Three-factor Authentication Protocol Research Articles

An efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless healthcare sensor networks

An efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless healthcare sensor networks

A secure three-factor authentication protocol for mobile networks

A secure three-factor authentication protocol for mobile networks

Privacy-Preserving Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Deployed in Agricultural Field

The agriculture is the backbone of economic system, and it plays an essential part in the survival of a nation’s prosperity. In addition to providing raw materials and food, it also offers numerous employment opportunities. Consequently, agriculture necessitates modern technology to increase productivity. In these circumstances, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used to detect climatic parameters like light, humidity, carbon dioxide, acidity, soil moisture, and temperature in an agricultural field. However, the research that is being done at the moment is unable to circumvent the issue that safety and effectiveness cannot coexist. Several studies employ time-consuming cryptographic security structures, whereas the majority of lightweight systems are designed without reviewing certain security aspects like resistance to ephemeral secret leakage (ESL) attacks, perfect forward secrecy, and so on. According to our opinion, this issue may be overcome through the use of lightweight cryptographic primitives, paying particular attention to protocol weaknesses, and keeping in mind the ever-changing security needs of individuals. We present an extensive lightweight three-factor authentication protocol with diverse security criteria, along with the adaptive privacy preservation, that is suited for user-friendly situation in the WSN enviroment. This is accomplished by removing all extraneous cryptographic structures. It has been illustrated that proposed protocol is much better in terms of the privacy and security aspects via the usage of security aspects, proof of the real-or-random (ROR) model, protocols of internet security, and applications that are subjected to experimental validation utilizing automated validation. and comparison with other protocols’ security aspects. The performance analysis shows how superior our proposed protocol is to other competing protocols in terms of communication and computational overheads, with respective efficiencies of 53% and 39%. Moreover, using the ROR model reveals that this study has benefits in performance compared with other competing research.

A secure and efficient three-factor authentication protocol for IoT environments

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an information carrier based on the Internet and traditional telecommunications network, which enables all ordinary physical objects that can be independently addressed to form an interconnected network. User authentication protocol is an essential technology for security and privacy in the IoT environment. This paper analyzes the security of Mirsaraei et al.'s three-factor authentication scheme for IoT environments (Mirsaraei et al., 2022 [31]), and finds that the scheme cannot provide users with untraceability, perfect forward secrecy or the resistance of key compromise impersonation attack. The article improves Mirsaraei et al.'s scheme and proposes a three-factor authentication protocol with perfect forward secrecy using elliptic curve cryptosystem, which retains the general process of Mirsaraei et al.'s scheme. The formal security analysis of the proposed protocol is carried out by ROR (Real-or-Random) model, and the formal security verification of the proposed protocol is implemented by Proverif tool. The cryptoanalysis results demonstrate that the proposed protocol makes up for the shortcomings of Mirsaraei et al.'s scheme in security and can resist more malicious attacks as opposed to recent schemes. Moreover, the performance analysis using MIRACL (Multiprecision Integer and Rational Arithmetic C/C++ Library) shows that, the proposed protocol has great advantages over analogical three-factor authentication schemes in terms of computational overhead and communication overhead.

Provably Secure Dynamic Anonymous Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Internet of Things

Wireless sensor networks are a promising application of the Internet of Things in the sustainable development of smart cities, and have been afforded significant attention since first being proposed. Authentication protocols aim to protect the security and confidentiality of legitimate users when accessing and transmitting data. However, existing protocols may suffer from one or more security flaws. Recently, Butt et al. proposed an energy-efficient three-factor authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks. However, their protocol is vulnerable to several attacks, and lacks certain security properties. In this paper, the causes of these design flaws are analyzed. Furthermore, we propose a novel three-factor authentication protocol (password, smart card, and biometric information) for wireless sensor networks in Internet of Things contexts. A dynamic anonymous strategy is designed to prevent privacy disclosure and to resist sensor node capture attacks, tracking attacks, and desynchronization attacks. The Find–Guess model and random oracle model are combined to prove the security of the proposed protocol. A comparative analysis with related schemes shows that the proposed protocol has higher security and is able to maintain a low computational overhead.

