Three-part Model Research Articles

Awareness, Solidarity, and Action: An Educational Model

How Extension fosters social change and innovation can be improved through the use of theory-based educational models. Educational models can serve as foundations for the conceptual designs of educational interventions. I describe, using examples from my own work, one such model: the awareness, solidarity, and action model. This three-part model involves the participant's (a) becoming aware of a need for change, (b) developing solidarity with other participants around the actions to be taken, and (c) learning skills to enable action.

Linear scheduling with multiple crews based on line-of-balance and productivity scheduling method with singularity functions

Abstract Scheduling repetitive work by multiple crews is a typical mission for schedulers, who must arrange the productivity, number, and size of crews and their lead or lag. Currently, the Linear Scheduling Method (LSM) and Line-of-Balance (LOB) can analyze repetitive work. These two related methods possess virtues, but lack a unified theory so that they could complement each other. Therefore, this paper explores a new approach. Its contribution to the body of knowledge is threefold: First, dissimilarities in activity representation, start point, and velocity measurement are reviewed and their causes are explained graphically and mathematically. Second, multiple crews are expressed with singularity functions in a three-part model—crew assignment, crew utilization, and crew linear schedule. The model is automatically updated when parameters are modified for “what-if” analyses. Third, LSM and LOB are united so that crews can be optimized seamlessly. This research advances theory on deploying multiple crews on construction projects.

The contribution of Australia-based researchers to tour guiding

Abstract The work of Australian researchers has been central to the development of theory and scholarship on tour guiding. The paper begins with a quantitative synopsis of the collective output of Australia-based research that has appeared in scholarly journals, published conference proceedings, edited books and research reports. More tour guiding research has emanated from Australia than from any other single country. The bulk of the paper considers some of the key contributions that these Australian researchers have made, including conceptualisation and theory-building, the application and refinement of theory and methods from other disciplines to enhance understanding of tour guiding, and the synthesis of knowledge about tour guiding. Conceptual contributions include a six-cell framework for depicting the roles of tour guides, a multi-dimensional framework to inform the use of quality assurance mechanisms for tour guiding practice, a three-part model for the development of tour guide certification, a framework for aligning relevant theories, research designs and approaches to four categories of sustainability outcomes from tour guiding, and a set of principles for guide training in developing countries. Each of these has informed the research of others within Australia and globally. Australian researchers have also engaged theory from other fields such as human resource management, consumer behaviour, and applied communication to advance understanding and measurement of tour guiding phenomena and to refine the theories themselves. A recent synthesis of Australia-based research theory and findings together with the global body of knowledge on tour guiding suggests that the way has been paved for more theoretically-driven and methodologically-rigorous research in tour guiding. The paper concludes with examples of research dissemination, technology transfer and research uptake, as evidence of the real-world impact of Australia-based tour guiding researchers. Publication of user-oriented products, often in collaboration with industry partners, has been a hallmark of Australian tour guiding research that, together with its scholarly contributions, puts Australia at the forefront of applied tour guiding research globally.

Mobile student to mobile worker: the role of universities in the ‘war for talent’

Universities, as part of the neoliberal regime imposed on them, are being co-opted into a ‘war for talent’, in which national economic success is heavily invested. We examine part of this ‘war’ that affects universities directly – the recruitment of ‘the brightest and the best’ internationally mobile students and their subsequent retention by the host country as high-skill workers. After an account of this war for talent and its implications for higher education, we review the literature on study-migration transitions by international students and identify gaps in both data and theorization. We propose a three-part model that uses the notion of ‘flows’ to organize a research agenda in this field and the possible roles of universities in implementing it. We conclude that only by resisting full recruitment into this global talent war can academic researchers continue to maintain the integrity and value of their professional and disciplinary calling.

Syntactic Complexity as an Aspect of Text Complexity

Students’ ability to read complex texts is emphasized in the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) for English Language Arts and Literacy. The standards propose a three-part model for measuring text complexity. Although the model presents a robust means for determining text complexity based on a variety of features inherent to a text as well as considerations outside the text, the grammar used in a text is not an overt component of the model. In this essay, we argue that the grammar of a text—especially, the syntactic complexity of sentences in a text—should be included as an explicit and distinct component in a text complexity model due to the fact that grammar contributes to the meaning of text and grammatical meaning impacts reading comprehension. We summarize findings from linguistics research on academic English to support this argument.

