Three-dimensional Visualization System Research Articles

A stochastic vision-based model inspired by zebrafish collective behaviour in heterogeneous environments.

Collective motion is one of the most ubiquitous behaviours displayed by social organisms and has led to the development of numerous models. Recent advances in the understanding of sensory system and information processing by animals impels one to revise classical assumptions made in decisional algorithms. In this context, we present a model describing the three-dimensional visual sensory system of fish that adjust their trajectory according to their perception field. Furthermore, we introduce a stochastic process based on a probability distribution function to move in targeted directions rather than on a summation of influential vectors as is classically assumed by most models. In parallel, we present experimental results of zebrafish (alone or in group of 10) swimming in both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. We use these experimental data to set the parameter values of our model and show that this perception-based approach can simulate the collective motion of species showing cohesive behaviour in heterogeneous environments. Finally, we discuss the advances of this multilayer model and its possible outcomes in biological, physical and robotic sciences.

A Comparison between Three-Dimensional Visualization Guided Hepatectomy and Ultrasonography Guided Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma within the Milan Criteria

Background. Treatment selection for small hepatocellular carcinoma (sHCC) is controversial. We aimed to compare the outcomes of medical imaging three-dimensional visualization system (MI-3DVS) guided surgical resection (SR) and ultrasonography guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for sHCC. Methods. In total, 194 patients who underwent SR or RFA in our hospital between January 2006 and May 2010 were retrospectively enrolled. Overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and postoperative complications were compared. Cox regression was used to estimate the benefits of MI-3DVS-guided SR on OS and RFS. Results. Ninety-two patients underwent SR and 102 underwent RFA. The SR group experienced more complications (41.3% versus 19.6%) and longer hospital stay (18.04 ± 7.11 versus 13.06 ± 5.59) (both p < 0.05). The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year OS was 96.7%, 95.7%, 93.5%, 83.5%, and 61.1% in the SR group and 95.0%, 88.1%, 72.7%, 56.9%, and 39.5% in the RFA group. Corresponding RFS was 95.7%, 94.6%, 84.7%, 59.8%, and 40.2% in SR group and 91.2%, 80.3%, 60.5%, 32.3%, and 22.3% in RFA group. The 5-year OS and RFS were higher in SR group (both p < 0.001). Interestingly, there was no significance in OS and RFS among subgroups aged >60 years. Independent predictors of OS and RFS, respectively, were intervention (HR, 2.769 and 1.933), tumor number (HR, 5.128 and 3.903), and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (HR, 1.871 and 1.474) (all p < 0.05). Conclusions. MI-3DVS based hepatectomy should be considered primary treatment while RFA can be treated as alternative therapy for older patients. Intervention, tumor number, and AFP are independent predictors for both survival and recurrence.

Three-dimensional (3D) versus two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopic adrenalectomy: A case-control study

IntroductionLaparoscopic adrenalectomy is today considered the gold standard of treatment for adrenal tumors. The development of high definition cameras does not eliminate the major limitation of two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopy: lack of depth perception and loss of spatial orientation. Tree-dimensional (3D) HD laparoscopy was developed as an alternative to conventional 2D laparoscopy. MethodsWe report our experience with use of 3D vision system for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Between January 2009 and March 2015 we performed a total of 52 laparoscopic adrenalectomies. In this case-control study we considered 13 laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed with three-dimensional (3D) vision system as case group. The last 26 procedures made with two-dimensional (2D) HD laparoscopic system represented the control group. We considered primary end-points: operative time, intraoperative complications and conversion rate. We evaluated also quality of depth perception and surgical strain. ResultsAlthough the operative time for the entire surgical procedure was shorter in 3D group, there were no significant differences. The surgeon experienced better depth perception with 3D system and subjectively reported less strain using 3D vision system. Residents and medical students confirmed these data on surgical outcome. Conclusion3D system vision does not seem to influence the operative time of laparoscopic adrenalectomy performed by experienced surgeon because the surgical technique request simple tasks. We obtain the better visualization in depth perception with effect on surgical precision. Comparative studies are necessary to verify if 3D can reduce perioperative complication with similar operative time.

