Three-dimensional View Research Articles

Tunable wettability of polymer films by partial engulfment of nanoparticles

A series of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surfaces decorated by Cu nanoparticles (NP) with gradually varied morphology were prepared by high-pressure ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ treatment at various time spans. Combining the characterizations of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), an accurate three-dimensional view of the morphology of the surfaces was presented. Subsequently, the wettability of the surfaces decreases near linearly with the increase of the apparent height of the decorating NPs in both static (static contact angle) and dynamic (contact angle hysteresis) aspects. The observed tendency contradicts to the Wenzel or Cassie-Baxter model and is explained by the contribution of nanomeniscus formed between the decorating NP and the flat substrate. The capillary pressure from this meniscus is negative and results in the increase of the contact angle with the apparent height $({H}_{N})$ of the Cu NPs decorating the PMMA surface. In addition, the effect of the coverage $({C}_{N})$ by NPs on the wettability can be explained on the same basis. Our experiment demonstrates the important influence of the nanomeniscus on the wettability, which is usually not taken into account. The results in this work provide a comprehensive understanding of how nanostructure affects the wettability of the decorated surfaces and shed light on how to obtain certain wettability through nanostructuring of the surface morphology.

Mid-IR cosmological spectrophotometric surveys from space: Measuring AGN and star formation at the cosmic noon with a SPICA-like mission

AbstractWe use the SPace Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) project as a template to demonstrate how deep spectrophotometric surveys covering large cosmological volumes over extended fields (1–$15\, \rm{deg^2}$) with a mid-IR imaging spectrometer (17–$36\, \rm{\rm{\upmu m}}$) in conjunction with deep$70\, \rm{\rm{\upmu m}}$photometry with a far-IR camera, at wavelengths which are not affected by dust extinction can answer the most crucial questions in current galaxy evolution studies. A SPICA-like mission will be able for the first time to provide an unobscured three-dimensional (3D, i.e.x,y, and redshiftz) view of galaxy evolution back to an age of the universe of less than$\sim$2 Gyrs, in the mid-IR rest frame. This survey strategy will produce a full census of the Star Formation Rate (SFR) in the universe, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) bands and fine-structure ionic lines, reaching the characteristic knee of the galaxy luminosity function, where the bulk of the population is distributed, at any redshift up to$z \sim 3.5$. Deep follow-up pointed spectroscopic observations with grating spectrometers onboard the satellite, across the full IR spectral range (17–$210\, \rm{\rm{\upmu m}}$), would simultaneously measure Black Hole Accretion Rate (BHAR), from high-ionisation fine-structure lines, and SFR, from PAH and low- to mid-ionisation lines in thousands of galaxies from solar to low metallicities, down to the knee of their luminosity functions. The analysis of the resulting atlas of IR spectra will reveal the physical processes at play in evolving galaxies across cosmic time, especially its heavily dust-embedded phase during theactivity peakat the cosmic noon ($z \sim 1$–3), through IR emission lines and features that are insensitive to the dust obscuration.

Intelligent Symmetric Cryptography With Chaotic Map and Quantum Based Key Generator for Medical Images Infosecurity

Medical images can be constructed in two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) view imaging to be applied in disease detection and diagnosis inside the body, such as cancer/tumor, heart, or lung-related diseases. These images may contain patients’ privacy information and clinical diagnosis records. Hence, these images need to ensure authorization demands among hospitals, medical service organizations, or physicians in a picture archiving and communication system. This study presents an intelligent symmetric cryptography with a chaotic map and quantum-based key generator (KG) for medical image encryption and decryption. Overall scheme processes include (1) random cipher code generation, (2) training gray relational analysis (GRA)-based encryptor and decryptor, and (3) decrypted image evaluation. The hybrid chaotic map and quantum-based KG are used to increase the chaotic complexity and unpredictable levels to produce cipher codes for changing pixel values (substitution method) in a 2D image by 256 key-space cipher codes. The first and second GRA models are used to train the cipher codes to achieve an encryptor and a decryptor, respectively. Through the methodology validation using a chest X-ray database, the structural similarity index measurement is employed to evaluate the decryption quality between the plain image and decrypted image. The encrypted images show a visual uncorrelation with the plain images, and experimental results indicate higher confidences against the passive eavesdropper.