Reportern som ett verktyg för att belysa de andra

The Reporter as a Tool of Enlightenment: Narratological Consequences of the Journalistic Eye-Witness Position
 A reportage is the reporter’s story about reality. Even though it details real events, it always presents a personal interpretation of these events. In contrast to the news article, which primarily informs readers, a reportage involves a pronounced degree of personal narration. Normally it is based on the reporter’s role as an eyewitness.
 This essay discusses how the position of the eyewitness establishes narratological structures in the text, which seem to differ from the structures present in other kinds of non-fiction narratives told in the first person. For instance, in reading an autobiography, a reader’s empathy will be drawn toward the main character. By contrast, a reportage will direct the reader’s empathy away from the reporter and towards the other.
 The narratological construction of a reportage may be studied as an interplay between three instances: the experiencing reporter, the narrating reporter and the director (the implied reporter). Thus, a three-part model may be utilised in order to help explain, for example, how a homodiegetic narrator can be combined with external focalisation, and how a character other than the experiencing reporter can be internally focalised. It can also illuminate how the text may employ a form of dissonance between the experiencing and the narrating reporter to serve a journalistic purpose (displacing the perspective from person – the reporter – to subject-matter).

Paying for Early Interventions in Psychoses: A Three-Part Model.

Widespread dissemination of early interventions for psychosis, such as the intervention offered in the RAISE study (Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode), requires a funding mechanism that is both compatible with approaches already used by payers and generates incentives for providers that promote the desired behaviors. The authors propose a funding model with three components: a prospective per-case payment made conditional on patient engagement in treatment, a per-service component to cover the costs of clinical services, and an outcome-based component conditional on achieving measurable outcome milestones. The authors describe the components and how such a payment mechanism might be implemented.

Learning through observing peers in practice

Learning through peer observation in higher education is most frequently investigated from the perspective of the teacher who is observed. What is under-examined is how learning arises for the observer by watching a peer in practice. This paper provides insight into this question through an interpretive-phenomenological analysis of a case study of an observer, elicited from a semi-structured interview following a peer observation. A three-part model of change resulting from observation is hypothesized, and two important social conditions unique to this peer observation are identified that appear to have causal import for learning. This paper adds to the increasing evidence about the value of peer observation for learning and development for the observer.

An Evolutionary Examination of the Royal Dutch Shell Logo

This is a semiotic analysis of the Royal Dutch Shell logo (the Pecten—scallop shell). More specifically, we looked at the evolutionary examination of the corporation’s logo from its inception in 1904 until the newest version of the graphic emblem today. This semiotic analysis has two chief purposes. First, the internal meaning of the logo as a sign is analyzed, using Peirce’s three-part model of signification (that is, representamen–object–interpretant) which justifies the relationships existing between the sign and its object. Second, an examination of the relationships between the sign and its external referents is presented. An important conclusion is that, to be effective, the Shell logo has to be recognizable, easy to perceive and understandable. It has also been streamlined over the years to portray the true values of the company. For this reason, corporate identity tends to be evolutionary in nature.

The Liminality of Creative illness

Henri Ellenberger argued that in many instances, illness serves as an integral stage in the creative process. This paper begins by contrasting the simplistic image of cause-and-effect with Ellenberger's three-part model, with illness in the middle. Then, it sets forth five different ways to construe the period of illness as a contribution to a creative process that will have begun before the illness. It concludes by introducing a familiar example from Western history of a leader whose contributions might have built upon years of exemplary preparation, but actually began in earnest only after a defining period of sudden illness.Henri Ellenberger [1] wrote an influential essay in the 1960s titled "The Concept of Creative Illness." Part of its brilliance is due to the fact that it took a relatively common model of cause-and-effect and added something to it, presenting a slightly more sophisticated model that raised interesting new questions about the relationship between illness and creativity. This paper considers the importance of studying the creative process through the lens of illness as liminality.

Barriers to ethical behaviour and stability: Stereotyping and scapegoating as pretexts for avoiding responsibility

The paper considers the relationship between stereotyping, scapegoating, unethical behaviour and instability and shows how stereotyping and scapegoating can contribute to national and international instability. It presents a revised version of a three-part model of conflict previously developed by the author, with the components of an issue of dispute, a context which favours violence over peaceful resolution, and a trigger event, and shows how some of the theories of scapegoating and the resulting violence fit into this model. It also presents a new three-level model of the factors which lead to stereotyping at the individual, organisational or communal, and wider society levels.The paper also discusses potential solutions to current vicious cycles in which unethical behaviour, stereotyping and scapegoating promote or lead to instability. The role of multi-loop action learning and organisations such as TECIS (IFAC Technical Committee 9.5 on Technology, Culture and International Stability, formerly SWIIS) are highlighted in providing support for whistleblowing, responsibility and accountability at both the collective and individual levels, a strengthening of both individual and group identities and increasing respect for currently stereotyped and discriminated against out-groups, which will reduce their vulnerability to scapegoating.