Total Anatomical Reconstruction During Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Implications on Early Recovery of Urinary Continence

BackgroundThe introduction of robotics revolutionized prostate cancer surgery because the magnified three-dimensional vision system and wristed instruments allow microsurgery to be performed. The advantages of robotic surgery could lead to improved continence outcomes in terms of early recovery compared with the traditional surgical methods. ObjectiveTo describe the total anatomical reconstruction (TAR) technique during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Primary endpoint: evaluation of the continence rate at different time points. Secondary endpoint: evaluation of urine leakage and anastomosis stenosis rates related to the technique. Design, setting, and participantsJune, 2013 to November, 2014; prospective consecutive series of patients with localized prostate cancer (cT1-3, cN0, cM0). Surgical procedureRARP with TAR was performed in all cases. Lymph node dissection was performed if the risk of lymph nodal metastasis was over 5%, according to the Briganti updated nomogram. MeasurementsPreoperative, intraoperative, postoperative, and pathological variables were analyzed. Enrolled patients were arbitrarily divided into three groups according to a time criterion. The relationships between the learning curve and the trend of the above-mentioned variables were analyzed using LOESS analysis. Continence was rigorously analyzed preoperatively and at 24h, 1 wk, 4 wk, 12 wk, and 24 wk after catheter removal. Results and limitationsIn total, 252 patients were analyzed. The continence rates immediately after catheter removal and at 1 wk, 4 wk, 12 wk, and 24 wk after RARP were 71.8%, 77.8%, 89.3%, 94.4%, and 98.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the nerve sparing technique, D’Amico risk groups, lymph node dissection, and prostate volume were involved in the early recovery of urinary continence. One ileal perforation requiring reoperation was recorded. The transfusion rate was 0.8%. Thirty-one (12.3%) postoperative complications were recorded up to 6 mo after surgery. Among these, eight acute urinary retentions (3.2%) and three urine leakages (1.2%) were recorded. There was a lack of randomization and comparison with other techniques. Both anatomical dissection of the prostatic apex and TAR were used. The results may not be generalized to low-volume centers. ConclusionsThe TAR technique showed promising results in the early recovery of urinary continence, as well as watertight anastomosis and a low rate of urine leakage. The oncologic results were not affected. Comparative studies are needed to support the quality of reported results. Patient summaryOn the basis of our findings, it seems that the risk of urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy can be lowered via meticulous anatomical reconstruction using a robotic system. Comparative studies are required to support the reported results.

Application of hepatic segment resection combined with rigid choledochoscope in the treatment of complex hepatolithiasis guided by three-dimensional visualization technology

To study the value of hepatic segment resection combined with rigid choledochoscope by the three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology in the diagnosis and treatment of complex hepatolithiasis. Enhance computed tomography (CT) data of 46 patients with complex hepatolithiasis who were admitted to the Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University from July 2010 to June 2014 were collected.All of the CT data were imported into the medical image three-dimensional visualization system (MI-3DVS) for 3D reconstruction and individual 3D types. The optimal scope of liver resection and the remnant liver volume were determined according to the individualized liver segments which were made via the distribution and variation of hepatic vein and portal vein, the distribution of bile duct stones and stricture of the bile duct, which provided guidance for intraoperative hepatic lobectomy and rigid choledochoscope for the remnant calculus lithotripsy. Outcomes of individual 3D types: 10 cases of type I, 11 cases of IIa, 23 cases of IIb, 2 cases of IIc, 19 cases coexisted with history of biliary surgery. The variation of hepatic artery was appeared 6 cases. The variation of portal vein was appeared 8 cases. The remaining liver volume for virtual hepatic lobectomy controlled more than 50%. Eighteen cases underwent left lateral hepatectomy, 8 cases underwent left liver resection, 8 cases underwent right posterior lobe of liver resection, 4 cases underwent the right hepatic resection, 4 cases underwent IV segment liver resection, 2 cases underwent right anterior lobe of liver resection, 2 cases underwent left lateral hepatectomy combined with right posterior lobe of liver resection, 26 cases underwent targeting treatment of rapid choledochoscope and preumatic lithotripsy. The actual surgical procedure was consistent with the preoperative surgical planning. There was no postoperative residual liver ischemia,congestion, liver failure occurred in this study. The intraoperative calculus clearance rate was 91.3% (42/46) because 4 cases of postoperatively residual calculi were not suitable for one stage management due to suppurative cholangitis but removed calculus successfully with rigid choledochoscope through T tube fistula. Hepatic segment resection combined with rigid choledochoscope under the guidance of three-dimensional visualization technology achieves accurate preoperative diagnosis and higher complete stone clearance rate of complicated hepatolithiasis.