Simulating infrared spectro-photometric surveys with a Spritz

AbstractMid- and far-infrared (IR) photometric and spectroscopic observations are fundamental to a full understanding of the dust-obscured Universe and the evolution of both star formation and black hole accretion in galaxies. In this work, using the specifications of the SPace Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA) as a baseline, we investigate the capability to study the dust-obscured Universe of mid- and far-IR photometry at 34 and$70\, {\rm{\mu }}\mathrm{m}$and low-resolution spectroscopy at$17{-}36\, {\rm{\mu }}\mathrm{m}$using the state-of-the-art Spectro-Photometric Realisations of Infrared-selected Targets at all-z(Spritz) simulation. This investigation is also compared to the expected performance of the Origins Space Telescope and the Galaxy Evolution Probe. The photometric view of the Universe of a SPICA-like mission could cover not only bright objects (e.g.$L_{IR}>10^{12}\,{\rm L}_{\odot}$) up to${z}=10$, but also normal galaxies ($L_{IR}<10^{11}\,{\rm L}_{\odot}$) up to$\textit{z}\sim4$. At the same time, the spectroscopic observations of such mission could also allow us to estimate the redshifts and study the physical properties for thousands of star-forming galaxies and active galactic nuclei by observing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and a large set of IR nebular emission lines. In this way, a cold, 2.5-m size space telescope with spectro-photometric capability analogous to SPICA, could provide us with a complete three-dimensional (i.e. images and integrated spectra) view of the dust-obscured Universe and the physics governing galaxy evolution up to$\textit{z}\sim4$.

Students’ Perceptions of an In-house Developed Multiplayer Online Role-playing Serious Game for Learning of 21st Century Skills – a Cross Sectional Study

<strong>Background:</strong> An in-house serious game was developed to train pharmacy students in 21^st century skills. Players work collaboratively in a “choose-your-own-adventure” format to find a cure for humankind in a post-apocalyptic fantasy world infested by zombies. Our objectives were to determine if the game would enhance student learning of 21^st century skills in an engaging way, and whether the game could replace or supplement traditional teaching methods in the pharmacy professional skills training curriculum. <strong>Methods: </strong>A self-administered questionnaire obtained information about participants’ demographics, gaming interests, frequency, experiences and preferences; the game’s role in learning 21^st century skills and its role in the curriculum. A pre- and post-quiz was conducted to test on participants’ pharmacy knowledge. Descriptive statistics, Friedman two-way ANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used for analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> Participants preferred the three-dimensional first-person view, modern fantasy setting, authentic hero-adventure storyline, and the collaborative nature of gameplay. Majority felt that the game trained them on performing pharmaceutical calculations (27/30, 90.0%), patient history-taking and recommending appropriate medications (24/30, 80.0% each). Participants indicated that they learnt more about patient counselling (mean rank = 3.95) compared to the other 21^st century skills, such as patient history-taking (mean rank = 3.02, <em>p</em> = 0.002), applying drug information from monographs (mean rank = 2.95, <em>p</em> = 0.003), pharmacotherapy of drugs (mean rank = 2.37, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), and extemporaneous preparation skills (mean rank = 2.72, <em>p</em> = 0.001). Majority agreed that the game should not replace traditional methods of teaching in the curriculum (≥60.0%), but should supplement face-to-face counselling sessions (90.0%), extemporaneous/compounding labs (73.3%) and lectures (60.0%). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pharmacy students perceive that our game is able to train on 21^st century skills, such as health communication (patient history taking and counselling) and performing pharmaceutical calculations. With appropriate implementation, this game has the potential to become a useful supplementary teaching tool to help enhance the learning achieved by pharmacy students.

Policy Life Cycle Analysis of Three Australian State-level Public Policies: Exploring the Political Dimension of Sustainable Development

This article analyses the life cycle of three Australian public policies (Tasmania Together [TT], South Australia’s Strategic Plan [SASP,] and Western Australia’s State Sustainability Strategy [WA’s SSS]). These policies were formulated at the state level and were structured around sustainable development concepts (the environmental, economic, and social dimensions). This study highlights contexts that led to the making of these public policies, as well as factors that led to their discontinuation. The case studies are based on analysis of parliamentary debates, state governments’ budget reports, public agencies’ annual reports, government media releases, and stakeholders’ feedback. The empirical findings highlight the importance of understanding the political dimension of sustainable development. This fact highlights the need to look beyond the traditional three-dimensional view of sustainability when assessing the success (or lack thereof) of sustainable development policies. Equally important, the analysis indicates that despite these policies’ limited success (and even one of these policies not being implemented at all), sustainability policies can have a legacy beyond their life cycle. Hence, the evaluation of these policies is likely to provide insight into the process of policymaking.