Privacy Preserving Three-factor Authentication Protocol for Secure Message Forwarding in Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless body area networks have gained popularity due to their ability to enhance efficiency, flexibility, convenience and the quality of life. In this environment, the patient physiological data is collected by the biosensors and transmitted over public channels to remote servers. Here, the data is analyzed to facilitate decision making such as injection of some drugs into the patient's body. During the message exchange over public channels, numerous active and passive attacks can be launched. Although many protocols have been developed to address these issues, many vulnerabilities and performance constraints are inherent in these schemes. As such, the design of secure and efficient security protocols suitable for wireless body area networks is still a challenging task. In this paper, a three-factor authentication protocol is developed which encompass patient biometric data, smart card and password. Its formal analysis using both Real-Or-Random (ROR) model and Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic shows that it is provably secure. In addition, the semantic security analysis shows that it is secure under the Dolev-Yao (DY) and Canetti- Krawczyk (CK) threat models. In terms of performance, it is demonstrated to result in a 43.98% reduction in computation overheads, 18.18% in number of supported security characteristics and a 19.05% reduction in space complexities.

A Lightweight and Secure Three-Factor Authentication Protocol With Adaptive Privacy-Preserving Property for Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been extensively used in many fields, which provide great convenience for people’s daily work and life. With the popularity of WSNs, people’s demands for related authentication protocols are developing in a comprehensive and perfect direction, and relevant designs are focusing more on two aspects: security and performance. However, current research cannot avoid the problem that security and efficiency are not compatible. Some studies use time-consuming cryptographic structures for security, while most lightweight schemes are designed without considering certain security properties, such as perfect forward secrecy, the resistance to known session-specific temporary information attack, etc. In our view, this conflict can be resolved by using lightweight cryptography primitives with special attention to protocol vulnerabilities and ever-evolving security requirements of people. By abandoning all unnecessary cryptographic structures, we propose a comprehensive lightweight three-factor authentication protocol with various security requirements, including adaptive privacy preservation, which is suitable for the user-friendly scenario in the WSN. Through security analysis, real-or-random (ROR) model proof, Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications experimental verification, and security aspect comparison, it is proved that our protocol is superior in the security aspect. The performance experiment under MIRACL library shows that this study has advantages in performance compared with other recent research.

Practical Three-Factor Authentication Protocol Based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography for Industrial Internet of Things.

Because the majority of information in the industrial Internet of things (IIoT) is transmitted over an open and insecure channel, it is indispensable to design practical and secure authentication and key agreement protocols. Considering the weak computational power of sensors, many scholars have designed lightweight authentication protocols that achieve limited security properties. Moreover, these existing protocols are mostly implemented in a single-gateway scenario, whereas the multigateway scenario is not considered. To deal with these problems, this paper presents a novel three-factor authentication and key agreement protocol based on elliptic curve cryptography for IIoT environments. Based on the elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman problem, we present a protocol achieving desirable forward and backward secrecy. The proposed protocol applies to single-gateway and is also extended to multigateway simultaneously. A formal security analysis is described to prove the security of the proposed scheme. Finally, the comparison results demonstrate that our protocol provides more security attributes at a relatively lower computational cost.

Secured Wireless Sensor Network Protocol using Rabin-assisted Multifactor Authentication

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) when combined with Internet-of-things (IoT) enable a wide range of applications across multiple domains. Sensor nodes in these wireless sensor networks like any other Internet-connected device are resource constrained and vulnerable to a variety of malicious attacks thereby compromising security. Consequently, a secure and efficient lightweight cryptographic protocol is required that can provide a balance between end-to-end security offering all features but yet lightweight. For secure data transmission and access, newer multi-factor authentication and key management features must be developed as majority of existing techniques have high computational overheads and are vulnerable to a wide range of attacks. In this paper, we propose a Rabin-assisted three-factor authentication protocol that uses the computational asymmetry of Rabin cryptosystem in addition to user password, smartcard and biometric for increased security. NS2 based simulation proves that the proposed protocol outperforms the baseline ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol in terms of throughput, computation cost, and delay performance. Also, it has the ability to tolerate most common attacks and offers additional functionality features thereby offering a lightweight and highly secure protocol that can be extended to other critical domains like Smart Transportation Systems (STS), Smart grids, Smart buildings etc.