Improved reliability for fractal dimension calculation of the vascular imprints on the cranial vault mapped with topographical correction.

We presented a novel approach to studies of the vascular grooves located on the inner surface of the cranial vault. A three-dimensional vision system that acquired the endocranial surface topography was used for this purpose. The acquired data were used to generate images showing the branching pattern of the middle meningeal artery. Fractal dimension was used to characterize and analyze branching pattern complexity. We discussed the usefulness of the latter method and indicated difficulties and potential errors connected to the fractal dimension application. The technique introduced for recording traits of the object surface appears to be helpful in anatomical study of morphological variation of dural vascularization. It may also be applicable in paleoneurological research based on analysis of the cranial remnants. Fractal dimension should be used carefully as a method sensitive to many aspects of data acquisition and processing.

Computer-aided rigid choledochoscopy lithotripsy for hepatolithiasis

BackgroundHepatolithiasis is challenging for surgeons to treat especially in patients with previous hepatobiliary surgery. The aim of the study was to report our experience of rigid choledochoscopy lithotripsy in targeted treatment of hepatolithiasis under the guidance of a medical image three-dimensional visualization system, which we developed and patented (software copyright no: 2008SR18 798) by comparing it with hepatectomy without a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction technique. MethodsBetween December 2007 and March 2013, 64 patients underwent rigid choledochoscopy lithotripsy based on 3D visualization technology conducted by a medical image three-dimensional visualization system for hepatolithiasis (group A). During the same period, 61 patients with hepatolithiasis were selected for hepatectomy (group B). Comparative analysis was made of demographic and perioperative characteristics of the two groups. Results3D visualization was instructive for surgeons on how the stones were distributed and what the spatial relationship was between stones and the intrahepatic vascular system. Compared with patients in group B, those in group A had a significantly lower intermediate residual stone rate, a faster operating time, a lower intraoperative blood loss and intraoperative blood transfusion, a shorter postoperative hospital stay, less postoperative complications, and more liver function reserved (P < 0.05 for all). Final residual stone rate, stone recurrence rate, and recurrent cholangitis rate were similar. Conclusions3D visualization technology provides an important reference and a valuable planning for rigid choledochoscopy lithotripsy, which is a feasible and effective method for management of hepatolithiasis.

Robotic surgery in gynecology.

FDA approved Da Vinci Surgical System in 2005 for gynecological surgery. It has been rapidly adopted and it has already assumed an important position at various centers where this is available. It comprises of three components: A surgeon's console, a patient-side cart with four robotic arms and a high-definition three-dimensional (3D) vision system. In this review we have discussed various robotic-assisted laparoscopic benign gynecological procedures like myomectomy, hysterectomy, endometriosis, tubal anastomosis and sacrocolpopexy. A PubMed search was done and relevant published studies were reviewed. Surgeries that can have future applications are also mentioned. At present most studies do not give significant advantage over conventional laparoscopic surgery in benign gynecological disease. However robotics do give an edge in more complex surgeries. The conversion rate to open surgery is lesser with robotic assistance when compared to laparoscopy. For myomectomy surgery, Endo wrist movement of robotic instrument allows better and precise suturing than conventional straight stick laparoscopy. The robotic platform is a logical step forward to laparoscopy and if cost considerations are addressed may become popular among gynecological surgeons world over.