Wits Appraisal of a Qatari Male Population: A Comparative Study. Part II

Introduction: Cephalometric analysis aims to determine skeletal and dental relationships. The ANB angle, initially suggested by Rediel and applied by Steiner. is the most used angle in establishing the anteroposterior relationship of the mandible to the maxilla. However, limitations to the accuracy of the ANB angle for this purpose have been reported. To avoid these potential sources of inaccuracy a diagnostic tool was introduced by Jenkins and later modified by Jacobson and became known as the “Wits appraisal”. Aims: The aim of this study was to establish the Wits appraisal value in a sample of Qatari males, a group which had not previously been studied in this context, and to compare the findings with those from racially and ethnically differing groups as reported in the literature.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 28 lateral cephalometric radiographs of Qatari males with an age range of 15 to 32 years, presenting with a well-balanced facial appearance and an acceptable profile.&#x0D; Results: The mean value of the Wits appraisal for Qatari males in the present study was 0.50 ± 2.96. This differed at a statistically significant level from the mean value in the Jacobson study with no gender significant difference noted. On the other hand, significant differences were found when compared with previous reports on different races.&#x0D; Conclusion: The Wits appraisal value for the Qatari male population studied was 0.5±2.96, a result which is significantly higher than that reported in Jacobson’s study. This study revealed that the Wits appraisal is not ethnicity or gender-specific, and therefore cannot be used to differentiate between different ethnic groups. However, it can find application as an alternative to the ANB angle in the treatment of borderline cases. The application of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) will enhance the diagnosis and treatment of cases by yielding three-dimensional views.

Intraoperative Fluorescein Sodium Videoangiography in Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery

Fluorescein sodium (FNa) videoangiography (VA) was performed to evaluate blood flow within vessels and exclusion of the aneurysm after surgical clipping of intracranial aneurysms. The aim of this study was to report results of FNa-VA in a case series, including benefits and limitations of the technique, and compare intraoperative findings with postoperative cerebral angiography to assess reliability of FNa-VA. The study included 64 aneurysms in 50 consecutive patients. Following clip ligation of the aneurysm, 100 mg of FNa was administered intravenously. The microscope light was switched to the FL560 integrated fluorescence module. Aneurysm sac, parent arteries, and perforating arteries were observed. FNa-VA promoted real-time assessment of the surgical field in three-dimensional view through the binoculars with good image quality. In 79.68% of aneurysms, FNa-VA confirmed satisfactory clip application, as FNa did not penetrate into the aneurysm. In 14.06% of aneurysms, a homogeneous yellow-green color change occurred, which was accepted as a false-positive sign. In 6.25% of aneurysms, FNa seeped into the aneurysm emitting a heterogeneous green signal, which slowly dispersed throughout the sac. Postoperative angiography revealed satisfactory results. Small neck remnants were present in 5 patients, and mild parent artery stenosis was found in 3 patients. No ischemic event occurred secondary to parent artery or perforating artery occlusion. FNa-VA adds greatly to the safety of surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms, particularly in lesions situated in deep locations, by enabling real-time inspection, which facilitates safer manipulation and evaluation of structures in question.

Urban surface temperature observations from ground-based thermography: intra- and inter-facet variability

Ground based thermal cameras are used to observe urban surface temperatures (Ts) with an unprecedented combination of: temporal and spatial resolution (5 min and ~ 0.5 m → 2.5 m), spatial extent (3.9 ha), instrument number (6 static cameras) and surface heterogeneity (mixed high rise and vegetation). Unsupervised classification of images by geometry and material properties (surface orientation, albedo, solar irradiance, and shadow history) is facilitated by a detailed three-dimensional surface model (430 m × 430 m extent) and sensor view modelling. From detailed source area analysis, 9.5% of the area is observed by the cameras. Across all camera pixels, the 5th - 95th percentile Ts differences reach 37.5 K around midday. Roofs have the greatest diurnal Ts range (290.6 K → 329.0 K). Ts differences across sunlit sloped roofs reach 23.3 K. Walls of different cardinal orientations consistently differ by >10 K between 10:00 and 15:00. Shadow tracking within images is used to model cooling rates, where recently shaded (<30 min) ground can be 18.6 K warmer than equivalent unshaded Ts. West walls remain warm past sunset and are 1.2 K warmer than north walls at 23:00 (~4 h after sunset). Recently shaded walls cool exponentially to ambient Ts at a similar rate as the ground, but four times slower than roofs. The observed Ts characteristics are anticipated to have a wide range of applications (e.g. evaluation of urban surface energy balance models, ground-truthing of satellite thermal remote sensing).