An improved three-factor authentication and key agreement protocol for smart grid

An improved three-factor authentication and key agreement protocol for smart grid

Security analysis on “Three-factor authentication protocol using physical unclonable function for IoV”

Security analysis on “Three-factor authentication protocol using physical unclonable function for IoV”

A Provably Secure Three-Factor Authentication Protocol Based on Chebyshev Chaotic Mapping for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network has been widely used and plays a vital role in the Internet of Things, smart cities, military, and other fields, and its security has also attracted the attention of many researchers. In view of the security defects in Shin and Kwon’s scheme such as failure to provide three-factor security, lack of anonymity and untraceability, user impersonation attack, desynchronization attack and privileged insider attack, we suggest an improved provably secure three-factor user authentication scheme based on Chebyshev chaotic mapping for wireless sensor network, which employs fuzzy verifier technique to prevent attacker from offline guessing attack on user identity and password when the stolen/lost smartcard is acquired by the attacker. During the authentication phase, a dynamic identity mechanism is used to ensure the anonymity of the user and sensor to prevent desynchronization attack, and the Chebyshev chaotic mapping is introduced to improve security and reduce computation overhead. The rigorous security proof under the random oracle model and the formal verification via ProVerif show that our protocol overcomes the weaknesses in Shin and Kwon’s scheme. In addition, by comparing the performance of our proposed scheme with that of others, we demonstrate that our proposal not only solves the security risks of Shin and Kwon.’s protocol, but also achieves a better tradeoff between security and efficiency, therefore, it is more suitable for user authentication in wireless sensor network environments.

A Secure Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for E-Governance System Based on Multiserver Environments

In electronic governance (e-governance) system, citizens can access government services such as transportation, licensing and immigration remotely over the Internet. With the development of information and communication technology, usage of the e-governance system has been increased. To efficiently provide citizens with various e-governance services, multi-server environments can be applied to the e-governance system. However, messages can be inserted, deleted, and modified by a malicious adversary since these are transmitted through a public channel. Therefore, many researchers have suggested mutual authentication protocols for secure communication in multi-server environments. In 2020, Sudhakar <i>et al</i>. proposed a smart card based lightweight authentication protocol for multi-server environments. We analyze Sudhakar <i>et al</i>.&#x2019;s protocol to propose a secure mutual authentication protocol in the e-governance system based on multi-server environments. However, we disclosure that their protocol is not resistant to smart card stolen, insider, man-in-the-middle, user impersonation, and session key disclosure attacks. Moreover, Sudhakar <i>et al</i>.&#x2019;s protocol does not provide mutual authentication. To improve these security problems, we suggest a secure three-factor mutual authentication protocol for the e-governance system based on multi-server environments. We prove our protocol&#x2019;s security using informal security analysis, Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic, and Real-or-Random (ROR) model. We also simulate our protocol utilizing Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool.We estimate the proposed protocol&#x2019;s security functionalities, computation costs, and communication overheads compared with existing related protocols. Consequently, we demonstrate that our protocol is secure and suitable for the e-governance system.

