Three-phase Model Research Articles

Immune Escape Strategies in Head and Neck Cancer: Evade, Resist, Inhibit, Recruit.

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) arise from the mucosal lining of the aerodigestive tract and are often associated with alcohol use, tobacco use, and/or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Over 600,000 new cases of HNC are diagnosed each year, making it the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Historically, treatments have included surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, and while these treatments are still the backbone of current therapy, several immunotherapies have recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in HNC. The role of the immune system in tumorigenesis and cancer progression has been explored since the early 20th century, eventually coalescing into the current three-phase model of cancer immunoediting. During each of the three phases-elimination, equilibrium, and escape-cancer cells develop and utilize multiple strategies to either reach or remain in the final phase, escape, at which point the tumor is able to grow and metastasize with little to no detrimental interference from the immune system. In this review, we summarize the many strategies used by HNC to escape the immune system, which include ways to evade immune detection, resist immune cell attacks, inhibit immune cell functions, and recruit pro-tumor immune cells.

Developing the concept of maternal in teenage mothers: a hybrid model.

Maternal transition is a challenging developmental process requiring physical, mental, social, and cognitive preparedness. Therefore, the transition to motherhood is even more challenging for teenagers who are exposed to both the maturation process and adaptation to the parenting role. Therefore, the present study was conducted to provide a deeper understanding of the maternal role in Iranian teenage mothers. A three-phase hybrid model was adopted for concept analysis. In the theoretical phase, 50 articles were analyzed. In the fieldwork phase, 10 participants were interviewed. In the final phase, the findings of the previous two stages were analyzed. This study was conducted between October 2021 and November 2022. After determining the attributes, antecedents, and consequences, a final definition was presented for parenting in teenage mothers. The concept of motherhood for teenage mothers was described as "a process-oriented phenomenon in nature," "complex, challenging and multidimensional," "development with immature transition," "a turning point in life," "a stressful event," "affected by several factors," and "bidirectional effects on life" according to antecedents, including "the level of received social support," "reaction to teenage motherhood," "teenage mother's characteristics," and "family structure" leading to "positive psychological consequences," "negative psychological consequences," and "loss of educational and career opportunities." This study provides a suitable ground for evaluating the concept of motherhood in teenage mothers and employing it in nursing care of teenage mothers and children by identifying this concept.

Three-phase VOF modeling of water jet – molten metal interaction

Numerical study of water jet impact on a pool of high-temperature metallic melt is carried out. Experimental studies in this field encounter difficulties in visualizing the flow and performing measurements in hot and opaque medium, while theoretical studies by multifluid models have severe limitations in describing the flow structure and interphase processes. VOF method allows one to alleviate many limitations, as well as reproduce the flow details that are hardly amenable to direct experimental measurements. The work is focused on the validation of VOF predictions against small-scale experimental data on water jet interaction with molten lead–bismuth eutectic alloy; also, features of the vapor-water cavity formation and evolution in the pool are analyzed. Simulations are performed by a solver developed in OpenFOAM software. Results are presented for three-dimensional simulations of subcooled water jet interaction with LBE melt in a vessel, which has a 10-mm thick slice configuration with semi-circular bottom. Validation is performed against two tests by Sibamoto et al, for a water jet impacting the melt at the velocity of 4.7 and 6.2 m/s. Cross-verification with two multi-fluid codes is performed. Reasonable agreement with respect to cavity geometry and evolution stages is demonstrated, further research directions are discussed. Results obtained are relevant to nuclear safety problems for advanced lead-cooled fast reactors.

Modeling Three-Phase Transformers

Transformers in electric power systems are of great importance, with significant effects on the distribution of electric energy. The modeling of this machine, considering the various usable connections, requires a more detailed analysis for better results. Thus, the objective of this work is to propose a three-phase transformer model including the neutral in the admittance matrices, the ground impedance, taps settings and also the magnetizing branch.