Uranium Vertical and Lateral Distribution in a German Forested Catchment

The natural measurements of uranium (U) are important for establishing natural baseline levels of U in soil. The relations between U and other elements are important to determine the extent of geological origin of soil U. The present study was aimed at providing a three-dimensional view of soil U distribution in a forested catchment (ca. 38.5 ha) in western Germany. The evaluated data, containing 155 sampled points, each with four major soil horizons (L/Of, Oh, A, and B), were collected from two existing datasets. The vertical U distribution, the lateral pattern of U in the catchment, and the occurrence of correlations between U and three groups of elements (nutrient elements, heavy metals, and rare earth elements) were examined. The results showed the median U concentration increased sevenfold from the top horizon L/Of (0.14 mg kg−1) to the B horizon (1.01 mg kg−1), suggesting a geogenic origin of soil U. Overall, soil U concentration was found to be negatively correlated with some plant macronutrients (C, N, K, S, Ca) but positively with others (P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo). The negative correlations between U and some macronutrients indicated a limited accumulation of plant-derived U in soil, possibly due to low phytoavailability of U. Positive correlations were also found between U concentration and heavy metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) or rare earth elements, which further pointed to a geogenic origin of soil U in this forested catchment.

Tracing of Human Tumor Cell Lineages by Mitochondrial Mutations.

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown the value in studying lineage tracing in slices of human tumors. However, a tumor is not a two-dimensional structure and to better understand how a tumor, and its corresponding metastasis grow, a three-dimensional (3-D) view is necessary.ResultsUsing somatic mitochondrial mutations as a marker for lineage tracing, it is possible to identify and follow tumor specific cell lineages. Using cycling temperature capillary electrophoresis (CTCE) a total of 8 tissues from 5 patients (4 primary tumors and 4 metastasis) containing clear mitochondrial markers of tumor lineages were selected. From these 8 tissues over 9,500 laser capture microdisection (LCM) samples were taken and analyzed, in a way that allows 3-D rendering of the observations.ConclusionUsing CTCE combined with LCM makes it possible to study the 3-D patterns formed by tumors and metastasis as they grow. These results clearly show that the majority of the volume occupied by a tumor is not composed of tumor derived cells. These cells are most likely recruited from the neighboring tissue.

Two viewpoints based real‐time recognition for hand gestures

It is extremely challenging to accomplish excellent accuracy for gesture recognition using an approach where complexity in computation time for recognition is less. This study compares accuracy in hand gesture recognition of a single viewpoint set-up with proposed two viewpoint set-up for different classification techniques. The efficacy of the presented approach is verified practically with various image processing, feature extraction and classification techniques. Two camera system make geometry learning and three-dimensional (3D) view feasible compared to a single camera system. Geometrical features from additional viewpoint contribute to 3D view estimation of the hand gesture. It also improves the classification accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method show escalation in recognition rate compared to the single-camera system, and also has great performance using simple classifiers like the nearest neighbour and decision tree. Classification within 1 s is considered as real-time in this study.

A narrative review of the role of robotics in cancer surgery

: In recent times the use of minimally invasive laparoscopic surgery has greatly expanded, becoming increasingly developed since its advent. This technical innovation has allowed more complex procedures to be undertaken. Standard laparoscopic surgery has several limitations, for example positioning of the camera being operator dependent, mostly only providing two-dimensional views and restricted instrument movements for the surgeon. Robotic-assisted surgery allows improved control of the instruments over traditional laparoscopic instruments, more able to achieve the movements that the operator requires thus permitting more and more technically challenging procedures to be accomplished. Advantages of robotic surgery are that it integrates into enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes through enabling faster recovery for patients with a shorter length of hospital stay, reduced postoperative pain, fewer wound complications, better cosmetic outcome and reduced blood loss. Robotic surgery also offers three-dimensional views with magnification and surgical instruments capable of increasing degrees of freedom thus replicating hand movements with greater precision. The use of robotics has implications for the anaesthetist including the potential for more restricted access to the patient’s airway. This article explores the history of robotic surgery and reviews the literature available for several surgical specialities as well as an insight into areas for the future development of robotics.

