Three-factor Framework Research Articles

‘Dual Carbon Goals’ enhances policy integration: analysing recent changes in China’s national climate policy

ABSTRACT China recently set out to achieve the goal of reaching carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, the so-called ‘Dual Carbon Goals’ (DCGs), making climate change enjoy the highest-ever political salience. The DCGs entail a new policymaking paradigm under which climate goals are required to be integrated into all relevant sectors. Based on a quantitative content analysis of policy documents enacted by 41 national governmental agencies, we found that the DCGs has led to significant increase in the level of climate policy integration (CPI). Despite the overall rise of CPI, our findings revealed notable differences in CPI among governmental agencies. We proposed a three-factor framework to explain what drives the variance in CPI. Through a chronological analysis, this study examined the evolution of China’s national climate policy portfolios across 12 policy domains. Our results showed that China’s sectoral climate policy has experienced dramatic changes in both scope and scale. This study provided an in-depth understanding of Chinese climate policy mix to mitigate climate change and contributed to existing literature by filling a research gap – the lack of empirical analysis on whether, how, and to what extent CPI occurs in Chinese context.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-Short Form (FFNI-SF).

Objective: For a long time, it was held that narcissism had two aspects: narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic fragility. The extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism elements of the three-factor narcissism paradigm, on the other hand, have gained popularity in recent years. Based on the three-factor framework of narcissism, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-short form (FFNI-SF) is a relatively recent invention. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the FFNI-SF in Persian among Iranians. Method : Ten specialists (with Ph.D.s in psychology) were enlisted in this research to translate and evaluate the reliability of the Persian version of the FFNI-SF. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were then used to assess face and content validity. It was given to 430 students at Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, once the Persian form was completed. The available sampling technique was used to choose the participants. Cronbach's alpha and the test-retest correlation coefficient were used to assess the reliability of the FFNI-SF. In addition, concept validity was obtained using exploratory factor analysis. In addition, correlations with NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) were employed to establish the convergent validity of the FFNI-SF. Results: According to professional opinions, the face and content validity indices met expectations. With Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability, the questionnaire's reliability was also established. Cronbach's alphas varied between 0.7 and 0.83 for the FFNI-SF components. According to test-retest reliability coefficients, the components' values varied from 0.7 to 0.86. Additionally, three factors (extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism) were recovered using the principal components approach and a straight oblimin rotation. According to an analysis of the eigenvalues, the three-factor solution accounted for 49.01 of the variation in the FFNI-SF. The eigenvalues for the three variables were 2.95 (M = 1.39), 2.51 (M = 1.3), and 1.88 (M = 1.24) respectively. The FFNI-SF Persian form's convergent validity was further verified by the association between its results and those from the NEO-FFI and PNI tests and the FFNI-SF. There was a substantial positive association between FFNI-SF Extraversion and NEO Extraversion (r = 0.51, P ≤ 0.001), as well as a strong negative correlation between FFNI-SF antagonism and NEO agreeableness (r = -0.59, P ≤ 0.001). As well as this, PNI grandiose narcissism (r = 0.37, P ≤ 0.001) was shown to be significantly associated with FFNI-SF grandiose narcissism (r = 0.48, P ≤ 0.001), as it was with PNI vulnerable narcissism (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Conclusion: with its solid psychometric qualities, we may utilize the Persian FFNI-SF to test the three-factor model of narcissism as an effective tool for research.

Conceptualising and measuring mindfulness during worship and prayer: Scale development and initial validation of the Mindfulness during Worship Scale (MWS)