Considerations in Designing and Validating the Diagnostic Inventory for Self-Regulated Language Learning (DISLL): Status of the Process

This article describes a new questionnaire, the “Diagnostic Inventory for Self-Regulated Language Learning” (DISLL), for assessing self-regulated learning strategies of students of English as an additional language. We discuss self-regulated learning models, evaluate existing questionnaires for assessing language learners’ self-regulated strategy use, and present a rationale for the DISLL. We explain Zimmerman’s (2000) three-phase model, adapted with simplified phase names: planning, doing, and reflecting. Every DISLL phase starts with a brief scenario to help learners judge how often they employ each strategy in that phase. Already completed are a review of the DISLL 1.0 by 18 international researchers, the step-by-step creation of the DISLL 1.1, and the profiling of vocabulary in the DISLL 1.1 to ensure the simplicity necessary for intermediate-level learners. We present an argument-based validation framework, to be supported by piloting the DISLL 1.2 in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Spain, and Poland and even broader piloting of the DISLL 1.3. Statistical analyses will involve quantitative methods, e.g., exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and confirmatory composite analysis. At least one site will also use qualitative think-aloud protocols. The DISLL will be released into the public domain for free use after version 1.3.

Three-phase Duty Cycle Modulation-based Model Predictive Control Strategy for QZSI-PMSM System without Cost Function

Three-phase Duty Cycle Modulation-based Model Predictive Control Strategy for QZSI-PMSM System without Cost Function

Конденсаторная установка для сельской распределительной сети 0,4 кВ: особенности построения

Reactive power compensation based on a capacitor plant connected to a rural 0.4 kV distribution network, when using non-specialized contactors, is accompanied by the occurrence of large starting currents of capacitors. In addition, the installation of a conductor connection with load current transformers requires structural modification of the capacitor plant. In order to eliminate these disadvantages, it is proposed to use a capacitor bank controlled by a time relay and protected from inrush currents by three RL circuits. In this case, the “on-off” mode of the capacitor bank must be switched to by an internal signal of the capacitor bank setting the time interval “on-off”. Using a mathematical model, as well as a three-phase physical model with a power of 1.2 kV, the authors studied the behavior of transient and steady-state currents at various values of the parameters of RL circuits.The initial invariant parameters of the model were the reactive resistances of capacitors and inductors. The nominal value of the phase current of the capacitor bank was 2.14 A. The variable parameters were the values of the active resistances of the RL circuits, which took the values of 0, 10, 20, 30 and ∞. The oscillogram of stationary and transient current was studied. As a result, it was found that in order to match the capacitor bank to the criterion of using circuit breakers and contactors of the 0.4 kV network, the resistance value of the RL circuit resistor of each phase of a three-phase capacitor bank should be tenfold higher than the reactance of the current-limiting coil of the RL circuit and be five times less than the reactance value of the power capacitor of the capacitor bank phase. In rural 0.4 kV electric networks, a single 25 kV capacitor plant with simple autonomous control can be installed to compensate for reactive power. Several capacitor plants can compensate for reactive loads of 50 and 75 kVAr.

The Leaching and Kinetics of Magnesium in Phosphate Ore Slurry during FGD Process

The phosphate ore reserves in China are very large, but the overall quality is poor, and the magnesium impurity in phosphate ore is not conducive to the production of phosphorus chemical products. Recovery of sulfur dioxide from exhaust gas by phosphate slurry is a new desulfurization technology developed in recent years. During SO2 removal from flue gas by phosphate ore slurry, in phosphate ore magnesium can be simultaneously reduced. The magnesium leaching process could be described by the reaction-controlled shrinking core model. The leaching process of magnesium from phosphate ore slurry in FGD process includes 5 steps and 10 steps, which describes a gas-liquid-solid three-phase complete reaction process of removing magnesium from industrial flue gas desulfurization of phosphate slurry. In this study, a three-phase mass transfer kinetics model was established to find the controlling factors of the desulfurization reaction rate of the magnesium removal system of phosphate ore slurry in the FGD Process, and the research showed that the gas film resistance was the key control step, the solid film resistance was negligible. The reaction relation of desulfurization and removal of magnesium from phosphate slurry was obtained as k=3.766and#215;e-10318.39/RT.

The Application of Blended Teaching Model in Practical Teaching in the Context of Big Data

Abstract Under the tide of education informatization, the organic combination of information technology and teaching and the innovation and exploration of online and offline blended teaching modes have attracted wide attention. This paper innovatively proposes a three-phase hybrid teaching model of pre-course pre-study, classroom teaching, and post-course consolidation and explores its application in practical teaching. Specific to a university’s comprehensive practice course as an example, selected traditional practice teaching control class and the application of hybrid practice teaching of the experimental class for comparison experiments, respectively, before the experiment, during the experiment, and after the experiment to test the students’ comprehensive practice scores, and after the experiment on the students of the mode of application of the effect of the questionnaire after the application of the blended mode of teaching, 95% of the students on the mode of approval, 83% of the students in the positive performance in this mode of teaching. The experimental class’s comprehensive practice level increased by 32.81%. It is concluded that the blended teaching mode not only can effectively mobilize students’ learning enthusiasm but also has a positive effect on students’ practical ability.