Relative Incidence of Nasal Masses: A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience

ABSTRACT Introduction Nasal masses are an intriguing arena for a rhinologist. With diagnostic advancement from anterior rhinoscopy to three-dimensional endoscopic view at a blazing speed in rhinology, it has become easier to diagnose a nasal mass. Early detection is a key for better management. Incidence of an entity varies over time because of the ever-changing environmental scenario and availability of advanced diagnostics. Incidence of nasal masses is still of importance because the pathophysiology of the nasal masses is still under research. This study will bring into notice of a rhinologist the relative incidence of various nasal masses highlighting the areas of concern and hence bringing our focus to a better management. Materials and methods It is a prospective study with a sample size of 200. All the modern diagnostic facilities were used, including a computed tomography scan can and nasal endoscopy, to reach a presumptive diagnosis of various nasal masses, and histopathology was done to establish the final diagnosis. Results In the present study, 62% were males (124) while 38% were females (76). Majority of the patients were in age-group of 21–40 years (42.5%, n = 85), followed by 40% (n = 80) in the age-group 41–60 years, and 14.5% (n = 29) in 10–20-year age-group. Around 6 (3%) cases were in less than 10 years of age-group. Out of 200 cases, 160 cases were non-neoplastic masses. Out of 40 neoplastic masses, 24 were benign and 16 were malignant. The most common mass was nasal polyps (144 of 200). Conclusion Nasal polyps are still the most common nasal masses. Improvement in diagnostic modality mandates a more active research to understand their molecular biology for better management. How to cite this article Singh J, Bhardwaj B, Singh T. Relative Incidence of Nasal Masses: A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2019;12(1):16–20.

The Future of Mapping – 3D Maps, the Comparison of two of the Most Used Methods in Photogrammetric Field

Abstract In the last 15 years, mapping technology has become a necessity in smart cities planning. And 2D are starting to be augmented by 3D maps. 3D Maps are already used in the cartographic field, to create a three-dimensional view of the terrain and buildings. In this paper we address the concept of 3D Maps and we compare two methods to generate such maps. In this study two 3D maps were built, one using photogrammetric 3D stereo-restitution and one using automatic extrusion from a LiDAR point cloud and a set of 2D vector polygons. Upon comparison of these maps, we have concluded that the accuracy of the two maps is very similar and it depends very much on the input data and we have observed that creating a precise 3D map in photogrammetric environment takes much longer than the one built using the LiDAR point cloud. As 3D maps become the future of mapping, there is a continuous need for more accurate and complete field data to be collected and processed. Once more detailed field data becomes available, a clear conclusion on which of the methods provide us with a more accurate 3D map could be drawn. The evolution of 3D mapping is rapidly growing together with the applications developed to use it, especially in surveying and material monitoring. The key to future development of smart cities in based on better designs and infrastructures, and 3D mapping technology is a vital instrument to assist such a development.

Recent advances in X-ray imaging of breast tissue: From two- to three-dimensional imaging.

Breast cancer is a globally widespread disease whose detection has already been significantly improved by the introduction of screening programs. Nevertheless, mammography suffers from low soft tissue contrast and the superposition of diagnostically relevant anatomical structures as well as from low values for sensitivity and specificity especially for dense breast tissue. In recent years, two techniques for X-ray breast imaging have been developed that bring advances for the early detection of breast cancer. Grating-based phase-contrast mammography is a new imaging technique that is able to provide three image modalities simultaneously (absorption-contrast, phase-contrast and dark-field signal). Thus, an enhanced detection and delineation of cancerous structures in the phase-contrast image and an improved visualization and characterization of microcalcifications in the dark-field image is possible. Furthermore, latest studies about this approach show that dose-compatible imaging with polychromatic X-ray sources is feasible. In order to additionally overcome the limitations of projection-based imaging, efforts were also made towards the development of breast computed tomography (BCT), which recently led to the first clinical installation of an absorption-based BCT system. Further research combining the benefits of both imaging technologies is currently in progress. This review article summarizes the latest advances in phase-contrast imaging for the female breast (projection-based and three-dimensional view) with special focus on possible clinical implementations in the future.