ObjectiveTo propose a three-factor framework for conceptualising and measuring mindfulness during worship, and to develop and validate a new scale using existing scales of mindfulness and spirituality. MethodsA shortlist of scale items was developed and administered online to 521 Christians from the United Kingdom in three independent studies. ResultsThe studies confirmed a three-factor structure of the new 15-item Mindfulness during Worship Scale (MWS) with an overall internal reliability range of α = 0.81–0.87: a) concentration during worship, which contains reverse-scored items capturing the tendency for attention to slip towards unrelated activities during worship, b) presence during worship, which includes items relating to an increased awareness to thoughts and feelings as they relate to the engagement of worship, and c) absorption during worship, which includes items relating to an increased feeling of awareness and absorption in worship. Concurrent validity was confirmed, as the total MWS and subscale scores were positively associated with existing measures of mindfulness (FFMQ-15 and MAAS) and spirituality (ISS). Moreover, worship frequency predicted higher scores on all three MWS subscales, higher Scripture reading frequency predicted greater focus on religious thoughts during worship, and regular meditation practice was associated with a greater absorption during worship. The frequency of performing communal religious activities was not associated with mindfulness during worship. ConclusionsThe MWS is the first scale that measures mindfulness specifically within the context of worship and prayer, and can be used within any religious community that engages in prayers.

HOW GLOBAL IS YOUR BUSINESS SCHOOL? – THE 3 PS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION: PROGRAMS, PARTICIPANTS AND PURPOSE

In this paper, we introduce a three-factor framework that can be used to evaluate the internationality of universities offering international business by focusing on their programs, participants, and purpose. We illustrate how a prospective American student, and her parents could use the framework by applying it to four U.S. based business schools with international business programs, two large public schools and two smaller private schools. We argue that the framework may also be used by administrators and accreditors evaluating the institution from within. We gather our information from publicly available sources. We find that programs vary widely, both in depth and breath. Prospective students could use our framework to select the school that best fits their goals and skills. One ancillary finding is that the lack of transparency by most institutions makes gathering relevant information difficult.

A Product Pain-Pleasure Framework for Software Product Design in the Usability and User Experience Domains

This study utilized a literature review strategy to examine prior literature pertaining to the frameworks concerning how to minimize users‘ pain and maximize their pleasure while interacting with the designs of interactive products. The findings of the study reveal that several such frameworks are in existence and are mainly in other domains different from usability and user experience. In these, the emphasis were mostly on satisfaction and dissatisfaction criteria which do not cover the broader perspectives of user experience that comprise hedonic, affective, aesthetics and other hedonomic facets. This prompts for the development of a framework that tailored to usability and user experience concerns to enable user experience designers design interactive products that will enhance users‘ experience. The proposed framework was adapted from previous related frameworks It is a three-factor framework that is composed of pain factors, linear factors and pleasure factors. The study proposes this framework to facilitate the design of interactive systems that improves the experience of users.

Factor Structures of Reasons for Immigration Among Older Asian and Latino Immigrants in the United States.

Backgrounds and ObjectivesAlthough reasons for immigration are significant predictors of immigrants’ health, factor structures of reasons for immigration are still unclear among older immigrants. The present study examined the factor structure of reasons for immigration among older Asian and Latino immigrants in the United States.Research Design and MethodsDrawn from the National Latino and Asian American Study, 396 Latino and 298 Asian immigrants over 55 years of age were selected for analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for nine items concerning reasons for immigration in each immigrant group.ResultsThree factors were extracted from both Asian and Latino immigrant elders: (a) “voluntary reasons” to pursue development, (b) “involuntary reasons” due to uncontrollable situations, and (c) “semivoluntary reasons” regarding family/medical duties. While immigration to join family members was located in the “semivoluntary reasons” factor among older Asian immigrants, it was located in the “voluntary reasons” factor among older Latino immigrants.Discussion and ImplicationsThese findings suggest that three underlying factors of reasons for immigration should be understood considering the different characteristics of two racial/ethnic groups of immigrants. In addition, a migratory reason to join the family should be considered differently for elderly Asian and Latino immigrants. This three-factor framework of reasons for immigration can help clinicians provide more culturally sensitive interventions for older minority immigrants.

Transfer of test-enhanced learning: Meta-analytic review and synthesis.