Pea cell wall polysaccharides and their structural integrity influence protein bioaccessibility and hydrolysis

Pea cell walls have been shown to encapsulate nutrients inside cells, thereby limiting their hydrolysis by digestive enzymes. However, it is unknown how the cell wall performs this barrier function. In particular, this could be due to the presence of specific polysaccharides or, most probably, the organisation of the components within the cell wall. This study aimed to investigate how cell walls prevented protein hydrolysis. To address this objective, isolated cells were obtained using different treatments thought to affect cell walls differently (incubations in water, salt or EDTA solutions) and digested in vitro using a three-phase (oral, gastric and intestinal) model. Purified polysaccharides (cellulose, rhamnogalacturonan I and xyloglucan) and solutions obtained from the incubation of pea fibres and flour were also used in our digestion experiments. We found that protein bioaccessibility (here defined as the amount of protein released from the pea cells) and hydrolysis was lower after the gastric phase for the isolated cells prepared with the salt solution compared to the other treatments. Regardless of the treatment, between 47% and 93% of proteins were released from the cells (bioaccessible) and hydrolysed, respectively. Therefore, after prolonged incubation time proteases seem to be able to penetrate the cells during digestion. In terms of purified polysaccharides, rhamnogalacturonan I had the greatest effect on protein hydrolysis. Incubation solutions made from the pea fibres reduced proteolysis to a greater extent than the pea flour. The present study showed that pea cell walls delay protein digestion mainly via its structural organisation within the cell wall, with purified polysaccharides having a more limited effect.

How Tenure Affects the Way Higher Education CIOs Manage Change: Implications for Corporate CIOs

Current waves of digital innovations are continuously accelerating the pace and the scope of change that chief information officers (CIOs) must manage. To remain relevant and effective in their leadership roles, CIOs must be effective change agents. They enjoy longer tenure enabling them to complete their transformational journeys more effectively. However, the question of whether these change agents can be equally effective in the beginning and at the end of their mandate has largely been ignored in the IS literature. To fill this gap, this paper examines how and why the role of change agent evolves as CIOs progress in their tenure in office. Drawing from the management and the IS literature and the results of a revelatory case study of the CIOs of a large university system in the U.S., this paper proposes a three-phase model describing what combination of change agentry models is followed by CIOs as they progress in their tenure and why. The combination of change agentry models that CIOs tend to follow during their time in office is explained by the patterns of evolution of five key characteristics: commitment to a paradigm, task knowledge, information diversity, task interest, and power and influence.

The impact of force equalization in minimizing the effect of drift in feedback transducers in torque-summed electromechanical actuators

This paper focusses on implementing force equalisation to reduce or eliminate torque disparities in a four-lane torque-summed electromechanical actuator that drives the inner board aileron control surface on the Sea Harrier aircraft. Proportional, integral, and derivative control action achieved position control of the common output shaft, following two failures. The analysis included the effect of inherent motor disparities and drift in feedback transducers. Three-phase motor models were considered to account for the influence of the inherent torque ripple effect, and the influence of inertial and aerodynamic loads over various flight envelopes were also included in the analysis. Simulation tests demonstrated that although torque disparities between mismatched lanes are influenced by drift in potentiometer readings, force equalization was proven to be effective in eliminating such deviations.

Methods and tools for assessing the accuracy of composite property models

Property modeling is essential for optimal application and efficient design of new composite materials. Although numerous models of composite properties are available in the literature, there is a lack of rigorous validation of these models. This paper introduces a freely distributed collection of experimental data on the electrical and dielectric properties of composites and an open-source program package for modeling and testing composite property models. The software provides a quantitative estimation of prediction accuracy, making it a valuable tool for assessing the quality of a composite model. The paper demonstrates the use of the proposed tools to estimate two-phase models of composite electrical conductivity that account for the filler shape. The results of this test showed that the examined models failed to simulate the shape of the filler. Also, the article gives an example of the comparison of three-phase models of relative permittivity of composites with fitting parameters. In addition, the study presents the analysis of errors in the approximation of experimental data by the model, as well as recommendations on methods and selection of criteria for evaluating the quality of models.