Reparación de hernias paraesofágicas gigantes asistida por robot en un hospital de cuarto nivel en Bogotá, Colombia, Clínica Shaio: serie de casos y revisión de la literatura.

Giant paraesophageal hernias have a surgical indication in case of symptoms. Since twenty years ago robot-assisted repair was incorporated to overcome the limitations of the laparoscopic surgery, and to offer new advantages. To report the experience on repairing giant paraesophageal hernias assisted by robot in a fourth level hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, Shaio Clinic. Retrospective and descriptive study of five cases of giant paraesophageal hernia type III or IV, taken to robotic correction during August 2016 to June 2018. Evaluation of post-surgery outcomes. Five paraesophageal robot-assisted repair were performed. Mean surgical time was 146 minutes, one conversion to open surgery, the average intraoperative bleeding was 100 mL, hospital stay time of 2.2 days. Morbidity, mortality and recurrence percentages in the short time were equal to 0%. Robot-assisted repair of giant paraesophageal hernias, has shown advantages that overcome the limitations of the laparoscopic approach such as dissections in difficult-to-reach angles, increased accuracy, ergonomics, three-dimensional, and closer view of the workspace. In addition, robot-assisted repair promotes better surgical and postoperative outcomes; these advantages have been demonstrated mainly in the repair of giant paraesophageal hernias.

Exoscope-assisted Otologic Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has required careful reconsideration of safe operating room practices. We describe our initial experiences performing otologic surgery with the exoscope during the COVID-19 pandemic. The exoscope was used for several semiurgent otologic surgeries in combination with complete eye protection, a "tent" drape, a smoke evacuator with ultra-low particulate air filter, and betadine irrigation. These techniques are demonstrated in the accompanying video. This was compared with our experiences using the microscope. The described modified goggles allowed complete eye protection while providing a fully three-dimensional view of the surgical site. The other safety measures described are simple and efficient techniques which can easily be adopted for otologic surgery using the microscope. Use of the exoscope for otologic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic allows full three-dimensional visualization of the surgical field while simultaneously providing complete eye protection. Use of the "tent" drape, ultra-low particulate air filter, and betadine irrigation are also options that otologic surgeons may consider for additional safety.

The relationship between diversity and productivity from a three-dimensional space view in a natural mesotrophic lake

The relationship between diversity and productivity (DPR) is a hot topic in ecology, whereas most evidence comes from studies of manipulated terrestrial ecosystems or from two-dimensional space views. In this study, we determined DPR of submerged plants in a natural mesotrophic lake, Lake Erhai, along its water depth in 2013 and 2019. Our results demonstrated that the community productivity was significantly negatively correlated with plant biodiversity from a three-dimensional space view (all of the water depths) in Lake Erhai due to strong competition effects among submerged species. However, DPR patterns at each water depth (from two-dimensional space views) were various, which might be because these DPR patterns were disturbed by many biotic and abiotic factors or their interplays. Both total biomass and biomass of dominant species negatively correlated with species richness. Moreover, total biomass was positively correlated with biomasses of dominant species. Accordingly, we can presume that DPR patterns are largely determined by relationships between biomasses of dominant species and biodiversity in our study. Our results showed that species number in 2019 was generally smaller than that in 2013 and submerged species were migrating from deep water to shallow water with lake eutrophication in such a short time. Accordingly, measurements should be conducted quickly to control the eutrophication process of Lake Erhai to improve its multiple valuable functions and services.

Robotic Adrenalectomy: Updates on Lateral Transperitoneal Approach

Adrenal tumor surgery is routinely performed by minimal invasive surgery.Our aim to overview of updates on lateral approach for robotic adrenalectomy. Through online research we obtained more than 30 articles in this review. In the era of robotic surgery with the feasibility and the ability to provide the surgeon of three-dimensional view which allows maximum range of motion and precision with the different approaches in adrenalectomy the lateral robotic approach was the most frequently performed. Robotic system is safe and effective approach that can be used for adrenalectomy and can be alternative to laparoscopic depending on the condition of the case and other factors.