Attempting recall of information from memory, as occurs when taking a practice test, is one of the most potent training techniques known to learning science. However, does testing yield learning that transfers to different contexts? In the present article, we report the findings of the first comprehensive meta-analytic review into that question. Our review encompassed 192 transfer effect sizes extracted from 122 experiments and 67 published and unpublished articles (N = 10,382) that together comprise more than 40 years of research. A random-effects model revealed that testing can yield transferrable learning as measured relative to a nontesting reexposure control condition (d = 0.40, 95% CI [0.31, 0.50]). That transfer of learning is greatest across test formats, to application and inference questions, to problems involving medical diagnoses, and to mediator and related word cues; it is weakest to rearranged stimulus-response items, to untested materials seen during initial study, and to problems involving worked examples. Moderator analyses further indicated that response congruency and elaborated retrieval practice, as well as initial test performance, strongly influence the likelihood of positive transfer. In two assessments for publication bias using PET-PEESE and various selection methods, the moderator effect sizes were minimally affected. However, the intercept predictions were substantially reduced, often indicating no positive transfer when none of the aforementioned moderators are present. Overall, our results motivate a three-factor framework for transfer of test-enhanced learning and have practical implications for the effective use of practice testing in educational and other training contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record

Inclusive Leadership in China: A Three-Factor Framework

Inclusive leadership is becoming hot in diversity management in recent years. This study argues that the understanding of inclusive leadership in different cultural situations (e.g., China) can be conceptually distinct from that in the West. Based on interviews with 40 employees, Study 1 developed a three-factor framework of inclusive leadership consisting of Openness, Acceptance, and Tolerance. Study 2 examined the construct validity of it, and results (N = 514) demonstrated that the three factors, named Openness, Acceptance, and Tolerance, can be differentiated from each other. Study 3 tested the nomological validity of inclusive leadership, and results revealed that these three factors were positively related to employees’ trust in leaders and their organizational performance significantly. Finally, implications for practice and future research are discussed.

Visual features for perception, attention, and working memory: Toward a three-factor framework

Visual features are the general building blocks for attention, perception, and working memory. Here, I explore the factors which can quantitatively predict all the differences they make in various paradigms. I tried to combine the strengths of experimental and correlational approaches in a novel way by developing an individual-item differences analysis to extract the factors from 16 stimulus types on the basis of their roles in eight tasks. A large sample size (410) ensured that all eight tasks had a reliability (Cronbach's α) of no less than 0.975, allowing the factors to be precisely determined. Three orthogonal factors were identified which correspond respectively to featural strength (i.e., how close a stimulus is to a basic feature), visual strength (i.e., visual quality of the stimulus), and spatial strength (i.e., how well a stimulus can be represented as a spatial structure). Featural strength helped substantially in all the tasks but moderately less so in perceptual discrimination; visual strength helped substantially in low-level tasks but not in high-level tasks; and spatial strength helped change detection but hindered ensemble matching and visual search. Jointly, these three factors explained 96.4% of all the variances of the eight tasks, making it clear that they account for almost everything about the roles of these 16 stimulus types in these eight tasks.

Visual features for perception, attention, and working memory: Toward a three-factor framework

Visual features are the general building blocks for attention, perception, and working memory. Here, I explore the factors which can quantitatively predict all the differences they make in various paradigms. I tried to combine the strengths of experimental and correlational approaches in a novel way by developing an individual-item differences analysis to extract the factors from 16 stimulus types on the basis of their roles in eight tasks. A large sample size (410) ensured that all eight tasks had a reliability (Cronbach’s α) of no less than 0.975, allowing the factors to be precisely determined. Three orthogonal factors were identified which correspond respectively to featural strength (i.e., how close a stimulus is to a basic feature), visual strength (i.e., visual quality of the stimulus), and spatial strength (i.e., how well a stimulus can be represented as a spatial structure). Featural strength helped substantially in all the tasks but moderately less so in perceptual discrimination; visual strength helped substantially in low-level tasks but not in high-level tasks; and spatial strength helped change detection but hindered ensemble matching and visual search. Jointly, these three factors explained 96.4% of all the variances of the eight tasks, making it clear that they account for almost everything about the roles of these 16 stimulus types in these eight tasks.

Inattentional blindness and the von Restorff effect.

Sometimes we fail to notice distinctive or unusual items (inattentional blindness), while other times we remember distinctive items more than expected items (the von Restorff effect). A three-factor framework is presented and tested in two experiments in an attempt to reconcile these seemingly contradictory phenomena. Memory for different types of unexpected stimuli was tested after an easy or difficult Stroop color-naming task. Highly arousing taboo words were well remembered even when the difficult Stroop task limited attentional resources. However, a conceptual isolation effect was only observed when the nature of the category change was highlighted by the Stroop task, the Stroop task was easy, and/or the isolated targets enjoyed a retrieval advantage relative to comparison targets. As proposed in the three-factor framework, the arousing qualities of the stimuli, the attentional demands of the primary task, and the relevance of isolated features at encoding and retrieval combine to produce inattentional blindness and the von Restorff effect.