Parametric study of CNT waviness effect in CNT/polymer nanocomposites using multiscale finite element modeling

The effect of CNT waviness on the elastic properties of CNT-reinforced polymer nanocomposites is investigated using multiscale finite element modeling. CNT and the interphase are modeled at the nanoscale as discrete structures of beams and trusses, and the polymer matrix is treated as a microscale continuum medium. Using the model, a parametric study of the effect of CNT waviness is carried out. The effect of CNT waviness is also calculated using a three-phase Mori-Tanaka micromechanical model, and the results are compared. The model is validated with molecular dynamics simulation results and experimental data available in the literature.

Biological H2(g) Production and Modelling with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

In this study, bio-hydrogen gas [bio-H2(g)] production and modeling with a three-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, heat and mass transfer of bio-hydrogen production, reaction kinetics, and fluid dynamics; It was investigated by dark fermentation process in an anaerobic continuous plug flow reactor (ACPFR). The three-phase CFD model was used to determine the bio-H2(g) production in an ACPFR. The effect of different operating parameters, increasing hydrolic retention times (HRTs) (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 days), different pH values (4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0), and increasing feed rate as organic loading rates (OLRs) (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 10.0 g COD/l.d) on the bio-H2(g) production rates were operated in municipal sludge wastes (MSW) with Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum SP-H2 methane bacteria during dark fermentation for bio-H2(g) production. The effect of HRT, pH, and feed rate on the bioH2(g) efficiencies and H2(g) production rates were examined in the simulation stage. Production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) namely, acetic acids, butyric acids, and propionic acids were important points influencing the bio-H2(g) production yields. The artificial neural network (ANN) model substrate inhibition on bio-H2(g) production to the methane (CH4) bacteria was also investigated. The reaction kinetics model used Thermotoga neapolitana microorganisms with the Andrews model of substrate inhibition. Furthermore, the ANN model was well-fitted to the experimental data to simulate the bio-H2(g) production from chemical oxygen demand (COD).

Cultivar-specific phenotypic plasticity of yield and grain protein concentration in response to nitrogen in winter wheat

ContextOwing to the interaction between genotype and environment (G x E), identifying traits to increase wheat yield and grain protein concentration simultaneously or increasing one without affecting the other remains a challenge. Phenotypic plasticity is an insightful perspective to understand G x E. ObjectiveTo explore the relations of wheat yield and grain protein concentration in response to N input and its physiological basis from the perspective of phenotypic plasticity. MethodWe established a factorial experiment combining 14 winter wheat cultivars and four N fertilization rates (0, 45, 90 and 135 kg ha−1) in eight environments. We analyzed the interaction of cultivar and N combining a phenotypic plasticity framework and a three-phase model of grain yield and protein response to N input. The phases are: phase I, N supply limits both yield and grain protein; phase II, N supply limits grain protein but not yield; and phase III, N supply does not limit yield or grain protein concentration ResultsGrain yield plasticity was positively associated to yield in high-yielding environments without N limitations (phase II) with no cost in low yielding environments, and associated to harvest index. Grain protein plasticity was positively associated to protein in high protein environments without N limitations (phase III). Plasticity of grain protein concentration was negatively associated to grain number m −2, resulting in moderate negative association of protein plasticity and yield. Grain C:N ratio associated weakly and positively with yield plasticity and strongly and negatively for grain protein plasticity. ConclusionThis work proposes a yield-protein plasticity framework combined with a three-phase model that allows to disclose G × N interactions. Under our experimental conditions, we identified physiological mechanisms associated to yield and protein plasticity. ImplicationsYield and protein plasticity can contribute guiding grower’s cultivar selection towards high yield plasticity cultivars when aiming to high yield with acceptable protein levels or high protein plasticity cultivars to ensure high protein at the expense of lower yields. Yield plasticity brings opportunity to breed for high yielding cultivars while maintaining grain protein concentration. Accuracy of N recommendations models and mechanistic crop models can be improved by accounting for G × N interactions through plasticity of yield and grain protein.