A Novel Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Multiple Service Providers in 6G-Aided Intelligent Healthcare Systems

6G technology is now attracting many scientific researchers due to its prominent features including high mobility, high data rate, high operating frequency, and ultra-low end-to-end delay. Compared to the 5G, 6G has certain advantages that can transform smart healthcare to a new advanced intelligent healthcare system, where multiple issues and concerns of the services (e.g., slow ambulance response) are effectively resolved. In such a communication system, patients and service providers communicate with each other via an open internet channel. Since the healthcare data is important and very sensitive, security and privacy in the healthcare network become prominent. In this paper, we introduce a 6G-aided intelligent healthcare environment. Our work also proposes a solution called Centerless User-Controlled Single Sign-On (CL-UCSSO) for achieving a convenient and cost-saving communication in a multi-server system constructed. A three-factor mechanism (combining smart card, password and biometrics) and time bound property are integrated to design the protocol with fast authentication that allows patients and providers to efficiently establish secure communications. Security proof of the proposed protocol is provided using well-known verification tools including RoR model, AVISPA simulation and BAN logic. Results of performance comparisons on various aspects show that our work provides more functionalities and incurs less cost compared with the related works.

Provably Secure Pseudo-Identity Three-Factor Authentication Protocol Based on Extended Chaotic-Maps for Lightweight Mobile Devices

Authentication and key agreement (AKA) play a major role in an open network environment to communicate between two or more participants securely. Authentication and key agreement protocols should protect sensitive data from a malevolent adversary by offering a several of services, such as user credential privacy and authentication when a user’s or server’s private key is revealed or a smart card is lost/stolen. Unfortunately, the majority of offered authentication and key agreement protocols suggested in the literature are vulnerable to many attacks. In this research, we present a pseudo-identity-based secure mutual authentication protocol that protects privacy. The suggested protocol resists replay attacks, de-synchronization attacks, eavesdropping attacks, denial of service attacks, insider attacks, known session-specific temporary information attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks efficiently and also provides forward security. In order to offer privacy and prevent traceability, our protocol employs the pseudo-identity mechanism. We present a comprehensive security analysis, which includes formal verification with the Scyther tool; a BAN logic proof; and an informal discussion of various attacks, demonstrating that the proposed protocol is secure against all well-known attacks. Additionally, we give a performance study and a comparison to similar existing protocols.

A Light and Anonymous Three-Factor Authentication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been widely used in a variety of fields, and make people’s lives more convenient and efficient. However, WSNs are usually deployed in a harsh and insecure environment. Furthermore, sensors with limited hardware resources have a low capacity for data processing and communication. For these reasons, research on efficient and secure real-time authentication and key agreement protocols based on the characteristics of WSNs has gradually attracted the attention of academics. Although many schemes have been proposed, most of them cannot achieve all known security features with satisfactory performance, among which anonymity, N-Factor security, and forward secrecy are the most vulnerable. In order to solve these shortcomings, we propose a new lightweight and anonymous three-factor authentication scheme based on symmetric cryptographic primitives for WSNs. By using the automated security verification tool ProVerif, BAN-logic verification, and an informal security analysis, we prove that our proposed scheme is secure and realizes all known security features in WSNs. Moreover, we show that our proposed scheme is practical and efficient through the comparison of security features and performance.

Authentication of IoT device with the enhancement of One-time Password (OTP)

The Robust and Energy Efficient Authentication Protocol works for Industrial Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an arising innovation and expected to give answers for different modern fields. The IoT enable connection of physical devices all around the world to the internet by collecting and sharing critical and real-time data among each other. The increment of devices increases the computational cost during data transmission between devices and towards the internet. In this paper we proposed a solution that is a multi-factor authentication protocol to enhance the protocol proposed by Li et al. For Industrial IoT by adding One Time Password (OTP) after the biometric information of the user is checked by the Gateway Node (GWN) to be able to tackle additional network attack aside from those that are overcome by Li et al. scheme. Our contribution for this project is, we proposed the solution that a multi-factor authentication protocol to enhance the protocol proposed. For Industrial IoT by adding One Time Password (OTP) after the biometric information of the user is checked by the Gateway Node (GWN) to be able to tackle additional network attack aside from those that are overcome. The idea of adding OTP is inspired by where they scheme correlates to biometric of user as well. Our proposal is lower cost than the three protocols regarding authentication overhead and computational cost perspectives. Challenges and future directions of this paper examined the security shortcomings of a client confirmation convention for WSN, which is as proposed by Chang and Le. To address the normal security shortcomings of past protocols, we proposed a strong and energy effective three-factor authentication protocol for WSN.