Psychology under fire: Adversarial operational psychology and psychological ethics.

The 9/11 attacks on the United States have motivated psychologists to advance counterterrorism and related operations through psychological principles and skills. These operational psychologists seek to legitimize adversarial interventions against targets by prioritizing societal welfare over traditional, individual-focused principles of psychological ethics. In this essay, we distinguish adversarial operational psychology, which facilitates deceptive and coercive operations, from collaborative operational psychology, which optimizes personnel performance in high-risk operations. Our analysis finds that adversarial operational psychology is largely unsupported by the American Psychological Association Ethics Code, that its potential benefits are exceeded by the likelihood of irreversible harms, and that its military necessity is undemonstrated. We offer a three-factor framework for distinguishing between adversarial and collaborative operational psychology, and we recommend institutional separation of these roles so that professional psychologists do not serve in adversarial capacities.

Work–Life Balance and Parenthood: A Comparative Review of Definitions, Equity and Enrichment*

This review investigates the problems of definition and inequity with which the literature on parenthood and work–life balance is beset. It analyses research trajectories first within the established disciplines of organizational psychology and the sociologies of work and family practices, and then within the newer field of management studies. Gender, class and difference are singled out as troubling themes, especially in relation to fathers and impoverished parents. A tendency towards mono‐disciplinarity is observed within organizational psychology and sociologies of work and family practices. The review offers explanations for the historic but narrow definition within organizational psychology and sociologies of work and family practices of work–life balance as affecting mainly heterosexual dual‐career parent couples. The authors show how this narrow definition has led to inequities within research. They further identify as limiting the definition of work–life balance to be always ‘problematic’, rather than enriching, among employed parents. Consequently, a three‐factor framework is recommended, through which future studies may address the problems of definition and equity in work–life balance literature, including: a broader definition of work–life balance to include marginalized parents; the defining of parenting and employment as potentially life‐enriching; and a commendation of the transdisciplinary approach within management studies as poised to move debate forward.

Analysing, pursuing and networking: Towards a validated three-factor framework for entrepreneurial competence from a small firm perspective

Moving beyond general personal traits as predictors for success, a growing volume of research acknowledges that entrepreneurial core processes are enabled by specific competencies which can be learned, further refined and developed. The research objective of this article is to develop a framework for entrepreneurial competence in a well-defined small firm sector by elaborating and empirically validating an existing categorization of entrepreneurial competence. The dataset includes 348 small firm owner-managers who participated in an educational programme, established to pursue new business opportunities in the Dutch agri-food sector. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that three domains constitute the heart of entrepreneurial competence in this small firm context: ‘analysing’, ‘pursuing’ and ‘networking’. These three competence domains provide professionals active in sector development, small business support and (vocational) education with an empirically valid framework of clearly discernible elements of entrepreneurial competence. This framework also encompasses insights on education and learning.

Methods of Measuring Faking Behavior

This article reviews different methods of measuring the extent that faking has distorted responses to a personality test. Based on the idea that faking causes shifts in the means and construct relationships, a three-factor framework is proposed for classifying such measures based on the data required for computation and the effect of faking that the measure is intended to gauge. Advantages and disadvantages for each method are discussed along with recommendations for measuring faking in research and practice.

Termination in inpatient groups.

This article provides the therapist with a three-factor framework for understanding and constructively responding to members' termination in the inpatient group. The first factor is the context in which the inpatient group takes place. It will be argued that how the broader system defines and treats termination affects the group process at the time of termination. The second factor is the therapist's countertransference. Three especially common reactions (disappointment, abandonment anxiety, and powerlessness) will be described. The third factor is the characteristic need of inpatients at termination time. Each factor is described in terms of its potential impact on the termination process. Techniques and suggestions are offered that aim to mitigate the destructive forces of each factor and to enhance the therapeutic value of the termination event for the patient.