Crack monitoring of tension members with distributed fiber optic sensor considering substrate strain redistribution and coating/fiber interfacial slip

An analytical model is proposed to describe the strain transfer from crack opening displacement (COD) of a tension member substrate to the distributed fiber optic sensor (DFOS), considering the DFOS/fiber coating interfacial slip and strain redistribution of the cracked structural substrate. The DFOS/fiber coating interfacial bond-slip relation is simplified by using a three-phase linear model, and the analytical expression of the substrate strain distribution of a tensile plate with different depth of crack is derived. The effect of the COD and crack depth on the strain distribution of the DFOS is obtained analytically, and tensile tests were also conducted on aluminum plates with different depth of precut crack to validate the developed model. Analytical results showed that the strain distribution of the DFOS is dependent on the COD and the crack depth, and the effect of the COD on the strain distribution of the DFOS is more significant than the crack depth. The analytical results of the developed model are in good agreement with those of the tensile tests.

Swimming against the tide: transfer from civil society consultations to track 1

ABSTRACT This article introduces a three-phase model for evaluating transfer from civil society consultations to track 1. It applies this model to analyse how Syrian civil society has contributed to the political track in the UN-led mediation process. Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted between 2019–2021, the assessment showcases how knowledge-based outcomes generated by civil society are incorporated unevenly by track-1 actors. While these outcomes set the baseline for the participation of civil society in track 1, the absence of strong mechanisms of transfer and the resistance from national delegations and countries in an already fragile negotiation preclude a substantial contribution from civil society. This article’s contribution is twofold. First, it bridges two strands of literature by showing how transfer can be used to systematically examine civil society’s contributions to peace processes. Second, it adds to the transfer literature by providing an empirical model to evaluate transfer in civil society consultations.

Line parameter, topology and phase estimation in three-phase distribution networks with non-[formula omitted]PMUs

The increasing penetration of distributed energy sources demands higher observability of the distribution networks for better scheduling, operation, dispatching and control. However, the huge amounts of nodes in the distribution networks implies that any additional measuring instrument would be of huge costs burden for DSO. In this paper, we proposes a full-scale framework for line parameters, topology, phase label estimation and angle recovery utilizing smart meter measurements only for the non-μPMU distribution networks. Firstly, we linearize the three-phase power flow model and induce the relationship of nodal voltage magnitudes and power injections. Then, a joint estimation method based on linear regression and topology characteristics is proposed to find line parameters, topology, and phase label. Finally, the nodal angle information is recovered by non-linear regression based on the estimation result. Simulations on both single-phase and three-phase networks are implemented. The results suggest that the proposed framework can provide an accurate estimation result with limited measurements.

Towards a Physiological Modeling of Sweet Cherry Blossom

For several years, there has been a need in phenological modeling to better account for physiological processes during the winter dormancy of woody plants, which is here addressed to the sweet cherry cultivar ‘Summit’ (Prunus avium L.). This study compares three sequential phenology models (M1–M3) for the beginning of ‘Summit’ blossom in the experimental sweet cherry orchard in Berlin-Dahlem (Germany) between 2011/12–2019/20 (model development) and 2020/21–2022/23 (model validation). M1 represents an inverse modeling approach where the chilling and forcing requirements of ‘Summit’ were optimized solely from observed flowering data. In contrast, M2 and M3 are more physiologically based as they already incorporate biological knowledge, so that the model parameters were calculated directly within the specified developmental phases. Here, M2 is a two-phase model that considers experimental data for the date of endodormancy release (t1) of nine years (2011/12–2019/20) to calculate the chilling and forcing requirements. Finally, M3 is a newly developed three-phase model that additionally includes the onset of ontogenetic development (t1*) and the abscisic acid (ABA) content of ‘Summit’ flower buds during the ecodormancy phase (t1 − t1*). The results indicate that the inclusion of ABA-related heat weighting during ecodormancy significantly improves the performance of M3 compared to M1 and M2. While M1 gives satisfactory results in terms of fit and validation, it is considered physiologically unacceptable as it greatly overestimates the chilling requirement of ‘Summit’ by ignoring the ecodormancy phase. M2 accumulates too much heat during ecodormancy as it does not include control by the bud ABA content. The results highlight the need for parameters such as t1, t1*, and the bud ABA content for the physiological modeling of ‘Summit’ blossom. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a pathway towards a physiologically based modeling approach.