A Composable Multifactor Identity Authentication and Authorization Scheme for 5G Services

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technology has already deployed commercially and become a global research focus. The new features of 5G include unlimited information exchange, a large variety of connections with independent energy, and diversified high transmission rate services. Collective synergy of services is expected to change the way of life and future generations and introduce new converged services to the ICT industry. Different application services have to meet differentiated security demands. From the perspective of security, in order to support the multiservice of 5G services, it is necessary to consider the new security mechanism driven by the service. Based on 5G massive data stream, the 5G system can provide customized real-world services for potential users and reduce the user experience gap in different scenarios. However, 3GPP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), which is the present entity authentication mechanism for the 5G service layer, is only an individual authentication architecture and unable to fulfill the flexible security objectives of differentiated services. In this paper, we present a new hierarchical identity management framework as well as an adaptable and composable three-factor authentication and session key agreement protocol for different applications in 5G multiservice systems. Finally, we propose an authorization process by combining with the proposed three-factor authentication mechanism and Service-Based Architecture (SBA) proposed by the 3GPP committee. The proposed mechanism can concurrently provide diverse identity authentication schemes corresponding to four different security levels by easily splitting or assembling three-factor authentication protocol blocks. The proposed scheme can be simultaneously applied to a variety of applications to improve the efficiency and quality of service and reduce the complexity of the whole 5G multiservice system, instead of designing or adopting several different authentication protocols. The performance evaluation results indicate that the proposed scheme can guarantee the multiple security of the system with ideal efficiency.

An Extended Chaotic Map-Based Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Multi-Server Environment

With the increasing number of users and the emergence of different types of network services, a multi-server architecture has emerged in recent years. In order to ensure the secure communication of Internet participants in an open network environment, the authentication and key agreement protocol for multi-server architectures were proposed in the past. In 2018, Chatterjee et al. put forward a lightweight three-factor authentication and key agreement protocol for a multi-server environment, and they claimed that all known security features with satisfactory performance could be realized in their protocol. However, it is found that their scheme is vulnerable to user impersonation attacks and cannot achieve user un-traceability and three-factor security through our cryptanalysis. In order to solve these shortcomings, we propose a new lightweight and anonymous three-factor authentication scheme for the multi-server environment in this article. Furthermore, the proposed protocol is proved to be AKE secure theoretically, and we use BAN-logic to prove that our protocol realizes mutual authentication between communication participants. Finally, we show that our proposed scheme is practical and efficient through the comparison of security features and performance.

A robust provable-secure privacy-preserving authentication protocol for Industrial Internet of Things

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) accomplish a key aspect in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) that has turned out to be the most flourishing perception for computerizations in an industrial maneuver. IIoT environment is a significant application of the Internet of Things (IoT) that facilitate the professionals related to industries for remote supervision of factory, warehouses, etc. In this environment, the data must constantly be analyzed to take important real-time decisions. It makes remote confirmation most essential to secure the data transmission through insure channel so that alteration, interception, modifications of data cannot occur. As a result, there remains an immense requirement of remote user authentication protocol to restrict any illicit access to the data. In this scenario, to eradicate all the security attacks, it is aimed to design a robust provable-secure privacy-preserving three-factor authentication protocol for IIoT in this research. Our scheme is analyzed using both informal and formal security reviews using broadly known random oracle models, BAN logic as well as simulated using a well-accepted ProVerif simulation tool that confirms that the protocol is well-secured against all existing security threats. It is exhibited in the performance estimation that the proposed scheme is more efficient as well as lightweight than other existing schemes. To conclude it can be said that the proposed scheme is easy to be realized in the resource-constrained IIoT environment.