Research on FCM Algorithm in the 3D Visualization System of Medical Images

FCM is a fuzzy segmentation based on overall situation, is typically applied in data mining and pattern recognition. In this paper, the segmentation of brain CT is achieved through FCM clustering algorithm in three-dimensional medical image visualization system, the organization in brain CT processed with FCM clustering can be well identified.However, the connectivity of brain organization is severely damaged. In view of this situation, it is proposed that the object in the brain image through clustering be judged by classification of its neighbor domain. The result shows that this method brings a significant improvement in the problem of organization connectivity brought by FCM clustering. Judging the brain image through FCM clustering by classification of its neighbor domain, a brain CT image of better organization integrity and connectivity can be got.

結晶構造・電子/核密度・結晶外形等の三次元可視化システムの開発と鉱物学への応用

結晶構造・電子/核密度・結晶外形等の三次元可視化システムの開発と鉱物学への応用

Interest of a Three-Dimensional Vision System in Laparoscopic Suturing on Pelvi-Trainer: A Prospective Comparative Study among Naïve Medical Students

Interest of a Three-Dimensional Vision System in Laparoscopic Suturing on Pelvi-Trainer: A Prospective Comparative Study among Naïve Medical Students

Research on Three-Dimensional Visualization System for Landslide and Mud-Rock Flows Based on Direct3D and SPH Methods

This paper converts DEM data to 3D terrain by using Direct3D technology, then, creates landslide on the 3D terrain ,and simulates landslides and mud-rock flows during the whole process in time by using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics methods. The landslide is abstracted to particle swarm of Direct3D in this simulation, each particle movements in the gravity, pressure and viscous force between particles and other physical forces so that implements three-dimensional and dynamic simulation of landslides and mud-rock flows. The extent of landslides and mud-rock effects is reached by estimating the real time location of particles, thus we can make early warning of the extent of landslides and mud-rock effects and provide technical support for disaster prevention and mitigation work..

Mobile, Low-Cost, and Large-Scale Immersive Data Visualization Environment for Civil Engineering Applications

AbstractThis case study presents the design and development of a three-dimensional (3D) immersive visualization system constructed from commercial off-the-shelf components and open-source software that is intended to address the following key challenges for the practical use of immersive environments: (1) extreme costs in both hardware and software; (2) immobility due to calibration and darkroom requirements; and (3) extensive and expensive manpower requirements for both operation and maintenance. The system—called the VuePod—uses 12 consumer grade passive 3D television monitors, an active tracking system, and a modular construction approach. The VuePod capitalizes on recent functional advancements and cost decreases in both hardware and software and is demonstrated herein as a viable alternative to prohibitively expensive projector-based walk-in computer automatic virtual environments (CAVEs). The case study presents a full description of the hardware and its assembly, the software and its configuration,...

Quantitative arbor analytics: unsupervised harmonic co-clustering of populations of brain cell arbors based on L-measure.

This paper presents a robust unsupervised harmonic co-clustering method for profiling arbor morphologies for ensembles of reconstructed brain cells (e.g., neurons, microglia) based on quantitative measurements of the cellular arbors. Specifically, this method can identify groups and sub-groups of cells with similar arbor morphologies, and simultaneously identify the hierarchical grouping patterns among the quantitative arbor measurements. The robustness of the proposed algorithm derives from use of the diffusion distance measure for comparing multivariate data points, harmonic analysis theory, and a Haar-like wavelet basis for multivariate data smoothing. This algorithm is designed to be practically usable, and is embedded into the actively linked three-dimensional (3-D) visualization and analytics system in the free and open source FARSIGHT image analysis toolkit for interactive exploratory population-scale neuroanatomic studies. Studies on synthetic datasets demonstrate its superiority in clustering data matrices compared to recent hierarchical clustering algorithms. Studies on heterogeneous ensembles of real neuronal 3-D reconstructions drawn from the NeuroMorpho database show that the proposed method identifies meaningful grouping patterns among neurons based on arbor morphology, and revealing the underlying morphological differences.