The fetishism of humanitarian objects and the management of malnutrition in emergencies

This paper examines two common objects in humanitarian assistance: a therapeutic food called Plumpy’nut, and a tape for measuring malnutrition known as the muac band. It argues that humanitarian relief has become a standardised package reliant on such objects, which receive excessive commitment from aid workers and are ascribed with almost magical powers. Drawing on the Marxist notion of commodity fetishism, the paper proposes a three-part model for examining this phenomenon, in which humanitarian objects are bound up in processes of concealment, transformation and mystification. First, these objects are perceived as rootless, recent discoveries, allowing the complex history and ambivalent results of technology to be concealed. Second, they facilitate a single-minded attention to efficiency and aggregate survival, which transforms the way humanitarian action is understood. Third, these objects are imbued with a mystical and autonomous spirit, redefined as irreplaceable elements of aid. This ‘fetishism of humanitarian objects’, the paper concludes, prevents a more flexible and people-centred approach to relief.

Three-part model for fractional response variables with application to Chinese household health insurance coverage

A survey on health insurance was conducted in July and August of 2011 in three major cities in China. In this study, we analyze the household coverage rate, which is an important index of the quality of health insurance. The coverage rate is restricted to the unit interval [0, 1], and it may differ from other rate data in that the “two corners” are nonzero. That is, there are nonzero probabilities of zero and full coverage. Such data may also be encountered in economics, finance, medicine, and many other areas. The existing approaches may not be able to properly accommodate such data. In this study, we develop a three-part model that properly describes fractional response variables with non-ignorable zeros and ones. We investigate estimation and inference under two proportional constraints on the regression parameters. Such constraints may lead to more lucid interpretations and fewer unknown parameters and hence more accurate estimation. A simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of constrained and unconstrained models and show that estimation under constraint can be more efficient. The analysis of household health insurance coverage data suggests that household size, income, expense, and presence of chronic disease are associated with insurance coverage.

MiPLAN

Clinician educators and medical trainees face intense pressure to complete numerous patient care and teaching activities in a limited amount of time. To address the need for effective and efficient teaching methods for use in the inpatient setting, the authors used constructivist learning theory, the principles of adult learning, and their expertise as clinician educators to develop the MiPLAN model for bedside teaching. This three-part model is designed to enable clinical teachers to simultaneously provide care to patients while assessing learners, determining high-yield teaching topics, and providing feedback to learners.The "M" refers to a preparatory meeting between teacher and learners before engaging in patient care or educational activities. During this meeting, team members should become acquainted and the teacher should set goals and clarify expectations. The "i" refers to five behaviors for the teacher to adopt during learners' bedside presentations: introduction, in the moment, inspection, interruptions, and independent thought. "PLAN" is an algorithm to establish priorities for teaching subsequent to a learner's presentation: patient care, learners' questions, attending's agenda, and next steps.The authors suggest that the MiPLAN model can help clinical teachers gain more confidence in their ability to teach at the bedside and increase the frequency and quality of bedside teaching. They propose further research to assess the generalizability of this model to other institutions, settings, and specialties and to evaluate educational and patient outcomes.

Creativity is …: A metaphoric model of the creative thought process

This study applied a three-part metaphoric model of thinking to illuminate the creative thought process in developing marketing communications. The Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique was used to categorize metaphorical statements about the creative process. Analysis found that these statements fit the model's tripartite structure of perception, movement, and object manipulation. These results suggest alternative paths for developing creative concepts, and also suggest a framework for understanding how best to use various techniques at different stages of the creative process.

Ecological Accounts: Prerequisite to Planning for Sustainability

This article describes a three-part model for comprehensive ecological planning for urban communities. It reviews the history of accounting, from the measurement of material wealth to the measurement of complex physical systems characterized by multiple energy flows. Models of sustain­ able ecosystems, Meier argues, must account for the flow of information and the generation (or loss) of new knowl­ edge within and between communities, which challenges the conservative principles of monetary and energy-based forms of accounting. Sustainable outcomes, Meier argues, should also be measured in terms of increasing numbers of voluntary transactions, qualitative redistribution of human time and attention, and overall improvements in the qual­ity of life.

