accuracy of the integrated model in comparison with single models, four scenarios of airtight fan off, airtight fan on, leaky fan off, and leaky fan on are defined for a three-story-house subjected to three different climate cities of Montreal, Vancouver, and Miami. Percentage differences of simulated measures with the ASHRAE Standard are considered as the performance criteria. The simulated results by single and integrated models are compared and analyzed. Finally, the scenarios with the high performances are evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and moisture for Montreal, Vancouver, and Miami. Overall, it can be concluded that an integrated model should be developed.

Assessing the Energy, Indoor Air Quality, and Moisture Performance for a Three-Story Building Using an Integrated Model, Part Two: Integrating the Indoor Air Quality, Moisture, and Thermal Comfort

In this paper, an integrated model that coupled CONTAM and WUFI was developed to assess the indoor air quality (IAQ), moisture, and thermal comfort performance. The coupling method of CONTAM and WUFI is described based on the exchange of airflow rate control variables as infiltration, natural and mechanical ventilation parameters between heat and moisture flow balance equations in WUFI and contaminant flow balances equations in CONTAM. To evaluate the predictions of the integrated model compared to single models of CONTAM and WUFI, four scenarios were used. These scenarios are airtight-fan off, airtight-fan on, leaky-fan off, and leaky-fan on, and were defined for a three-story house subjected to three different climate conditions of Montreal, Vancouver, and Miami. The measures of the simulated indoor CO2, PM2.5, and VOCs obtained by CONTAM; the simulated indoor relative humidity (RH), predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), and predicted mean vote (PMV) obtained by WUFI; and those obtained by the integrated model are compared separately for all scenarios in Montreal, Vancouver, and Miami. Finally, the optimal scenarios are selected. The simulated results of the optimal scenarios with the integrated model method (−28.88% to 46.39%) are different from those obtained with the single models. This is due to the inability of the single models to correct the airflow variables.

Pumping ventilation of corner and single sided rooms with two openings

Corner rooms with two or more open windows in perpendicular facades can be naturally ventilated in cross-ventilation or pumping ventilation. These two airflow regimes also occur in rooms with two openings in the same façade, in the form of single sided pumping or cross sided ventilation. This paper presents an experimental and numerical simulation study of the scale and occurrence of these two flow regimes for rooms in a rectangular building exposed to wind. Flow visualization and tracer gas measurement of effective airflow were performed in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel using a rectangular model of a three-story building (1/20 scale) with a ventilated middle floor. Experimental results show that pumping ventilation occurs when the wind is perpendicular to the façade (single sided rooms) or aligned with the building corner (corner rooms). In addition to these two perfectly aligned wind directions, pumping also occurs for a range of incoming wind angles: ±19° for single sided; and ±9° for corner rooms. As a result, for isolated rectangular buildings that have, at least, one single sided and two corner rooms in each facade, pumping ventilation can potentially occur in two or more rooms for 62 % of incoming wind directions. To investigate the transition between steady cross-ventilation and unsteady pumping ventilation, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics large eddy simulations were performed to obtain wind generated pressures in the ventilation openings. Results show that the transition from cross-ventilation to pumping occurs when the steady pressure becomes smaller than the unsteady component. These results are used to develop a pressure based simplified model for corner ventilation that can predict effective airflow from external wind generated pressures with an average error below 10.2 %.