A Research on Digital City Three-Dimensional Visualization System Based on Skyline

As an important living place for human beings, city is regarded as a main place for the birth, spread and development of human civilization. This paper, based on the principle of system development and combining with the need of building “Digital City”, makes an overall design of the “Digital City” 3D visualization system. Firstly, a 3D ground objects model, i.e. .x files, is made through inputting the ground objects of the experimental area into 3DSMAX, then, the .x files are converted to .xpc files in order to achieve a better displaying effect in producing a 3D landscape. Secondly, the author makes corresponding pre-processing to the aerial photos, satellite images, topographic data, digital elevation models and a variety of vector geographic data, and then superimposes and loads these data into Terra Builder module of Skyline software, which generates 3D topography landscape, that is, .MPT files and forms the terrain database required in Terra Explorer Pro software. Next, a 3D landscape is preliminarily established by inputting the 3D terrain model and the 3D ground objects model, i.e. .MPT files and .xpl files, in Terra Explorer Pro, and by editing a real and accurate 3D geographic model and a real Digital City 3D landscape model, that is, FLY files, are respectively formed. Finally, on the basis of the 3D landscape model, the system is developed by using Visual Basic + TerraDeveloper and the basic operation of 3D, spatial analysis, visible analysis and other basic functions are preliminarily achieved

Scilab Textbook Companions [Focus on Education

The purpose of this column is to announce the availability of computer programs as a companion for the examples in many of the textbooks used in courses for teaching control engineers [1]. The computer programs are written in Scilab, which is free open-source software for numerical computations originally developed at Inria [2] and currently managed by Scilab Enterprises [3]. Scilab is an alternative high-level programming language to Matlab, with similar functionalities such as linear algebra, two- and three-dimensional visualization, optimization, statistics, signal processing, dynamic simulation, and control systems analysis and design.

Application of three-dimensional visualization system combined with choledochofiberscope for the treatment of hepatolithiasis

Objective To investigate the clinical value of three-dimensional visualization system combined with choledochofiberscope in the treatment of hepatolithiasis.Methods The clinical data of 30 patients with hepatolithiasis who were admitted to the Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2012 to January 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.The preoperative two-dimensional images of computed tomography (CT) was converted to the three-dimensional images by IQQA-Liver system.The location of the stones and their relationship with adjacent organs were learned.The surgical plan was made based on the three-dimensional images,and the liver volume and liver volume planed to be excised were measured.Bile duct exploration,washing,lithotripsy and lithotomy were performed using the traditional method combined with choledochofiberscopy.The rate of residual stones and actual volume of liver resected were calculated.The correlation between the volume of actual liver resected and predicted liver resection volume was analyzed by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient.Results The three-dimensional reconstruction of the CT data of the 30 patients clearly displayed the size,location of the tumor,as well as its relationship with adjacent blood vessels and bile ducts.Surgical plan was made according to the result of three-dimensional reconstruction,including 24 cases of choledochotomy,15 cases of partial liver resection,and 16 cases of bile duct stricture repairment + cholangioenterostomy.The volume of liver of the 15 patients who were planed to receive partial liver resection was (1 390 ± 148) mL,and the volume of liver planed to be resected was (275 ± 156) mL.Preoperative evaluation of the anatomy of blood vessels,stones and bile ducts based on three-dimensional images was confirmed with operative findings.In actual practice,there were 24 patients received choledochotomy,6 received liver parenchyma cutting,15 received partial liver resection and 16 received cholangioenterostomy.The agreement rate of the surgical plan and the actual practice was 100.0％ (30/30).The actual volume of liver resected was (261 ± 148)mL.The mean error rate of the volume of liver planed to be resected was 5.4％.The predicted liver resection volume was positively correlated with the actual liver resection volume (r =0.902,P ＜ 0.05).Exploration with choledochoscope was routinely performed,including 23 cases of lithotomy through choledochofiberscope.The operation time was (121 ± 65)minutes,and the volume of intraoperative blood loss was (158 ± 78) mL.No bile leakage was detected,and the incidence of incisional infection was 3.3％ (1/30).The results of CT or choledochoscopy showed that the rate of residual stones after surgery was 10.0％ (3/30).Conclusion Three-dimensional visualization system combined with choledochofiberscopy is helpful in the treatment of hepatolithisis. Key words: Hepatolithiasis ; Three-dimensional visualization system ; Choledochofiberscope