Motivation in academic life: a prestige economy

The introduction of performance-related pay into universities in recent years implies a belief that academic behaviours are modified by money. However, many valued academic activities are poorly paid or not paid at all. Clearly other factors are at work. Academic motivation and new working patterns are explored using the literature. An anthropological term ‘prestige economy’ is defined and located as part of a three-part model, and its application to higher education is explored, using a socio-cultural approach rooted in Bourdieu’s analyses of academic life. The implications for those who seek to bring about change in institutions are considered and further research questions outlined.

Ecosystems emerging. 5: Constraints

Ecosystem constraints are both ontic and epistemic. They limit activity, and as problems to be solved they drive organization, which is our hypothesis: Solutions proliferate further constraints in an unending spiral of problem (constraint) generation and solution. As constraints proliferate, behavior narrows, and species diversify to compensate (paradox of constraint). Resource enrichment reduces constraints, releases behavior, and reduction of challenges decreases diversity (paradox of enrichment)—high diversity is expressed in low-resource environments and low diversity in high-resource environments. A three-part model of constraints is formulated for non-living systems, and also for goal-directed, problem-solving biota. Mode 1: dynamical means behavior is co-determined by internal states and external inputs. Mode 2: cybernetic employs negative feedback to keep dynamics within goal-oriented operating limits. Mode 3: model-making entails ability to represent (model) physical reality and respond to both phenomenal (modeled) and physical inputs; this property distinguishes living from nonliving systems. Principal sections of the paper elaborate dynamical constraints (three classes), boundary constraints (expressed in edge effects and trophic dynamics), physical constraints (space, time, temperature), chemical constraints (environment fitness, ecological stoichiometry, chemical evolution, limiting factors), coding constraints (environmental vs. genetic coding), network and pathway constraints (connectivity), and natural selection constraints (fitting to the biosphere). Consideration of how the world would look without constraints suggests how fundamental these are in ecosystem emergence, and how the next property in this series, differentiation, would be unmotivated without them. We conclude that constraints as a category are under-studied in ecology, poorly understood in ecological phenomenology, and (our hypothesis) comprise a ubiquitous organizing force in nature.

High-Assurance Smart Grid: A Three-Part Model for Smart Grid Control Systems

As electrical grids evolve through the introduction of additional “smart” sensors, actuators, and control systems, cybersecurity becomes an ever more significant factor, necessitating the incorporation of Information Assurance principles throughout the electrical system-from central station power generating facilities, through transmission and distribution systems, to building management systems, distributed generation, home area networks, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. A precursor to determining the appropriate controls for any particular device within this complex system is to determine the trust model (or untrusted condition) within which the device exists. This paper, then, sets out to define a multilevel framework for an architecture to be used throughout the electrical system-a High-Assurance Smart Grid architecture that incorporates three core attributes: 1) categorizes cybersecurity requirements based on a multi-tier determination of a subsystem's potential impact on the overall system; 2) implements a robust defense-in-depth cybersecurity architecture; 3) implements a distributed rather than hierarchical control system architecture based on an assumed compromise (untrusted condition) of system control components and subsystems using autoresponsive (AR) load control wherever possible.

Chloride Diffusion Characteristics of the New Interface Transition Zone in Recycled Aggregate Concrete

A three-part model (mortar, original concrete and ITZ) was established in this study to analyze the chloride coefficient of the new interfacial transition zone (ITZ) in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Based on this model, a formula for calculation was derived from the chloride transport characteristics in the steady state. Two types of RAC were used to study the properties of ITZ by steady-state migration test and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) method. The results indicate that the chloride diffusion coefficient of new ITZ in RAC is about 1 to 4 cm2/year, and that the addition of superfine phosphorous slag (PHS) not only reduces the chloride diffusion coefficient of mortar but also decreases the thickness and the chloride diffusion coefficient of new ITZ in RAC due to its pozzolanic reaction effect. The chloride permeability of mortar containing 20% PHS is only 1/5 of that in normal RAC. The chloride diffusion coefficient of ITZ in normal RAC is about 10 times greater than that of ordinary mortar. When modified with PHS and superplasticizer, the permeability of chloride in new ITZ is 3 to 7 times greater than that in the ordinary bulk cement paste. Furthermore, the mechanism and the effects of superfine phosphorous slag (PHS) on the resistivity of chloride permeation were discussed on basis of the experimental results and the images of SEM.