To assess the benefits of medical image three-dimensional visualization system assisted pancreaticoduodenctomy for patients with hepatic artery variance

Our main aim was to evaluate the value of medical image three-dimensional visualization system (MI-3DVS) in pancreaticoduodenctomy patients with hepatic artery variance. 114 patients who had undergone pancreatoduodenectomy were retrospectively summarized and analyzed. Clinical data of 64-slice multidetector CT angiography (64-MDCTA) scanning was introduced into MI-3DVS for procedural segmentation, registration and 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. The findings were compared with those found during the operation and by postoperative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of coeliac artery. The 3D model demonstrated the origination and bifurcations of blood vessels, and the relationships among neoplasms, organs and blood vessels efficiently. About (14/114 cases, 12.3%) had variant. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MI-3DVS in variant hepatic artery diagnosis were 100%. It assisted in preoperative procedural planning that was consistent with intraoperative findings. MI-3DVS can be applied for accurate diagnosis of hepatic artery variance. It also provides detailed preoperative guidance for individualized procedural planning.

An active three-dimensional vision system for automated detection and measurement of surface defects

There is a growing need to perform automated visual surface inspection in various manufacturing processes due to increased emphasis on quality control. A number of high-resolution three-dimensional metrology products are commercially available, but they are all very limited in their fields of view. The small field of view of the scanners makes inspection of relatively large parts a time-consuming operation, which has significant negative impacts on throughput. This article presents a two-stage inspection process in which a machine vision system, based on the photometric stereo principle, is used to detect potentially defective regions on parts over a much wider field of view than the one covered by the commercial products. The suspicious regions are then inspected using a high-resolution commercial three-dimensional surface measurement system, ignoring areas that are perceived to be defect free. Experimental tests on planar steel samples, having known surface defects, show that this approach is effective and it reduces the overall inspection time significantly.

Evaluation of a 3D system based on a high-quality flat screen and polarized glasses for use by surgical assistants during robotic surgery

Introduction:One of the main benefits of robotic surgery is the surgeon's three-dimensional (3D) vision system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of 3D vision using a flat screen and polarized glasses for surgical skills during robotic surgeries.Materials and Methods:In an experimental model, six surgeons performed three surgical tasks with laparoscopic devices using a standard 2D and a flat-screen 3D model with polarized glasses. Performance times were compared between two-dimensional (2D) and 3D vision for each task. The surgeons also graded the efficiency of the 3D system, on a subjective scale of 0-100.Results:Performance times for task 1 (seven holes) and 2 (elastic bands) were significantly reduced by 84% and 56% using 3D compared with a 2D system and experienced surgeons performed all three tasks faster in 3D than 2D. The surgeons reported the polarized glasses were comfortable to wear and direct vision was seldom affected.Conclusions:The use of 3D visualization seems to improve the efficiency of surgical skills during robotic surgery and reduce performance time for characteristic surgical procedure tasks.